Vol.02, Issue 03, March 2017, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF PUTRESCINE IMPROVES THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND
BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF TOMATO LEAF
1A. Rai, 2B.P. Singh & 3B.P. Gupta
Research Lab., FIST-DST Sponsored, P.G. Department of Botany, S.M.M. Town (P.G.) College, Ballia – 277001, (India)
Abstract:- Foliar Spray of Putrescine at different vegetative phases in tomato showed several variations in leaf number, area and stomatal characteristics. Besides this it also effect chlorophyll and carotenoid content in tomato leaf significantly. In tomato anisocytic (unequal celled) or cruciferous type of stomata are found. In this, stomata remain surrounded by three subsidiary cells of which, one is distinctly smaller than the other two.
Put with different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mM/L) have showed significant effect on number of leaves, no. of branches, leaf area, stomatal frequency, shape, size and stomatal index. It also influences chlorophyll and carotenoid content.
1. INTRODUCTION
Tomato is found in every kitchen worldwide in different forms irrespective of the cuisine. It is used in diverse ways in the form of salads, juices, sauces, ingredient for various culinary preparations etc. Stomatal behaviors are an important feature for internal water balance of the plant. By controlling the transpirational activity of plants due to the indirect impacts on growth and productivity through mineral uptake tendency, which can influence the productivity of crops, mainly in a biotic stressed conditions.
Since stomatal structure, frequency, opening conditions, etc. are the important feature that determine the transpiration rate in plant and any variation in these properties ultimately affect the transpiration and indirectly, the growth and development of the crop.
Putrescine (Put) is a most abundant and physiologically active polyamine (PA), which is one of the most important growth regulating poly cationic molecules known to be involved in wide range of plant developmental processes (Smith, 1983, 1985; Bagni, 1986; Kumar et. al., 1997;
Walden et. al., 1997; Cohen, 1998;
Bouchereau et. al., 1999; Upreti and Murti, 1999; Liu et. al., 2000; Tachibana, 2000; Kaur-Sawhney et. al., 2003; Gupta, 2006; Zeid and Shedeed, 2006; Tang et.
al., 2007).
Polyamines (PA) may mediate the action of hormones as a part of their signal response and suggested as a new class of “intracellular growth regulators or second messengers”. So, Pas have been implicated in stimulation of cell division response to environmental stress (Tabor
and Tabor, 1984), regulations of rizogenesis, embryogenesis, Senescence (Pandey et. al., 2000), floral developmental a biotic stress tolerance (Flores, 1990) etc. In relation to stomatal as well as transpirational influence of various Pas, the work is very meager and hence an attempt has been made to understand to effect of put on various stomatal characteristics.
The significance of stomatal and epidermal morphology as a diagnostic feature in the taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of the higher plants has drawn attention towards the studies on structure and ontogeny of the stomata in different plant, by the application of various plant growth regulators (Zeiger, 1983; Raghava and Murty, 1985, 1988; Wang and Steffens, 1985; Crox date, 2000; Guta et.
al., 2004); The present study has been carried out to understand the effect of various concentrations of Put on number of leaves, leaf area (cm2), frequency of epidermal cells and stomata (cm2), stomatal index, chlorophyll and carotenoid content in tomato.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different concentration of Putrescine on tomato leaf (Var. Benito).
The soil is caly-loam type, during August – November. The average minimum and maximum temperatures were 250C and 38.50C, respectively. Watering and manuring were undertaken at regular intervals in conformity with the local practices. After three foliar treatments at 25DAT, 35DAT and 45DAT (days after transplantation) with 20, 40, 60, 80 and
Vol.02, Issue 03, March 2017, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE 100 mM/L of Put against control (Sigma -
Aldrich, Germany).
Stomal studies were performed by Fevicol method of Nayeem & Dalvi (1989).
The stomatal frequency and index were calculated by using Salisbury (1928) formula. Leaf area was measured by using Polar Plenimeter, Chlorophyll content was estimated by the method of Arnon (1949) and carotenoid content were estimated by Jensen and Jensen (1972). The data were analyzed statistically by using completely randomized block design (Panse &
Sukhatme, 1985).
3. RESULTS
The data revealed that number of leaves, number of branches, laterals and leaf area were highly affected by the treatment of Put. The percent increase in the number of leaves ranges from 7.76% - 68.97% over control. In all three stages of observations, 80 µM proved to be beneficial for the number of leaves i.e.
51.92%, 38.21% and 68.97% at 25, 35 and 45 DAT respectively, over control. The
percent increase in number of branches ranges from 9.29% - 68.73% over control, at different growth stages.
