View of THE ROLE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE POWER SYSTEM IN INDIA

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Vol.03, Issue 12, December 2018, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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THE ROLE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE POWER SYSTEM

IN INDIA

Rahul Kumar¹, Anurag Tamrakar²

1M-Tech Scholar, ²Assit. Prof., Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Swami Vivekanand University Sagar

1[email protected],²[email protected]

Abstract- Now a day this is the major problem of the present position of power system in India the rapidly growing population (domestic loads or Distribution Network), industrialization (Industrial Electricity Demand), Energy demands for Infrastructure development etc. increased pollution, climate change and depleting conventional fossil energy resources.

For the economic, efficient and quality power system it is necessary to implement the modern and new technologies, load side management, anti electricity theft strategies, long distance tribal, agricultural, domestic and small industrial load (supply time) management and proper maintenance.

1. INTRODUCTION

Electrical transmission and distribution (T&D) systems are significant links between the production and the utilization sectors. The networks cover the utility (or utility T& D) and the private networks, which are located inside the end users premises. The process of transfer of electrical energy from the generating stations to the end users, results in quality, quantity, and capacity losses. The quality losses are poor quality at the user end, low voltage profile, distorted wave shapes due to presence of harmonics, low frequency, voltage and current unbalances, energy losses in conductors and cables, transformer losses, earth leakages, underrating or capacity losses due to improper loading of power transformers. The present power system suffering from above problems and needs to advanced technological development of the power system.

2. THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN INDIA

The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 255.012 GW as of end November 2014 and generated around 703.1 BU for the period April - November 2014. India became the world's third largest producer of electricity in the year 2013 with 4.8% global share in electricity generation surpassing Japan and Russia. According to present scenario India has the power generation capacity by various resources are;

 Coal: 986,591 GWh (75.9%)

 Large Hydro: 126,123 GWh (9.7%)

 Small Hydro: 5,056 GWh (0.4%)

 Wind Power: 52,666 GWh (4.0%)

 Solar Power: 25,871 GWh (2.0%)

 Biomass: 15,252 GWh (1.2%)

 Nuclear: 38,346 GWh (2.9%)

 Gas: 50,208 GWh (3.9%)

 Diesel: 386 GWh (0.0%) 2.1 Per Capita Consumption:

As of year 2016, the per capita per person per year total electricity consumption in India was 1,122kWh. with access to electricity in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of 2,674kWh and 4,475kWh in the China, 12,071 kWh in united states, 7,481 kWh in Russia and 7,371kWh in Japan. Electric energy consumption in agriculture is highest (18.33%) in India. The per capita electricity consumption is lower compared to many countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India [13].

3. POWER SYSTEM ISSUES:

Over the past 60 years or so, India has taken rapid strides in the development of the electricity sector both in terms of enhancing power generation as well as in making power available to widely distributed geographical boundaries. In order to meet the increasing demand for electricity, to fuel the economic growth of the country, large additions to the installed generating capacity and development of associated transmission and distribution network are required.

The researcher has tried to provide some solution framework to overcome from the various issues and challenges in this sector like

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2 3.1. Voltage Surges/Spikes

Voltage surges/spikes are the opposite of dips a rise that may be nearly instantaneous (spike) or takes place over a longer duration (surge). A voltage surge takes place when the voltage is 110% or more above normal. The most common cause is heavy electrical equipment being turned off.

3.2. Voltage Dips

Short duration under-voltages are called

“Voltage Sags” or “Voltage Dips [IEC]”.

Voltage sag is a reduction in the supply voltage magnitude followed by a voltage recovery after a short period of time. The major cause of voltage dips on a supply system is a fault on the system, i.e. other sources are the starting of large loads and, occasionally, the supply of large inductive loads [6]. The impact on consumers may range from the annoying (non-periodic light flicker) to the serious (tripping of sensitive loads and stalling of motors [13].

3.3. Under Voltages

Excessive network loading, loss of generation, incorrectly set transformer taps and voltage regulator malfunctions, causes under voltage. Loads with a poor power factor or a general lack of reactive power support on a network also contribute. Under voltage can also indirectly lead to overloading problems as equipment takes an increased current to maintain power output (e.g. motor loads) [5].

3.4. High-Voltage Spikes

High-voltage spikes occur when there is a sudden voltage peak of up to 6,000 volts.

These spikes are usually the result of nearby lightning strikes, but there can be other causes as well. The effects on vulnerable electronic systems can include loss of data and burned circuit boards[13]

3.5. Frequency Variation

A frequency variation involves a change in frequency from the normally stable utility frequency of 50 or 60 Hz, depending on your geographic location. This may be caused by erratic operation of emergency generators or unstable frequency power sources. For sensitive equipment, the results can be data loss, program failure, equipment lock-up or complete shutdown

3.6. Power Sag

Power sags are a common power quality problem. Despite being a short duration (10ms to 1s) event during which a reduction in the RMS voltage magnitude takes place, a small reduction in the system voltage can cause serious consequences[13] Sages are usually caused by system faults, and often the result of switching on loads with high demand startup currents. For more details about power sags visit our newsletter archives.

