Je Soil quality of 28 years old, 8 different farming systems (FS) models in the research farm of the Institute, Umiam, was analyzed. The majority of the soils (>76% GA) in the valley fall under medium category macronutrient -NPKS status (M-M-M-M) and average in quality (SQI: 0.4-0.6) for continued agricultural practices. INTRODUCTION THRUST AREAS MANDATE LABORATORIES HUMAN RESOURCES LIBRARY IT FACILITIES IMPORTANT MEETINGS RAC Meeting IRC Meeting Rathore, Deputy Director General (Education,) and Chairman of the Mid-Term Review Meeting, RCM Zone-III and Dr. The progress of the recommendations made in the RCM meeting held at Tripura was reviewed by the Deputy Director General (Education) and the Nodal. Officer RCM. Ngachan, Director, ICAR RC for NEH, Umiam and Member Secretary RCM-Zone-III, welcomed and felicitated Dr. Directors of the various ICAR institutes located in the NE region and officers of the state line departments also attended the meeting. Mid Term Review of 22nd Regional Committee Meeting of Zone III was held at ICAR RC for NEH region, Umiam on 19 July 2016. It showed great interest in organic farming and traditional crops of NEH region like dragon fruit of Mizoram while paying a short visit to the exhibition stall. Visit of Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Hon’ble Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers Visit of Hon’ble Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, Shri Prahlad Singh Patel at ICAR Annual Review Meeting of AICRP on Poultry Breeding and Poultry Seed Project organized DISTINGUISHED VISITORS Visit of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture to ICAR RC for NEH region, Shri Sudarshan Bhagat, Hon’ble Union Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra, Secretary (DARE) and DG (ICAR) visited ICAR RC for NEH Hon’ble Union Minister of State Agriculture Interacted with scientists of ICAR-NOFRI, IMPORTANT EVENTS Farmers’ fair cum awareness programme on Pradhan Mantri Fasal Beema Yojana The program was inaugurated by the Chief Guest Shri Somnath Poudyal, Hon'ble Minister of FSADD &. A total number of 283 farmers from West Garo Hills, South West Garo Hills, South Garo Hills and East Garo Hills districts participated in the programme. Observation of Swachhata Pakhwada in ICAR RC for NEH region, its six regional centers and KVKs. ICAR RC for NEH Region, Umiam celebrated Krishi Siksha Diwas (Agricultural Education Day) on 3rd December 2016 at D.N Borthakur conference hall, to commemorate the importance of agricultural education in the country. Satish Chandra, Director (I/C), ICAR RC for NEH Region chaired the event and emphasized the growing importance of proper education in various agricultural and allied subjects. Students B.Voc - Agriculture from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, School of Vocational Education, Guwahati and research staff from ICAR RC for NEH Region participated in the various events. MEGHALAYA WEATHER REPORT CROP SCIENCES Rice Improvement F1 crosses will be developed with tolerant donor lines and susceptible recipient lines Double haploid population will be generated from promising crosses. The double haploid population generated from the selected crosses will be the source material for the functional genomics study of tolerance to aluminum toxicity. An attempt was made to screen a basic set of rice germplasm growing in this region to study the functional genomics of aluminum tolerance in rice. A few tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified based on root tolerance, shoot tolerance and root/shoot ratio (R/S) after exposure to 200 μM aluminum chloride (Figure 3). Functional genomics studies of acid soil tolerance in rice Rice evaluation trial AICRIP trial Rice Pathology All India Coordinated Rice Improvement project DISEASES All India Coordinated Maize Improvement project UNDERUTILIZED CROPS Job’s tears MAIZE Summary statistics of genetic variation for all 16 microsatellite loci and ripening temperature are given in Table 5. The transgenic plants were initially verified by PCR with cry1Aabc gene-specific primer, using genomic DNA isolated from young leaves. PCR amplification was performed with 100 ng of genomic DNA as template using the primer pairs (Bt F-5'-CGGATCCGATCTTCACCTCAGCGTGCTT-3' and Bt R-5'-CGAGCTCGGGCACATTGTTCT GTGG-3'). OILSEEDS AND PULSES SOYBEAN Monitoring of soybean diseases Management of pod blight complex of soybean Eight treatments (Tables 6 and 7) were tested Screening for rust resistance MUSTARD AICRP on Rapeseed and mustard ICAR SEED PROJECT AND TSP PULSES Rice Seed Multiplication Area expansion of Kharif Pulses RABI PULSES The seeds were sown in raised beds in the open field and in plastic crates inside the multi-house during the week of December 1 and uniform cultural practices were followed. Seedlings grown in plastic crates inside the cabin recorded minimal days to germination (35 days); the highest percentage of germination (88.22%) and plant survival (80.0%) while the maximum days to germination (62 days) was recorded in seedlings grown in the open field with the lowest germination (66.5%) and survival ( 58.5%). Propagation of Khasi mandarin FRUITS MANDARIN Variation in physico-chemical characteristics of fruit; soil and leaf nutrient status from Raising of citrus seedlings under mid hills of Meghalaya GUAVA Guava production under meadow orchard planting system Effect of bud/shoot removal on fruit maturity in guava variety Megha Saw Priam Regional trial on advance breeding lines of horticultural crops- Guava PEARS Standardization of grafting techniques in Pyrus pashia VEGETABLES TOMATO Individual plants were selected in a segregating population and the best genotype in terms of yield and related traits. The segregating population showed high variability in fruit size, especially in interspecific hybrids compared to parents and F1. Among the selected lines, the highest yield per plant (1.77 kg) was obtained from the progeny of HADT-294 × Sel-9A followed by S. SWEET GOURD Evaluation of Spine/Sweet gourd germplasm About 38 germplasm of spine/sweet gourd KAKROL Physicochemical changes in Kakrol at different stage of maturity DOLICHOS BEAN Among the pole type, the new collection from Manipur with pod length (18.0 cm), pod yield per plant (310 g) was the best genotype. COWPEA Collection and evaluation of Cowpea germplasm About 35 genotypes of cowpea were collected TUBER CROPS SWEET POTATO CAPSICUM Performance of Capsicum species under low- cost polyhouse BITTER GOURD Performance