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c h a p t e r I IN T R O D U C T IO N

I n t r o d u c t i o n o f d w a r f g e n o t y p e o f w h e a t h a s b r o u g h t a b o u t w h e a t r e v o l u t i o n i n I n d i a and e n h a n c e d i t s p r o d u c t i o n t o 3 1 . 3 m i l l i o n t o n s . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f w h e a t h a s t o b e

d o u b l e d t o m e e t t h e t o t a l f o o d g r a i n r e q u ir e m e n t o f 2 3 0 m i l l i o n t o n s b y 2 0 0 0 A D . T h e t a r g e t i s a t t a i n a b l e o n ly by i n t e n s i f y i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y . W a t e r a n d f e r t i l i z e r n i t r o g e n (N ) a r e t h e m a jo r

r e s o u r c e c o n s t r a i n t s t o t h i s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n p ro gram m e. O n ly 65 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l a r e a u n d e r w h e a t i s i r r i g a t e d and t h e a p p l i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y o f i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r i s l e s s t h a n 55 p e r c e n t by s u r f a c e m e t h o d s . S i m i l a r l y t h e r e s o u r c e s f o r f e r t i ­ l i z e r N i s a l s o l i m i t e d a n d i t m e e t s o n l y 75 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l c o n s u m p t io n o f N . I t t h u s b e c o m e s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t

w h e a t p r o d u c t i o n c a n b e e n h a n c e d o n l y by m a x i m is in g t h e y i e l d w it h o p t i m a l i n p u t s o f w a t e r a n d f e r t i l i z e r .

G r o w t h and p r o d u c t i o n o f c r o p s a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o p l a n t w a t e r u s e -in dry l a n d a r e a s (H a n k s e t a l .» 1 9 6 9 ) . A h i g h w a t e r u s e e f f i c i e n c y i s a c h i e v e d w hen i r r i g a t i o n s c h e ­

d u l i n g i s b a s e d on a c t u a l c ro p w a t e r u s e a nd w a t e r s u p p l y i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e s o i l . I r r i g a t i o n f o r w h e a t h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y s c h e d u l e d b a s e d o n c r i t i c a l p h e n o l o g i e a l s t a g e s * o f w h ic h

cro w n r o o t i n i t i a t i o n i s t h e m o s t v i t a l o n e f o l l o w e d by j o i n t i n g , f l o w e r i n g a n d g r a i n f o r m a t i o n (D ay a n d I n t a l a p ,

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1970,* Che on a e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 ) . M o re r e c e n t l y I r r i g a t i o n s c h e d u l e h a s b e e n d e c i d e d b a s e d on c ro p w a t e r u s e p r e d i c t e d from c l i m a t e d a t a . By t h i s a p p ro a c h s c h e d u l i n g i r r i g a t i o n a t 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 0 r a t i o o f i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r t o c u m u l a t iv e p a n e v a p o r a t io n h a s b e e n fo u n d t o b e optim um f o r w h e a t ( P r i h a r e t a l . , 19 74*, 19 7 6 ) . A lt h o u g h t h e r e l a t i v e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f g ro w th s t a g e s t o w a t e r s t r e s s h a s

b e e n i d e n t i f i e d and i r r i g a t i o n s c h e d u l i n g c r i t e r i a h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d , a h i g h w a t e r u s e e f f i c i e n c y i s s t i l l to b e a t t a i n e d . I t i m p l i e s t h a t t h e a p p l i e d i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r i s n o t e f f i c i e n t l y u t i l i z e d by t h e crop f o r i t s dry m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n . T h e gro w th

a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r o o t s may n o t b e e x t e n s i v e and e f f e c t i v e enough to m ake a e x h a u s t i v e u s e o f t h e a p p l i e d i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r .

T h e g r o w t h a n d p e n e t r a t i o n o f w h e a t r o o t s a r e g r e a t l y e n c o u r a g e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f f e r t i l i z e r N ( L i n s c o t t e t a l . , 1 9 6 2 ; C a m p b e ll e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h e n o d a l r o o t s w h ic h may even i n i t i a t e i n r e l a t i v e l y dry s u r f a c e s o i l , p e n e t r a t e deep when t h e s u b - s o i l l a y e r s h a v e a d e q u a t e m o i s t u r e a n d N . A t h i g h e r l e v e l s o f N t h e crop d e v e l o p s a c t i v e a n d deep r o o t system w it h g r e a t e r w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s (s m i t h , 1 9 5 3 ) . T h e s i g n i ­

f i c a n c e o f t h i s deep r o o t d e v e lo p m e n t t h r o u g h N f e r t i l i z a t i o n f o r e x t r a c t i o n o f s u b - s o il m o i s t u r e i s a l s o r e f l e c t e d i n t h e d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e f e r t i l i z e d c r o p (Kmoch e t a l . , 1 9 5 7 j P e s e k e t a l . , 1 9 5 5 ) . O b v i o u s l y N f e r t i l i z a t i o n may p l a y a

s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n r a i s i n g t h e w a t e r u s e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c r o p .