Overall, higher concentrations 80 and 100 µM showed cumulative effect at 35 and 45 DAT. The foliar application of Put increased the leaf area from 16.16% - 76.70% over control. 80 µM showed the maximum increase i.e. 64.64%, 47.49%
and 76.70% at 25, 35 and 45 DAT, respectively as compared to control. All the concentrations showed cumulative effect of these doses at 45 DAT and most prominent with 80µM.
The effect of Put on total chlorophyll and carotenoid content (mg/g fresh weight of leaf tissue) showed remarkable changes with all the concentrations, 80 µM showed maximum increase in chlorophyll i.e. 20.77%, 25.60% and 29.34% at 25, 35 and 45 DAT respectively as compared to control. Over all, carotenoid content increased from 18.44% to 64.54% at 25 DAT, 15.74% to 57.59% at 35 DAT and 2.94% to 27.01%
at 45 DAT, over control (Fig 1 - 2).
TABLE: 1 - Effect of Putrescine on Number of Leaves and Number of Branches per plant of tomato at different stages of growth. All the values are average of 3 replicates
and 3 seasons crop.
TABLE: 2 - Effect of Putrescine on Leaf Area (cm2) and Number of flowers per plant of tomato at different stages of growth. All the values are average of 3 replicates and 3
seasons crop.
Vol.02, Issue 03, March 2017, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE TABLE: 3 - Effect of Putrescine on stomatal characteristics. All the values are average
of 3 replicates.
DAT : Days After Transplantation Conc : Concentration
* : Non-Significant
Ab : Abaxial surface of leaf Ad : Adaxial surface of leaf
Fig. 1- Effect of Putrescine on the total chlorophyll content of tomato at three different stages of growth (All the data are average of three replicates).
Fig. 2- Effects of Putrescine on the total Carotenoid content of tomato at three different stages of growth (All the data are average of three replicates).
Vol.02, Issue 03, March 2017, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE 4. DISCUSSION
The foliar application of Put helps the plant to grow vigorously (Smith, 1985; Lee et. al., 1995; Walden et. al., 1997;
Scholten, 1998; Kakkar and Sawhney 2002). Put enhanced the number of laterals, number of leaves and leaf area per plant of tomato as compared to control. As leaf area is an important variable for most physiological and agrochemical studies involving plant growth, light interception, photosynthetic efficiency, evapotranspiration and irrigation.
Thus, increased leaf area facilitates synthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves and finally resulted in improves photosynthetic performance of the plants. The photosynthetic performance of the plants could be used for the prognosis of the plant productivity.
The photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area depends on the development of the photosynthetic system including energy transducing components and on the enzymes of carbon reduction cycle.
Maintenance of active photosynthesis by leaves is a major requirement for the production of adequate carbohydrates in plants (Tabor and Tabor, 1984;
Bouchereau et. al., 1999; Chakrabarti and Mukherji, 2002; Sousa et. al., 2005).
Elevated Put concentration causes reduction in stomatal frequency and stomatal index and partial stomatal conductance and transpiration per unit of leaf area. Stomata are responsible for the exchange of gases between plant and the environment. Changes in guard cell turgor that instigate opening and closing of stomatal aperture are controlled by number of factors through modulation of ion channel activity and pumps (Ward et.
al., 1995). Potassium ions play an important role in the regulation of stomatal opening and closing.
A number of studies have shown that inward K+ channel inhibiting processes or factors often inhibit stomatal opening. Such factors include ABA, Ca2+
levels and Polyamines (Liu et. al., 2000).
This enabled the plants to maintain photosynthesis and grow longer into stress conditions (Toumadje and Richardson, 1988; Kakkar and Rai, 1993;
Tanguy, 1997; Muralidharan et. al., 2000;
Pandy et. al., 2000; Antognoni et. al.,
2002; Mattoo et. al., 2002; Rai et. al., 2007; Gupta et. al., 2007).
Increases mineral uptake along with Fe++ and Mg+ resulted into biosynthesis of chlorophyll. As Mg is the sole metallic cation, forming the central core and represents 2.7% of the chlorophyll molecule (Drolet et. al., 1986;
Flzizi, 2003; Tassoni et. al., 2006; Malik et. al., 2006; Rai et. al., 2007). Thus, from the present objectivations, it may be concluded that Put may has future prospects to trigger drought avoidance mechanism in horticultural plants.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks should be expressed to the Head, Botany Department and Principal of the college, for providing necessary facilities to do the work.
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