of improved varieties of bitter gourd under low-cost polyhouse FRENCH BEAN Evaluation of French bean germplasms for yield attributes COLOCASIA ONION Infestation of Oriental leafworm, Spodoptera litura on ginger FLOWERS GERBERA Effect of different growing conditions on physiological and yield characteristics of gerbera GARLIC SPICES TURMERIC Source-sink relationship in turmeric Organic production of Turmeric GINGER Source Sink relationship in ginger Therefore, growing gerbera under organic mulch under open field conditions is an option for poor farmers. Evaluation of gerbera hybrids/ varieties under fan and pad polyhouse and open field Miniature gerbera genotypes ORCHID Evaluation and maintenance of Orchid germplasm VALUE ADDITION Value added products from Carambola Peach value addition The main objective of the program was to create awareness among the college students to take floriculture as an attractive prospect for entrepreneurship. Gerbera plungers were also distributed to the Head of the College as part of demonstration during the programme. The participants were highlighted in the field of floriculture in the NEH Region, the latest advanced technologies in flower cultivation and also flower marketing. Cultivation Techniques of Gerbera Hybrids in Open Cultivation” at Horticulture division farm under TSP for farmers on September 8, 2016 at Horticulture division. Molecular characterization and Biology of Cacao Tussock Moth, Orgyia australis postica Insecticidal activity of bacterial pigment Prodigiosin on Spodoptera litura Insecticidal activity of Zanthoxylum armatum extract against Spodoptera litura Evaluation of new insecticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Development of DNA barcodes for insect pest and natural enemies of cereal crop ecosystem Sequencing and characterization of complete mitochondrial genome of citrus trunk borer PCR based molecular tool for rapid identification of different species of fruit flies Extension activities under AICRP on Mushroom PLANT PATHOLOGY Biodiversity of plant pathogens in northeast India Regarding the stover yield, T4 (variety DSB 19) recorded significantly higher stover yield (t/ha) compared to the other treatments. Physiological evaluation of chick pea genotypes for morpho-physiological growth Seed priming improves germination and seedling vigour of pea (Pisum sativum L.) at FARMING SYSTEM RESEARCH Dairy based farming system (FSW-1) Mixed forest block (FSW-2) Silvi-pastoral system (FSW-3) In this system, 0.10 ha of foothills were used for agricultural use, 0.25 ha for horticulture and 0.44 ha for forest herders. Silvi-horticultural system (FSW-6) Natural forest block (FSW-7) Timber –based farming system (FSW-8) The area of timber-based farming system was The harvested water was used to give one pre-sowing irrigation to French beans and one supplementary irrigation to standing crop of toria. The dyke covered an area of 322 sq.m and was used for the cultivation of vegetables, fruit crops and fodder crops. Crops like bottle gourd, pumpkin and cucumber were grown during the kharif season on bamboo machan and crops like cabbage and broccoli are grown during the Rabi season. Evaluation of tomato cultivars against insect infestation: Among the varieties tested, the least incidence of scab was reported in cultivar MT 2 (9.97%). Regarding the economic yields among the twenty cultivars evaluated in the organic production system, MT 2 recorded the highest yield (22.59 t/ha), but statistically it was at the same level as the t/ha cultivars. Evaluation of bio-intensive complimentary cropping systems The maximum expenditure was incurred in the cultural component of the model with 46.6% of the total cost of cultivation. The highest contribution to the total net return was from the crop component of the model (66.5%), followed by the dairy component (23.9%) and the fisheries component (15.2%). Dairy unit with one mature cow and one calf registered 37.7% of the total cost of cultivation, while fisheries component recorded 8.7% of the total cost of cultivation. Approximately 96% of the total N requirement, 83% of the total P2O5 requirement and total K2O requirement could be met within the model itself and only 4% of the total N requirement, 17% of the total P2O5 requirement is satisfied from the external sources. to maintain the model. About 96% of total N demand, 83% of total P2O5 demand, and total K2O demand could be met within the model itself, and only 4% of total N demand, 17% of total P2O5 demand were met from external sources. maintain the model. poor/medium/high) from field test results, so the software provides a recommendation guide covering site-specific soil acidity and plant nutrient management for 10 important crops (rice, maize, legumes and vegetables) . The calibrated model using the derived genetic coefficients could predict the main plant genetic parameters such as leaf area by growth stage, biomass production and simulated grain yield within a satisfactory level (RMSE: 0.48 t ha-1 and the normalized RMSE was 5, 6% of observed yield) . Crop development rate was calculated using observed crop phenology parameters, ie, dates of sowing, transplanting, panicle initiation, flowering and physiological maturity for Shahsarang rice cultivar in mid-altitude Meghalaya. The SQI index by system was determined using the average factorial deviation from the reference values scaled to 100 for the natural pine forest. In a joint project between the Department of NRM (Soil Science) and the Northeastern Space Applications Center (NESAC) on "Soil Resource Mapping (1:50k scale)", a methodology for soil mapping from integration was developed. This methodology enables the generation of baseline information on the soil water evaporation curve for further study of soil water dynamics (permeability, retention, conductivity, diffusivity, etc.) through simulation approaches. A laboratory-based cost-effective and simple method for generating soil water-dry (evaporation) curves in soil cores of various dimensions has been standardized. This method also makes it possible to study the effect of stimulation and suppression of microbial activity on the movement of water in the soil for a wide range of moisture gradients, including extremely dry soil (withering point for air drying). Development and spatial mapping of soil quality index (SQI) in GIS environment The critical value of Zn in soil was found to be 1.02 ppm for DTPA, 4.5 ppm for 0.1 N HCl and 2 ppm for Mehlich 3 extractants for the acidic soils