12
“EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE WITH ADDITION OF MTBE WITH DIESEL”
Sunil Kumar Yadav
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal, M. P.
Prof. Dr. Anoop Kumar Pathariya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, TIT, Bhopal (M.P) 1. INTRODUCTION
In an internal combustion engine high amount of energy consume. [1] Petroleum fuels are currently the main source of energy supply for the modern civilization.
Petroleum based fuels have large impact on global economy through transportation and energy conversion sectors. [7, 8]
Indian government believes that paddy along with other kharif crops have already been sown in almost all parts of the country. The government has set the MSP of fourteen kharif crops at one.5 times of their price. Under Swaminathan committee had written an article in which he had extensively described about the transformation in the agricultural sector, the initiatives taken by the government, and the government policies. He is an authority. He has in an elaborate way delineated and appreciated the plans, the schemes, the policies and therefore the efforts of the Govt towards the farmers.
MSP has been set for sugarcane too along with the Kharif crops so that the farmer's get 80% more benefits on their cost of cultivation. The MSP on sugarcane has been increased by Rs.20 to Rs.275 per quintal. The farmers are about to extremely profit out of this multiplied worth. Besides, the farmers are sugarcane. Bound to benefit from the government's efforts towards helping to produce ethanol from sugarcane.
“This plan of manufacturing fermentation alcohol from sugarcane had started throughout 2004. However, the schemes languished a bit like the condition of the govt that was in power within the previous decade. This effort was not taken seriously. In 2014 a proper roadmap was chalked out. The Ethanol blending programme was started. Today, these schemes are in even operation in 25 states and Union Territories. There has been a record production of fermentation alcohol within the last four years and therefore the country is taking possession
the direction of manufacturing regarding 450 large integer litres of fermentation alcohol”.
Targets related to Biofuel are being set. This means that it's not a wishful thinking. strong policies, laws and strategies are being organized, responsibility and accountability are being fixed and usual monitoring is being done to achieve the said target. The government has formulated a National Policy to increase all forms of Biofuel including ethanol.
Biofuel will not only provide an substitute to the sugarcane farmers although benefit the other farmers of the country. “The government is functioning towards developing the capability of mixing fermentation alcohol with gasolene up to a minimum of 100% by 2022 and a minimum of 2 hundredth by 2030”.
Naturally the farmers would then have to dump those damaged crops. However, we have decided to use even that for producing ethanol. “This plan of manufacturing fermentation alcohol from sugarcane had started throughout 2004.
However, the schemes languished a bit like the condition of the govt that was in power within the previous decade.
This effort was not taken seriously. In 2014 a correct roadmap was chalked out.
The Ethanol blending programme was started. Today, these schemes are in swish operation in twenty five states and Union Territories. There has been a record production of fermentation alcohol within the last four years and therefore the country is taking possession the direction of manufacturing regarding 450 large integer liters of fermentation alcohol. This means that it isn't a illusion.
Robust policies, laws and methods are being ready, responsibility and answerability are being fastened and regular watching is being done to attain the same target. The government has developed a National Policy to develop all
13 varieties of Biofuel together with
fermentation alcohol. “The government is functioning towards developing the capability of mixing fermentation alcohol with gasolene up to a minimum of 100%
by 2022 and a minimum of 2 hundredth by 2030”.
1.1 Uses of MTBE: MTBE is sort of completely used as a fuel element in fuel for fuel engines. It's one in all a gaggle of chemicals ordinarily called chemical elements as a result of they raise the oxygen content of fuel
1.2 As Anti-Knocking Agent: In the US it has been used in gasoline at low levels since 1979 to replace tetraethyl lead and to increase its octane rating helping prevent engine knocking. Oxygenates help gasoline burn more completely, reducing tailpipe emissions from pre-1984 motor vehicles; dilutes or displaces gasoline components such as aromatics (e.g., benzene) and sulfur; and optimizes the oxidation during combustion. Most refiners selected MTBE over alternative oxygenates primarily for its mixing characteristics and low value.
1.3 Alternatives to MTBE as an Anti- knock Agent: Other compounds area unit on the market as additives for fuel together with fermentation alcohol and a few ethers like tert-amyl alkyl ether (TAME). Fermentation alcohol has been publicised as a secure various by the agricultural and alternative interest teams within the United States of America and Europe. In 2003, CA was the primary United States of America state to start out commutation MTBE with fermentation alcohol. Many alternative states started shift presently thenceforth. Advocates of
each side of the controversy within the United States of America generally claim that fuel makers are forced to feature fermentation alcohol to fuel by law. It'd be additional correct to mention they need been evoked to try to therefore, though any treat would fulfill the law.
An alternative to straight fermentation alcohol is that the connected ether ETBE, that is factory-made from fermentation alcohol and isobutene. Its performance as associate degree additive is analogous to MTBE, however because of the upper worth of fermentation alcohol compared to wood spirit, it's costlier.