3.7. Electrical Line Noise

Electrical line noise is defined as Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and causes unwanted effects in the circuits of computer systems. Sources of the problems include motors, relays, motor control devices, broadcast transmissions, microwave radiation, and distant electrical storms. RFI, EMI and other frequency problems can cause equipment to lock-up.

3.8. Brownouts

A brownout is a steady lower voltage state. An example of a brownout is what happens during peak electrical demand in the summer, when utilities can’t always meet the requirements and must lower the voltage to limit maximum power.

3.9. Blackouts

A power failure or blackout is a zero- voltage condition that lasts for more than two cycles. It may be caused by tripping a circuit breaker, power distribution failure or utility power failure.

3.10. Very Short Interruptions

Total interruption of electrical supply for duration from few milliseconds to one or two seconds. The main fault causes are insulation failure, lightning and insulator flashover. Consequences of these interruptions are tripping of protection devices.

3.11. Long Interruptions

Long interruption of electrical supply for duration greater than 1 to 2 seconds. The main fault causes are Equipment failure in the power system network, storms and objects (trees, cars, etc) striking lines or poles, fire, human error, bad coordination or failure of protection devices. A

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3 consequence of these interruptions is stoppage of all equipment [].

3.12. Voltage Swell

Momentary increase of the voltage, at the power frequency, outside the normal tolerances, with duration of more than one cycle and typically less than a few seconds.

3.13. Harmonic Distortion

Voltage or current waveforms assume non-sinusoidal shape. The waveform corresponds to the sum of different sine- waves with different magnitude and phase, having frequencies that are multiples of power-system frequency.

3.14. Voltage Fluctuation

It is the poor voltage profile at the user end caused by improper loading on lines, and low quality power supply [16].

3.15. Noise

Superimposing of high frequency signals on the waveform of the power-system frequency[16].

3.16. Voltage and Current Unbalance A voltage variation in a three-phase system in which the three voltage magnitudes or the phase angle differences between them are not equal. Causes are large single-phase loads (induction furnaces, traction loads), incorrect distribution of all single-phase loads by the three phases of the system (this may be also due to a fault). Consequences are Unbalanced systems imply the existence of a negative sequence that is harmful to all three phase loads. The most affected loads are three-phase induction machines [18].

4. ENERGY MANAGEMENT

The term energy management leads to many exercises in practice to enhance system efficiency such as:

4.1 Load Side Management: It is very necessary to know the actual concept of demand and supply utility have to supply as demanding by the consumer so quality loads (energy efficient machines) demands good quality power, and whole system has to generate, transfer and distribute the quality power resulting much less power quality losses.

4.2 Proper Energy Auditing and Targeting

The detailed energy audit follows all three steps like

Phase I - Pre Audit Phase Phase II - Audit Phase

Phase III - Post Audit Phase. [17]

5 ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES 5.1 Maximum Demand Controller is a device designed to meet the need of industries conscious of the value of load management. Alarm is sounded when demand approaches a preset value. If corrective action is not taken, the controller switches off non essential loads in a logical sequence. This sequence is predetermined by the user and is programmed jointly by the user and the supplier of the device. The plant equipments selected for the load management are stopped and restarted as per the desired load profile. Demand control scheme is implemented by using suitable control contactors. Audio and visual annunciations could also be used.

Fig: 1. Maximum Demand Controller 5.2.Automatic Power Factor Controllers Various types of automatic power factor controls are available with relay / microprocessor logic. Two of the most common controls are: Voltage Control and kVAr Control. [17]

5.2.1. Voltage Control

Voltage is the most common type of intelligence used in substation applications, when maintaining a particular voltage is of prime importance.

This type of control is independent of load cycle. During light load time and low source voltage, this may give leading PF at the substation.

5.2.2 kVAR Control

Kilovar sensitive controls are used at locations where the voltage level is closely regulated and not available as a control variable. The capacitors can be switched

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4 to respond to a decreasing power factor as a result of change in system loading. This type of control can also be used to avoid penalty on low power factor.

5.2.3. Automatic Power Factor Control Relay

It controls the power factor of the installation by giving signals to switch on or off power factor correction capacitors.

Relay is the brain of control circuit and needs contactors of appropriate rating for switching on/off the capacitors. This also avoids dangerous over voltage transient.

The solid state indicating lamps (LEDS) display various functions that the operator should know and also and indicate each capacitor switching stage.

5.2.4. Intelligent Power Factor Controller (IPFC)

This controller determines the rating of capacitance connected in each step during the first hour of its operation and stores them in memory. Based on this measurement, the IPFC switches on the most appropriate steps, thus eliminating the hunting problems normally associated with capacitor switching.

5.2.5 Some other Methods for Power Factor Improvement:

1. Streamlining the process by improving the electrical performance of the plant.

2. Replacing induction motors by synchronous motors of equal rating.

3. Replacement of under loaded motors with low rated motors.

4. Reduction of voltage of motors, which are regularly under loaded.

5. Restricting no load operation of motor.

6. Improving the motor repair quality.

7. Installation of capacitors.

8. Replacement or relocation of under loaded transformers.

5.3 Energy efficient motors:

energy-efficient electric motors reduce energy losses through improved design, better materials, and improved manufacturing techniques. Replacing a motor may be justifiable solely on the electricity cost savings derived from an energy-efficient replacement.