of Northeast India. Therefore, a critical limit of 1.02 ppm instead of 0.6 ppm (currently used) is recommended for evaluating zinc availability in acidic soils of Northeast India. Zn uptake as well as chemical indices of Zn availability increased as a result of Zn application in all the experimental soils. The results indicated that 0.1 N HCl extracted the highest amount of Zn while the least amount was extracted by ammonium acetate. In order to evaluate the suitability of available zinc extractants and to determine the critical limits of Zn availability in acidic soils, an experiment was carried out where Pea (Pisum sativum L.) was grown as a test crop in 15 different soils, with and without Zn fertilization (Fig. 53). An almost perfect correlation between DTPA and 0.1 N HCl (0.988) and between DTPA and Mehlich-3 (0.917) indicates that both 0.1 N HCl and Mehlich-3 can be safely adopted as alternatives to DTPA extractant. The suitability of the four extractants was evaluated by correlating the amount of extracted Zn with plant response and Zn uptake. Coal mine soils have poor physical properties; a sudden textural change that often occurs mainly due to the loss of topsoil. Precipitates of iron hydroxides and oxides that occur in stream beds as yellow-orange jelly-like coatings, called ocher, are commonly observed in AMD-affected areas near mine sites and reserves. The predominance of coarser fragments resulted in very low water capacity of mine soils, which is one of the main limiting factors for plant growth and development in coal mine spoils. Coal mining has been found to have a significant impact on soil properties, with impacts varying in severity depending on whether the mine is active or abandoned, mining methods used and geological conditions. In addition to extreme acidity and other related nutrient imbalances, high salinity in soil from coal mines, heavy metal (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, lanthanum, zinc, nickel, fluoride, aluminum, iron, manganese, etc.) contamination at the toxic level it is also a major concern. Popularization of technology- Farmers’ Farmers’ training cum awareness programme on popularization of Diagnostic Kit (RAPID Resource conservation practices in lowland rice cropping system Evaluation of resources conserving option on productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) WATER MANAGEMENT During the rabi season, intercropped maize performed better under conventional tillage with residue retention and 636% higher water saving, yield and income increase) compared to conventional tillage treatment with residue removal (Fig 55 ). Effect of in-situ residue management on carry over soil moisture conservation and crop growth Effect of manures and straw mulching on turmeric under terrace condition The economic yield of rice was the highest (4.2 t/ha) in the middle of the field. It was found to be lower at the top and bottom of the field by 68 and 20%, respectively. Land configuration and crop geometry treatments (improved and conventional) were imposed and compared with farmers' traditional practices. The absorption of photosynthetically absorbed radiation by rice was found higher in the SW exposure and in the middle part of the slope by 26.2 and 13.6% at the top and bottom of the field, respectively. Improved soil configuration and crop geometry increased soil organic carbon and soil moisture storage by 44 and 38%, respectively, over the farmer's practice (slope cultivation). AGRO FORESTRY Development of genetically superior variety of Mucuna pruriens Increasing productivity of field crops and vegetables on Jhum land by adopting improved cultivation practices. Since the variety was sticky and the villagers liked it the most, the farmers accepted the intervention well and adopted it. Agroforestry and fruit trees Initially the farmers were trained at the institute (Fig 62 & 63) and only four selected farmers were given all inputs including a temporary shed for mushroom cultivation. The farmers could earn a gross income of Rs 2200 to 8100 (Table 26) within a period of two to three months in their homes themselves. Pig husbandry by Jhum farmers It was observed that the farmers who continued to expand the pig herd by not selling all the newborn piglets earned Rs 11,000 to 21,000 per year in three years and still continued piglet rearing. In 2016, five farmers (one male and one female) got improved pigs (Umsniang) and one farmer got a female pig for breeding (Fig. 64). A representative list of some selected farmers who supported themselves with improved pigs is given in Table 11. Those who sold all the piglets and did not increase their herd size earned Rs 6000 to 14000 per year. Long term evaluation of growth behaviour of Multipurpose tree species after 29 years of Evaluation of agro forestry system under hill ecosystem Progeny evaluation of plus trees of tree bean (Parkia roxburghii) The turpentine oil reported in these samples was very high compared to other pine species. Development of self sustainable integrated farming system (IIFS) through crop, livestock and AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Runoff was estimated using the standardized SCS-CN method for the region and actual evaporation by following the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method using the multi-crop option. Estimated components of the water budget for major land uses separately and combined composite land use systems are shown in Table 33, and the components of the monthly water budget are shown in Table 34. Flagship programme on Jhum improvement A gauging station was installed and made The changes in maximum, minimum temperature along with DTR are bound to disturb the thermal regime of the region, which may affect the ecology. AICRP on Plasticulture Engineering and Technology Feasibility and economic evaluation of heating and cooling of poly house using Modeling the micro climate of vegetable based cropping system under poly house in Development of package of practices for pisciculture in poly housed – plastic lined Development of low cost seed storage system using plastics AICRP on Farm implements and machinery Testing and modification of power paddy Prototype feasibility testing of farm machinery Sowing of seeds is normally undertaken Frontline demonstration of farm tools and machinery Prototype manufacturing of farm tools and equipments Horticultural tools (hand fork, grafting/. sprouting knife, tree pruner and sawdust) were also demonstrated in the farmers' fields. In