Higher quality fuel is additionally an alternate, so additives like MTBE area unit gratuitous. Iso-octane itself is employed. MTBE plants will be retrofitted to supply iso-octane from butene.
1.4 As a Solvent: Despite the recognition of MTBE in industrial settings, it's seldom used as a solvent in academe with some exceptions. MTBE forms azeotropes with water (52.6 °C; 96.5% MTBE) and wood spirit (51.3 °C; 68.6% MTBE). Though associate degree ether, MTBE could be a poor Lewis base and doesn't support formation of Grignard reagents. It's conjointly unstable toward robust acids.
It reacts hazardously with halogen. [1]
2. MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE)
Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) may be a gas additive wont to increase quantity that's made from alcohol and butylene. The purpose of this project is to continue a preliminary analysis to determine the feasibility of constructing a chemical plant to manufacture 20,000 tons/day MTBE. [1]
14 2.1 Process Description
The process flowchart is shown in Figure one. Alcohol and also the mixed gas feed is pumped up and heated to reaction conditions. Each the alcohol and also the mixed gas square measure created in on- site units, and square measure sent to the current unit at the required conditions. The reactor operates within the neighborhood of thirty bar, to confirm that the reaction happens within the liquid part. The reaction is reversible. The feed temperature to the reactor is typically maintained below 90°C to get favorable equilibrium behavior. Any aspect reactions involving 1-butene and 2- butene type tiny amounts of product with similar fuel mixing characteristics, therefore aspect reactions square measure assumed to be unimportant.
Different aspect reactions square measure reduced by keeping the alcohol gift in excess. The reactor effluent is distilled, with MTBE because the bottom product.
Alcohol is recovered from the mixed butylenes in an exceedingly water scrubber, and also the alcohol is after separated from water so unreacted alcohol may be recycled. Unreacted butylenes square measure sent back to the plant for more process. The MTBE product is more pure (not shown), principally to get rid of the trace amounts of water. The merchandise stream from Unit 900 should contain a minimum of ninety four metric weight unit nada MTBE, with the MTBE portion of the stream flow at specifications.
2.2 MTBE Environmental Impacts Despite its potential edges on air quality, MTBE has some properties that may cause issues. MTBE is far a lot of soluble in water than most different parts of hydrocarbon. If it gets within the ground, it will travel quicker and farther through groundwater than different hydrocarbon parts. This makes it a lot of seemingly to contaminate public water systems and personal beverage wells if hydrocarbon is spilled on the bottom or leaks out of underground storage tanks. Even fairly tiny amounts of MTBE in water will provides it Associate in Nursing unpleasant style and odor, creating the water undrinkable. MTBE additionally doesn't break down (biodegrade) simply.
As a result, it's tougher to wash up once contamination happens within the late Nineteen Nineties, several community beverage provides in areas that used plenty of MTBE were found to possess detectable levels of MTBE. Since then, MTBE use in hydrocarbon has been phased out owing to considerations regarding groundwater contamination.
Though it's not clear what effects MTBE in beverage might need on health, many nations have passed laws limiting or forbiddance the utilization of MTBE in hydrocarbon.
3. INSTRUMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 3.1 Eddy Current Dynamometer
An eddy current dynamometer is an electromechanical energy conversion device, which converts mechanical energy
15 to electrical energy. It fundamentally uses
Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction as its working principle.
3.2 Construction
The constructional aspects of the eddy current dynamometer are shown within the above figure. It consists of the outer frame because the stator, which is additionally called a stationary member of the machine. The stator consists of windings, which are placed in stator slots.
When the stator windings are excited, a stator magnetic flux is produced within the stator coils within the case of high rated machines, 3-phase windings are placed within the stator slots.
The stator windings are made from copper. The outer frame, i.e. the stator is formed of a magnetic material
16 like forged iron or silicon steel just in
case of delicate applications. The rotating member is named a rotor, which is kept below the stator coils. The rotor is placed on a shaft in order that it can rotate.
Rotor windings are placed on the rotor slots within the case of heavy machines, three-phase rotor windings are wont to be kept on rotor slots.
The rotor must be connected to the first cause, such when the first cause rotates, it provides the mechanical input to the device. A D.C supply is employed to excite the stator windings within the case of huge machines,
rectifier units are wont to achieve this DC supply for giant machines, oil is employed for cooling and insulation of the stator windings. This is often important to dissipate the warmth generated.
Once current meter as shown within the diagram is employed to live the present produced and torque induced. A pointer is connected by an arm to the stator, which may measure the torque generated within the rotor. And with the knowledge of speed, by using this torque value, we will calculate the facility generated within the machine.
3.3 Working Principal
An eddy current dynamometer works on the principle of Faradays‟ Law of electromagnetic induction. As per the law, whenever there's a relative displacement between a group of conductors and a magnetic flux, an EMF is induced on the set of the conductor. This EMF is named is dynamically induced EMF within the case of the dynamometer, when the stator poles are excited with a DC supply which is connected to the stator. When the DC supply is connected, the stator coils are excited and a magnetic flux is produced within the stator coils within the case of a
three-phase machine, we obtain a 3 phase rotating magnetic flux, within the stator coils when the coils are excited with the three-phase supply. When the first cause rotates, the rotor, the rotor coils rotate and interact with the stator magnetic flux.