I n c r e a s e d r o o t g r o w t h and e n h a n c e d w a t e r u p t a k e a l s o h e l p e n h a n c in g t h e u s e e f f i c i e n c y o f a p p l i e d N w h ic h i s r e c o v e r e d by

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t h e crop o n l y t o an e x t e n t o f 6 0 p e r c e n t ( F l u h l e r , e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) . When i r r i g a t i o n s a re f r e q u e n t l y a p p l i e d , t h e a p p l i e d N i s l i a b l e t o l e a c h i n g l o s s e s , w h i l e w it h l e s s f r e q u e n t i r r i g a t i o n a n d r e ­

s u l t a n t d r i e r s o i l w a t e r r e g im e t h e d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n l o s s e s

( V o l z e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) a r e m o re p r o b a b l e . A p l a n n e d d e f i c i t i r r i ­ g a t i o n s c h e d u l e l e a v i n g room f o r r a i n ^ m i n i m i s e s l e a c h i n g l o s s e s o f N, b u t i n c o a r s e r s o i l w i t h lo w w a t e r h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y , t h i s p r a c t i c e may r e s u l t i n y i e l d l o s s i f i r r i g a t i o n s a r e p o o r l y t im e d

a n d r a i n f a l l d o e s n o t o c c u r d u r in g t h e g r o w in g s e a s o n (W a t t s and H a n k s , 1 9 7 8 ) . T h u s , t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y and u s e o f a p p l i e d N by t h e crop a r e i n t u r n l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t on i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r s c h e ­

d u l e . A s t r o n g i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n f e r t i l i z e r N and i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r h a s b e e n do c u m en ted i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e (S i n g h et a l . , 1 9 7 9 ,

EcK, 1 9 8 4 ) .

T h e u s e e f f i c i e n c y o f b o t h N a n d w a t e r may b e e n h a n c e d i f i r r i g a t i o n s c h e d u l e s a r e a l s o b a s e d o n t h e r a t e and t i m i n g o f N

f e r t i l i z a t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e c o n c e p t o f d e c i d i n g i r r i g a t i o n s c h e d u l e b a s e d o n N a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e e s s e n t i a l l y n e e d s b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e u p t a k e o f w a t e r a n d N by p l a n t r o o t s i n r e l a ­ t i o n t o s o i l w e t n e s s a n d N c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A l i t t l e i s k n ow n

a b o u t t h e u p t a k e o f w a t e r a n d N by w h e a t r o o t s . A s p h y s i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e u p t a k e p r o c e s s e s i s d i f f i c u l t , m a c r o s c o p i c s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l s h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y em p lo y ed to p r e d i c t t h e f l u x o f w a t e r o r N t o p l a n t r o o t s i n i s o l a t i o n t o s o i l w a t e r m o v e m e n t.

S c h e d u l i n g i r r i g a t i o n b a s e d o n t h e u p t a k e p a t t e r n s o f w a t e r a n d N, i s o f s p e c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e t o w h e a t c u l t i v a t i o n i n

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l o w r e t e n t i v e a n d N d e f i c i e n t deep a l l u v i a l s o i l a s p r e v a l e n t i n n o r t h e r n I n d i a . B e c a u s e o f lo w r e t e n t i v i t y t h e s e c o a r s e t e x t u r e d s o i l s a r e h i g h l y p r o n e t o l e a c h i n g l o s s e s o f w a t e r and N . T h e r a t e a n d t i m i n g o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r and f e r t i l i z e r N o n t h i s s o i l s h o u l d b e d e c i d e d i n such a way t h a t t h e l o s s e s o f t h e s e two c o s t l y i n p u t s a r e k e p t at minimum

a n d t h e crop r a r e l y e x p e r i e n c e s any y i e l d r e d u c i n g w a t e r o r N s t r e s s . I n an e f f o r t to e s t a b l i s h such i r r i g a t i o n s c h e d u l e s

f o r v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f N t h e p r e s e n t f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n w i n t e r w h e a t w as u n d e r t a k e n i n Loamy s a n d u s t ip s a m m e n t i n 1 9 8 4 - 8 5 and 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i v e s :-

i ) d e t e r m i n i n g g r o w th a nd y i e l d r e s p o n s e s t o i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r r e g im e a n d N a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e ,

i i ) d e f i n i n g d e p th and t i m e p a t t e r n s o f r o o t gro w th u n d e r v a r y i n g i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r r e g im e a n d N a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e , i i i ) a s s e s s m e n t o f w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n p a t t e r n u n d e r v a r y i n g

i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r r e g im e and N a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e ,

i v ) s i m u l a t i o n o f r o o t e x t r a c t i o n r a t e o f s t r e s s e d and no n ­ s t r e s s e d w h ea t at l o w atad h i g h N a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s , v ) m o d e l l i n g f l u x o f n i t r a t e N from s o i l to r o o t system

i n f e r t i l i z e d a nd u n f e r t i l i z e d s o i l u n d e r s t r e s s e d and n o n s t r e s s e d c o n d i t i o n s , a nd

v i ) c o m p a r is o n o f m o d e l l e d s o i l w a t e r p r o f i l e a n d N u p t a k e w i t h t h e i r f i e l d m e a s u r e d c o u n t e r p a r t s .

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