addition, 28507 numbers of SMS were sent to the farmers through the mkisan portal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Agro-met advisories are prepared by expert groups (Scientists of ICAR, Umiam) based on the forecast received from Regional Meteorological Centre, Guwahati along with tools and techniques like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The prepared agro advisory bulletin is uploaded to IMD Agromet website (www.imd.agrimet.gov. in), (www.farmer.gov.in) and (www.kiran.nic.in) for dissemination. Demonstration of soil and water conservation technologies, improved agricultural tools and implements to a group of 52 students and teachers from Spring Time High School, Sadew, Shillong on 1 October 2016. Demonstration of water harvesting techniques, improved agricultural tools and implements to 30 progressive farmers from ATMA, Jowai on October 4, 2016. SOCIAL SCIENCE Network project on market intelligence Developing Marketing Strategies for horticultural crops in Meghalaya The farmers were also able to store their produce for a certain period until they fetched a higher price in the market. Along with demonstration of improved agriculture and related technologies, information on individual farmers is also collected to develop the database of available resources, crops grown, problems and other related parameters of the farmers which will help in devising improved technological intervention suitable for their feat. Corporation. Another module includes a demonstration of vegetable cultivation in fallow rice and corn for which seeds of cauliflower, cabbage, pepper, beans, tomato, potato, etc. Climatic trends and changes in livestock production Development of Strategies for improving effectiveness of convergent model of extension Livelihood Improvement of Hill Farmers through Sustainable Farming Systems in FIRST Project) Facilitation of a Memorandum of Agreement within the Agri Business Incubation Program - “Rise, Launch Pad for Agri-Startup of ZTM &. BPD Unit, ICAR-IARI” along with M/s Jeev Anksh Eco Products Private Limited which has sought incubation at ZTM & BPD Unit, IARI for the project on “Setup of Certified Organic Food Processing Unit in North East India” . Agri- Business Incubation (ABI) Participatory Decision Support System – a recent approach towards designing farmers The Institute Technology Management Unit (ITMU) ANIMAL HEALTH Genetic characterisation of Aeromonas spp Antimicrobial resistance at the interface of human and animal health Analysis of resistance property of Pseudomonas sp. against various heavy metals Molecular characterization of fermented food bacteria Sero-surveillance of important viral diseases in animals Cell lines for isolation of viruses Development of an indigenous RK-13 cell line adapted CSFV isolate Development of in-house indirect ELISA kit for detection of CSFV antibody in serum Diagnostic services rendered Japanese encephalitis (JE) peptide ELISA and epidemiological investigation Studies on oncogenic viruses of Poultry Surveillance (ADMAS) Seroscreening of oncogenic viruses ALC and REV by ELISA showed that 59 samples were positive for REV, while 51 samples were positive for ALC out of 92 random samples tested in poultry. Studies on therapeutic effects of Indigenous plant (Roselle sabderiffa) Protozoan parasitic infections of swine in Meghalaya Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in poultry of North Eastern Region of India The fecal samples collected from both organized and domestic poultry farms in Manipur showed that a total of 57.43% were positive for GI parasitic infections. The causes of death at an organized poultry farm in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya were diagnosed as due to caecal coccidiosis caused by E. Coccidia infections caused by different species of Eimeria were found to be predominant (52.02%) and among positives 90.58% infections were recorded as coccidial infections. Native poultry birds were found to be 44.61% positive, while birds maintained in farm condition 4.34% were found to be positive for G.I. Administration of anticoccidial agent containing a mixture of Amprolium and sulfaquinoxaline to apparently sick birds and the rest of the flock controlled mortality in this poultry farm. ANIMAL PRODUCTION The lifetime production traits were calculated from the record for the upgraded pigs developed in the pig breeding farm of the institute which has 75% Hampshire heritage and 25% Khasi local heritage. Increasing a sow's productive life leads to higher sow lifetime productivity and lower gilt replacement costs. The length of productive life is the number of days between sow age at first farrowing and sow age at weaning of her last farrowing, while lifetime production traits are the sum of all individual measurements of each trait during a pig's lifetime. The study concludes that feeding the newly formulated fortified feed from kitchen waste with 7% molasses was superior. The relative expression of heat shock proteins viz. HSP20, HSP70 and HSP90 of the target genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR in native pigs, and compared with crossbred pigs. Relative expression level of the HSP40 was higher in Khasi local pigs compared to Hampshire and crossbred pigs. The study indicates that the local Khasi pigs may be stress tolerant compared to other pig breeds. The study concluded that ejaculates collected in the summer months had the fewest number of spermatozoa and yielded the least amount of insemination doses than in the autumn and winter period and that crossbred boars with 75% Hampshire inheritance and 25% Khasi locally produced ejaculates had the greatest number. of spermatozoa with better quality for AI (Table 7). Enhancing reproductive and productive performance of Assam hill goat through Resilience/adaptability with round the year cyclicity and high milk production of Murrah Effect of method of isolation of Inner Cell Mass (ICM) from Porcine embryos for preparation Enhancing the livelihood security of farm women through livestock technologies These traditional products have been found to be more palatable and nutritious than the common meat preparations. The techniques used for making such products were partly responsible for imparting the characteristic flavor to the products. Furthermore, it was observed that the indigenous meat processors were unaware of the importance of maintaining hygiene and quality specifications while preparing such traditional products. Business model for entrepreneurship