It must be noted that during this the stator magnetic flux is static in nature. Since the excitation is DC, we get a static magnetic flux. When the rotor coils cut the stator magnetic flux, an EMF is induced since during this case the magnetic flux is static and therefore the conductors are rotating. So there's a relative displacement between the
17 magnetic flux and therefore the
conductors.
3.4 Features of Eddy Current Dynamometer
It must be observed that the eddy current dynamometer is different from than conventional mechanical dynamometer during this case, when the rotor of the dynamometer cuts the stator magnetic flux; an EMF is induced on the rotor conductors. It causes eddy currents to flow within the rotor conductors. The direction of the eddy currents is opposite to the change within the magnetic flux and is generated within the rotor. The rotor opposes the force exerted because of the magnetic flux, but because of the first cause input, it keeps rotating. And since there's no physical contact between the magnetic flux and therefore the conductors, the losses produced are very less as compare to a standard generator.
Unlike during a conventional mechanical dynamometer, in an eddy current dynamometer, an arm is connected to the body of the stator. At the top of the arm, a pointer is connected,
which may measure the torque produced within the rotor winding. By knowing the speed of the rotor, the quantity of power are often known, because the power is adequate to the merchandise of torque and speed.
3.5 Advantages’ of Eddy Current Dynamometer
1. It is more efficient as compared to conventional mechanical dynamometer due to low frictional losses.
2. Its structure is simple
3. It can be operated more conveniently as compared to conventional dynamometers
4. It has a fast dynamic response because of low rotational inertia.
5. Due to the absence of huge windings, the number of copper losses is less.
6. It can be connected to an external control unit easily to monitor the flow of currents and even control it.
7. The braking torque is very high 8. It is highly precise and stable 4. PARAMETERS FORMULATIONS
4.1 Combustion Parameters
Specific Gas Constant 1.00 kJ/kgK
Air Density 1.17 kg/m^3
Adiabatic Index 1.41
Polytrophic Index 1.26
Number Of Cycles 10
Cylinder Pressure Referance 7
4.2 Performance Parameters
Orifice Diameter 20mm
Orifice Coefficient Of Discharge 0.60 Dynamometer Arm Length 185mm
Fuel Pipe diameter 12.40mm
Ambient Temp. (Deg C) 27°C Pulses Per revolution 360
Fuel Density 830 Kg/m^3
Fuel Type Diesel
Calorific Value Of Fuel 42000 kj/kg 5. METHODOLOGY
5.1 Preparation of Fuels to Be Used For Testing
The blending has been carried out for each biodiesel type with the petroleum diesel alone and that of mixed biodiesel samples (Fractional Blends or Multi Blends) with pure petroleum diesel. Each
biodiesel sample has been blended with fossil diesel in a ratio of 5:95, 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 and a pure sample of each biodiesel as well as a pure petro-diesel sample kept for control purpose denoted as B5, B10, B15, B20, B25 and B0 for the pure petroleum diesel.
18 5.2 The Engine Operation
This research has been conducted to investigate the combustion and performance of a stationary four cylinder diesel engine run on different biodiesel or petro diesel blends and also on diesel fuel alone. The engine test has been carried out under full loading conditions at constant speed of 1500 RPM for each of the blends. The engine specification are presented in table1.
5.3 Experimental Procedure of Test The short term performance and emission characterstics were evaluated by testing the engine fuelled with prepared test engine and brake power condition. The variables involved in the short term engine testing are listed in the matrix. To evaluate the performance some of observation like engine speed producer, production fuel expenditure rate, air flow rate high temperature of engine exhaust gases was acquired through electronic data worship and store in a computer.
The performance parameters were automatically calculated with the help of software from their fundamental relation
while unreliable the weight on the engine from 0% to 100% in stepladder of 20%.
The subsequent engine in case procedure was adopted intended for generating the experimental data. The performance and emission characteristic were evaluated by testing the engine fuelled with prepared test engine and brake power condition.
The setup has a stand-alone board small package consisting of air pack, fuel tank, manometer, fuel measuring component, transmitters for air and fuel flow capacity, procedure pointer, and engine pointer. Rotameter are provided for cooling water and calorimeter water flood dimension. The system enables study of engine performance for brake power, indicated power, friction power, brake mean effective power, indicated mean effective power, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption, air and air fuel ratio and heat balance measurement is optionally provided. An electronic airflow rapidity pointer was worn to conclude air accumulation flood tempo at the engine intake.
6. RESULT ANALYSIS
6.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency Vs Load
19 6.2 Mechanical Efficiency Vs Load
6.3 Specific Fuel Consumption Vs Load
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