5.3.1. Technical Aspects of Energy Efficient Motors

Energy-efficient motors last longer, and may require less maintenance. At lower temperatures, bearing grease lasts longer;

required time between re-greasing increases. Lower temperatures translate to long lasting insulation. Generally, motor life doubles for each 10°C reduction in operating temperature. and design for operation at 85% of the rated motor load.

Less slippage in energy efficient motors results in speeds about 1% faster than in standard counterparts with high starting torque.

Fig: 2. Efficiency Range for Standard and High Efficiency Motors 5.4 Soft Starter

When starting, AC Induction motor develops more torque than is required at full speed. This stress is transferred to the mechanical transmission system resulting in excessive wear and premature failure of chains, belts, gears, mechanical seals, etc. Soft starter (see Figure 10.5) provides a reliable and economical solution to these problems by delivering a controlled release of power to the motor, thereby providing smooth, stepless acceleration and deceleration. Motor life will be extended as damage to windings and bearings is reduced.

Advantages of Soft Start

 Less mechanical stress

 Improved power factor.

 Lower maximum demand.

 Less mechanical maintenance 5.5 Slip Power Recovery Systems Slip power recovery is a more efficient alternative speed control mechanism for use with slipring motors. In essence, a slip power recovery system varies the

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5 rotor voltage to control speed, but instead of dissipating power through resistors, the excess power is collected from the slip rings and returned as mechanical power to the shaft or as electrical power back to the supply line. Because of the relatively sophisticated equipment needed, slip power recovery tends to be economical only in relatively high power applications and where the motor speed range is 1:5 or less.

5.6 Variable Speed Drive (VSD):

Mostly industrial load includes inductive load in the form of various types of HT and LT induction motors for various industrial applications the induction motor drive may be variable frequency and variable torque drive on the other hand, gradually ramp the motor up to operating speed to lessen mechanical and electrical stress, reducing maintenance and repair costs, and extending the life of the motor and the driven equipment.

There are various types of drives that present in market depends upon specific purpose of industry.[17]

5.7 Energy Efficient Transformer:

Most energy loss in dry-type transformers occurs through heat or vibration from the core. The new high-efficiency transformers minimize losses occurring in conventional type transformers. The conventional transformer is made up of a silicon alloyed iron (grain oriented) core.

The iron loss of any transformer depends on the type of core used in the transformer. However the latest technology is to use amorphous material - a metallic glass alloy for the core and it can reduces energy losses over conventional (Si Fe core) transformers is roughly around 70%, which is quite significant and we can achieve maximum efficiency at low load also. Though these transformers are a little costlier than conventional iron core transformers, the overall benefit towards energy savings will compensate for the higher initial investment [7].

These results in lower transmission losses in the transformer compared to the normal transformer. As the heating in the transformer is also less it also results in fewer failure of transformer because of high winding temperature.

5.8 Energy Efficient Lighting Controls:

There are various technologies which can be used for lighting controls like application of occupancy sensors, time based controls, day light controls and localized switching controls. Parameters to be considered for optimum lighting controls are different from technology to technology. It depends upon site conditions and the type of control we want.

Air-conditioning and lighting are two of the major uses in electricity in every sector and building type across Malaysia and accounts for approximately 60% of national electricity use [12].

Thus there is a great potential for saving electricity, reducing the emission of pollutant gases associated with electricity production, and reducing consumer energy costs through the use of more efficient air-con and lighting technologies as well as advance air-con and lighting design practices and control strategies [13]

5.9 Anti Electricity Theft Strategy (Smart Metering):

Power tapping can be detected by comparing the power distributed to the line and the power actually consumed by the load. This is done by installing an electronic energy meter at the load side and the meter readings are send wirelessly to the distribution unit. This reading is received by the wireless receiver and is compared with the actual power given to the load. The difference in readings indicate the error and this error signal is given to a controller which in turn controls the secondary voltage of the transformer, thus causing the transformer to stop the supply of power.

Thus power theft by tapping is detected and it is prevented by halting the power to

the line totally.

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6 5.10. Application of FACTS Devices The development of the modern power system has led to an increasing complexity in the study of power systems, and also presents new challenges to power system stability, and in particular, to the aspects of transient stability and small-signal stability can be achieved by FACTS devices Transient stability control plays a significant role in ensuring the stable operation of power systems such fact devices are: Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR) Static Var Compensator (SVC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).

6 CONCLUSION

This paper summaries the problems and solutions associated to the power system, we apply modern strategies and technologies for the technological and economical development of power system.

Installation of FACTS devices is the solution for various power transmission and distribution related problems (controlled compensating techniques).

Energy auditing and targeting is to fix the required load with time of operation according to tariff structure, and to apply advance technology (Smart metering system) as an anti electricity theft strategy in the regions where electricity theft is a major problem.

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