development in meat processing and Association of growth hormone gene polymorphism with carcass traits in Amelioration strategies to reduce climate stress in poultry by supplementing locally Studies on comparative performance of Vanaraja and Srinidhi birds under intensive FISHERIES Cryopreservation of Golden mahseer (Tor putitora) milt Fingerling raising in water harvesting ponds (Jalkund) during post monsoon Rainfall was extremely below normal in July and August (Fig. 1), leading to unprecedented dryness during the period. The month of August presented the highest average monthly maximum temperature of 31.2 °C, which is unprecedented in the last 37 years (Fig. 3). The year 2016 was climatically very unusual compared to the last 37 years, according to meteorological observations recorded at ICAR Research Farm, Gori, Basar. Development of baby corn (Zea mays) production technology under conservation It was observed that there was no significant effect of tillage on the performance of baby corn as well as on soil qualities. Yield and yield attributes of baby corn as affected by varieties, tillage and nutrient management. Effect of irrigation and zinc sulphate levels on performance of pea in a zinc deficient soil of Under this model, on farm evaluation for yield of different varieties of tuber crops was done. The cost of cultivation, gross yield, net yield and benefit cost ratio were calculated keeping in view the current market price. Soil conservation measures were the planting of hedgerows of excess, crotolaria and flamingoia. 3,43,700/- and benefit cost ratio of 5.98 followed by Elephant Foot Yam with net return and benefit cost ratio of Rs. Performance evaluation of foxtail millet Performance of soybean and groundnut PLANT BREEDING Characterization and evaluation of local rice germplasm of Arunachal Pradesh HORTICULTURE Flagship programme on “Improvement of Jhum through Horticulture Interventions” Nutrient and total Antioxidant characterization in star anise Manipulation of fruit size, yield and quality of Kiwifruit through hand thinning Productivity maximization and quality improvement of tissue culture banana ANIMAL SCIENCE Evaluation of improved backyard and nondescript poultry birds its impact under Leaf blight disease incidence of colocasia under jhum cultivation Evaluation of soil quality parameters for paddy field at Basar and Ziro is essential to achieve higher growth of the fishes. Maintaining the quality of water and soil in the fish-paddy plot is an important aspect for successful paddy culture. Various management aspects of Cold Water Fish Culture Technique (NFDB, sponsored by Hyderabad) in the areas of lime establishment, stocking, nutrition and fish health care were discussed in depth. Another multi-disciplinary training and demonstration program was organized in Disi and Bam villages, West Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh by the scientists of ICAR RC for NEH region, Arunachal Pradesh Center Basar. AGROFORESTRY Effect of tree densities on the growth performance of Ghamari (Gmelina arborea) Spacing Trial of 13 Bamboo species During the reporting period, 5 farmer awareness programs were conducted in different districts of the country (Figure 28). An interface awareness program was also organized with Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) under the leadership of Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS) at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Arunachal Pradesh Center Basar on October 6, 2016 (Figure 29). To increase the reach and impact of the existing agrometer advisory services under GKMS through interactive answering service in collaboration with CABI. CEREAL CROPS RICE Breeding and maintenance of superior rice varieties for lowland and upland of Manipur Breeding of rice for multiple spikelets MANIPUR Selection of promising lines from segregating generation Preliminary station trial of rice Advanced station trial of rice Characterization and Development of Rice Plant Ideotypes for Improved Yield Under Selection of lines from segregating generation under upland conditions Multilocation yield trials of upland rice A multilocation yield trials consisting of eight DUS testing and grow out test (GOT) of farmers’ varieties of rice from north eastern Screening of rice entries under National Screening Nursery-Hills (NSN-H) and Donor Field monitoring of virulence of Pyricularia oryzae under Manipur valley conditions Studies on false smut of paddy (Ustilaginoidea virens) and its management Standardization of best sowing time to escape blast disease under Manipur conditions Frontline Demonstration under NFSM in collaboration with IIRR, Hyderabad Evaluation of rice germplasm under NICRA 510 germplams of rice obtained from ICAR All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Programme, 2016 Biomass management in cropping systems for enhancing productivity and resource use Promoting improved technology of maize production among tribal farmers of Manipur Enhancing pulses production in NE states for nutritional security, sustainable production POTENTIAL CROPS Seasonal incidence of insect pests of rice bean A field trial was conducted at Langol farm to The system biomass of green manure and crop residues was recovered under Sesbania (GM) - Maize stalk + Groundnut foliage + Pea residues, which significantly improved the enzymatic activities (acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase), microbial biomass-C, microbial biomass-N. nutrients (macro and micro), C stock compared to other system. SEED TECHNOLOGY Maintenance breeding of locally released varieties of rice and other recommended crop Participatory development of quality seed production practices under seed village COX-I is constitutively expressed in cells involved in normal physiological functions, whereas COX-II is induced by various cytokines, growth factors and carcinogens (Fig. 11). Sweet Sorghum trials at ICAR RC NEH Region Centre under Trials & Nurseries A total of 24 native plants were screened for their inhibitory activity against Cyclooxygenase-I (COX-I) and -II (COX-II) enzyme. All these three plants showed the potential for the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Antidiabetic potential discovered in Litsea cubeba Radical scavenging and anti-cancer activity of Rhus semialata, an indigenous fruit of Ukhrul Optimization of Feather Protein Hydrolysate Production from Chicken Feather Waste using RCM-SSR-7 Evaluation of taro hybrid progenies for growth and TLB resistance FRUITS AND PLANATATION CROPS Prevalence and genetic diversity of Citrus tristeza virus: development of robust Detection of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection PASSION FRUIT A recombinant Potyvirus associated with yellow mottle disease of passion fruit in North East India Significantly lower incidence of viral disease (0-4% after 30 days of transplant and 9-10% after 60 days of transplant) was observed compared to the untreated plot (78% after 30 days of transplant and 95% after 60 days of transplantation). SECONDARY AGRICULTURE MUSHROOM VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS Development of Unique value added products from Tree bean and Prunus nepalensis Establishment of Sagoo Processing Unit Two numbers of Sagoo Processing Units All these processing units produce more than 50 diverse value-added products from local horticultural crops. This is an important initiative to tap the potential of untapped horticultural crops as well as to support the livelihood of the resource poor farming community. VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH POULTRY SCIENCE Poultry Seed Project (PSP) Performance of Vanaraja and Srinidhi under Backyard conditions (at household levels) Effect on growth and survival rate of Ompok bimaculatus using formulated aquatic plant Studies on molecular phylogenetic of Bangana dero and two Labeo species To solve the credit problem, the farmers club tied up with the financial institutions i.e. NABARD for obtaining loans and financial assistance. Through NABARD assistance, farmers club members can get a Kisan credit card loan for an amount of Rs.30,000 per annum at a nominal interest rate of 7%. Farming intensity has also increased by 300-500% compared to 150-200% in the traditional farming system. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINING THE HIMALAYAN ECOSYSTEM ICAR-Kachai Villagers joint initiative on Community Plantation brought recognition MIZORAM Trend analysis of past weather events Variability of soil carbon pools in post burning condition of shifting cultivation Effect of land uses on soil quality in different land use of mizoram Performance of different rice varieties under upland condition The highest grain and biological yield was recorded from Gomati which produced 46.7 and 98.0 q/ha respectively under lowland condition of Mizoram. However, the highest harvest index was observed under Shasarang (49.20) and the 1000 seed weight was attributed to Gomati (23.85g). Performance of Different Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Cultivars in Mizoram Performance of different black gram (Vigna mungo) cultivars in Mizoram Performance of different Pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars in Mizoram Performance of different chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars in Mizoram Performance of different lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars in Mizoram Performance of different green gram (Vigna radiata) cultivars in Mizoram Evaluation of rice bean in Mizoram Evaluation of faba bean in Mizoram Evaluation of purple french bean performance An unique type purple french bean (MZFB-48) Evaluation of insect pest infestation on cole crops Evaluation of insect pest infestation on okra An experiment was conducted to study the Effect of shading environment on growth and yield of bird eye chilli landraces Evaluation of guava lines under Mizoram condition Studies on economically important insect pests and diseases of dragon fruit have shown that hairy caterpillar, bollworm, mealy bug, scale, pentatomid beetle, whitefly are important pests, while soft rot and wet rot commonly infect branch ends of dragon fruit. (Figure 19). Evaluation of strawberry varieties under Mizoram condition The use of wild banana leaves for cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) in the north-eastern hills of India. Different growth parameters of wild banana (WB) leaves of cultivated oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) as substrate. NAGALAND CROP SCIENCE Comparative evaluation of integrated farming system models suitable for small Varietal evaluation and screening of Garlic lines for diseases and insect pest under open Five bacterial endophytes (KEB2, KEB5, KEB6, KEB7, KEB15) isolated from healthy King chili fruits and bio-agent P. Medziphema and also for their effectiveness on growth and yield of chili plant with Dithane M-45 as negative control. Evaluation of effective bacterial endophytes against major soil borne diseases of King chilli Poultry Seed Project, ICAR Nagaland Centre Parent stock of Vanaraja and Srinidhi were The slightly reduced conception rate and average litter size on the farm can be attributed to the retention of old sows in the herd, some of which farrowed as early as 2009. The farm has also gradually abandoned natural care and is only using AI. for breeding. Another survey was conducted to obtain information on the available fish in the large market of Dimapur and adjoining areas and import of fish in the wholesale market with special reference to locally available species and to obtain first hand information on the marketing channel. More fish with ornamental value are sold on the market in the form of smoked fish products, which indicates the need to preserve the fish in natural habitats. All India Coordinated Research Project on Mushroom, Nagaland Centre EXTENSION On Farm demonstration on black gram and green gram cultivation Demonstration units More than 6,400 farmers of the state benefit from the SMS services, which are provided twice a week. Farmer awareness programs were also organized to sensitize the role played by the project in improving the agriculture and related sectors of the state (Table 9). EVENT / MEETING Stakeholder meet on Agriculture Development and Agromet Advisory Services in Nagaland Field day cum Farmer-Scientist interaction ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Entrepreneurship development through spawn production and mushroom cultivation LIST OF VISITORS SIKKIM Effect of cropping system on system productivity and production efficiency Effect of biochar on crop productivity Effect of tillage practices and organic sources of nutrients on productivity of rice Development of climate resilient maize- based cropping system for mountain Effect of local land races of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different planting methods in mid Effect of tillage practices on productivity of rajmash and black gram in mid hills of Sikkim Production of seeds and planting materials under ICAR Seed Project Screening of Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties under organic management The higher available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in T4 may be due to the increased activity of microorganisms, leading to greater mineralization of applied and native nutrients. Characterization of biochar derived from weed biomass for physico-chemical properties Effect of integrated sources of organic nutrient on soil microbial indicators (after 4 th upland Flagship Program on Temperate Fruits A' quality organic kiwi production, vines must be fitted with 50% agro shade net at the end of March for about sixty days, which is removed at the end of May. PLUM AND POMEGRANATE Evaluation of pear germplasm suitable for cultivation under Sikkim conditions Regional trial on advance breeding lines of horticultural crops – Guava Evaluation and screening of chow-chow/squash (Sechium edule) germplasm under varied Carbon sequestration potential and bio- economic appraisal of large cardamom based Assessment of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under different agroforestry system Sikkim Mandarin Based AFS Guava Based AFS Organic management of major tomato diseases under protected and unprotected AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Evaluation of some non-edible oils and substances against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus Evaluation of some biopesticides against insect pests of pahenlo-dal Study on population build up of insect pests of maize and their natural enemies Tea mosquito bug, an emerging pest of kiwi Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis theivora Pollinators’ complex of some important crops of Sikkim Himalaya Productive and reproductive performance of Singharey Goats in organized and conventional Reproductive disorders of dairy cattle in relation to mineral deficiency in different EXTERNALLY FUNDED PROJECTS Network Project on Organic Farming (NPOF) Evaluation of crop varieties under organic Evaluation of buckwheat varieties Evaluation of maize composite In the month of July, rice transplanting was done in different agricultural fields from the nursery. Timely monitoring of crops was carried out to check the occurrence of diseases and pests, thinning, weed control, etc. After one month of rice transplanting (August) the fields were cleared for planting soybeans in order to use the lands to generate additional income. This is monitored at regular intervals to check for proper growth and development and also to fight against diseases and pests through proper management practices. Different cropping systems under different land uses have been implemented in farmers' fields such as rice-pea, maize-pahenlo dal-buckwheat, cardamom-large turmeric, cardamom-large ginger, maize-soybean, mandarin-vegetable, Alnus nepalensis- turmeric, guava-cowpea. The program also highlighted the importance of poultry manure in organic farming and the advantages of rural poultry farming with Vanaraja poultry, scientific housing, poultry litter management and treatment of poultry diseases. Comparative studies on offseason organic broccoli production under low cost protected All India Network Research Project on Onion and Garlic-Garlic Trials Poultry Seed Project Characterization of Tibetan Sheep under Network Project on Animal Genetic Resources TRIBAL SUB PLAN Integrated Organic Farming System (IOFS) for Livelihood Improvement of Tribal ICAR-NOFRI Empowered North Sikkim Tribal Farmers on Organic Crop Production ICAR-NOFRI Empowered Tribal Farmers of South and West Sikkim through Technological ICAR-NOFRI, Tadong Empowered Tribal Farmers of East Sikkim ICAR-NOFRI Organized Skill Development Program for High Altitude Tribal Farmers of ICAR-NOFRI Organized Skill Development Program for Farmers of North Sikkim ICAR-NOFRI Empowered Arunachal Farmers with Organic Vegetables and Spices ICAR-NOFRI Empowered Maharashtra Farmers with Organic Farming Techniques ICAR–NOFRI Observes Jai Kisan-Jai Vigyan Week ICAR –NOFRI Trained Tribal Farmers on Organic Crop Production Pig farming under deep litter housing system for sustainable livelihood and nutritional Swacchha Bharat Mission Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav (MGMG) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO THE FARMERS FIELD Maize-pahenlo dal- buckwheat a climate resilient cropping system Front Line Demonstration of oilseeds and pulses in East Sikkim No-till vegetable pea in rice fallow Low cost water harvesting structure (Jalkund) ICAR–National Organic Farming Research RICE IMPROVEMENT IET NO Designation Trial Proceeds. kg/ha) FD % yield superiority over the best check (BC). All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project - AICRIP Development of stress tolerant rice for Africa and south asia (STRASA) AICRP MULLaRP Legume International Nurseries (BIGMP), ICARDA Seed production Effects of conservation tillage and weed control measures on toria Effects of conservation tillage and live much on maize productivity The present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of the virus in the North Eastern Region. Amplicon sequencing shared 98-99% identity between and with BSMYV from Australia (AY805074) confirming the relatedness of BSMYV to all three isolates. The disease severity index was calculated using Gauhl's modification of Stover's Sigatoka severity scoring system (0 to 6 scale). The analysis of variance of the disease severity index showed a statistically significant difference between the treatments Table 11. The lowest mean severity index of 17.4% was recorded in T-4 Chlorothalonil 0.2% and Propiconazole 0.1% (alternating every 10 days interval and sprayed on both leaf surfaces) followed by PDI of 38.0% with treatment T -3 Chlorothalonil 0.2% and Propiconazole 0.1% (alternating every 10 days interval only on the upper surface). The treatment T-4 with the lowest disease severity index corresponds to the highest value of 7 for the youngest spotted leaves, showing that the disease could not infect the younger leaves beyond leaf 7. The yield difference of 4.0 kg per bottom weight was observed in treatment T-4 which was significantly higher than other treatments. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Phosphate solubilization (µ/ml) in Pikovskaya broth by P solubilizing bacterial isolates at variable temperatures at pH5. Values in parentheses indicate population (log cfu/ml) in Pikovskaya broth at P solubilizing bacterial isolates. Effect of organic manures on performance of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi This finding respectively confirms that cell-encapsulated biofertilizers, either in the form of Ca alginate beads or clay balls, can act as a protective cover against temperature-sensitive microbial cells during storage. Alginate beads in distilled water have the potential to be developed as a liquid biological fertilizer, the study reveals. In the pig pond, which received pig manure, total zooplankton abundance was 226,000 nos/L. On the other hand, in the fertilized pond with an abundance of 227000 nos/L, the cladoceran population of Daphnia (49%) and Moina (35%) dominated followed by Cyclops (12%) and zooplankton nauplii (2%). Tallo a henero viz., Daphnia, Moina ken Cyclops (Pigura 10) agraman ti zooplankton nauplii ket nangibagi kadagiti komunidad ti zooplankton. Evaluation of zooplankton composition and abundance in two different aquaculture Normal range and seasonal variation of haematological and innate immune system in However, the group fed with 100 mg/kg LPS in feed showed highest activity on day 7 and 1DPC. It was observed that most of the immune parameters and the expression of the immune genes had higher values on day 7 and 1 DPC. All the studied hematological, innate immune parameters and expression of immune gene increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in LPS fed group compared to control. The group fed at 100 mg/kgLPS also recorded the highest relative percentage survival after challenge with E. LPS stimulates both innate and adaptive immune parameters and also increases RBC, WBC, protein, albumin and globulin in L. The present results suggest that LPS at 100 mg/kg feed could be considered as a good supplement to improve the immune status of L. Evaluation of mean performance of different poultry germplasms at institute farm The highest percentage of fertility was found in Tripura Black (82.1%) and the lowest percentage of fertility was found in BN Cross (60.6%). The overall mean percent hatchability of total egg sets (TES) and fertile egg sets (FES) were 55.3% and 72.2%, respectively. Hatching eggs were kept in the incubator for the first 18 days and then transferred to the hatchery for the last 3 days of the incubation period. The optimum temperature (99.50 C) was maintained inside the incubator for the first 18 days and 99 O C was maintained inside the clamp during the last 3 days of incubation. Colored broilers, Tripura Black, ND Cross (50%), BN Cross (50%) and double chicks were set for hatchery hatchery. During this period, suitable temperature, relative humidity and ventilation were maintained in the incubator and hatchery. All India Coordinated Research Project on Pig Evaluation of performance of Mali and Front Line Demonstration on Rice under NFSM Training cum seed distribution program A training cum seed distribution program was organized on 18.6.2016 in the Ramchandraghat Community Hall. Superintendent of Agriculture, Khowai, representatives of local bodies, Program Coordinator, KVK, West Tripura, subject specialists from KVK, West Tripura and Scientists from ICAR, Tripura Center attended the program and trained the farmers on improved rice cultivation practices. A field day was organized at Paddy's FLD on 26 October 2016 to mark the success of the FLDs carried out. The field day at East Ramchandra Ghat was attended by 217 farmers from the village and adjoining villages. Change in monsoon and annual rainfall in North East India Identification of stress tolerant rice, maize and tomato varieties for NEH Drought tolerance in rice The days required to reach maturity were found to be the lowest in the case of Dular (111 days). Among the local rice germplasm of Sikkim, days to maturity was lowest in . A total of 255 rice germplasm/entries were evaluated in Sikkim under direct sown rain-fed upland conditions for tolerance to moisture stress. The total number of grains and filled grains per panicle was found to be highest in the Tabrey cultivar (Fig. 8). Heat tolerance in maize Physiological response of maize to elevated temperature under CTGC facility Assessment of mitigation potential through soil and water management practices for Development of climate resilient cropping system Agro-forestry intervention in relation to carbon sequestration Potential of fallow chronosequence in shifting cultivation to conserve SOC Effect of bedding materials on performance of pig under climate resilient deep litter pig pan Evaluation of physiological adaptation and performance of poultry germplasms in Evaluation of different breeds of poultry under different climatic conditions TRIBAL SUB PLAN (TSP) Distribution of planting materials Apart from these inputs, polybags (189 kg) and spawn (700 kg) were distributed among the farmers to popularize mushroom cultivation as a livelihood. Antibiotic powder (6 packs), coccidiostatic powder (6 packs), antibiotic liquid (3 bottles), 236 kg of medicine and mineral supplements for the treatment of various animal diseases. Minor agricultural tools and implements Minor agricultural tools and equipment’s/ Trainings and capacity building HUMAM RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Effect of seaweed juice on germination, growth and productivity of maize (Zea mays) in the North-Eastern Himalayas. Effect of vermicompost on greengram productivity and soil health in hilly ecosystems of Northeast India. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Meeting on Technology Exchange and Joint Research among ICAR Institutes of Hill
Special Meeting on Promotion of Pulses in NEH Region & State Level Farmers Meet on
Shanmuganathan visited ICAR RC for NEH region, Umiam
Workshop cum brainstorming session organized to Celebrate International Year of
Orientation Training Programme of KVKs SMS and Programme Assistants
RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS
Study of rice yield under low light intensity Field phenotyping, 300 genotypes (100 from
Cloning of stress inducible DREB-2A transcription factor from Pennisetum glaucum
PULSES
Promotion of organic farming in participatory approach
INSECT
Performance of Determinate Dolicos bean New indeterminate genotype of Dolicos bean
Organic production of Ginger
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
CROP PROTECTION ENTOMOLOGY
Exploration and utilization of hyperparasites (of plant pathogens) and entomopathogens in
Agro –pastoral system (FSW-4)
Integrated farming system model for livelihood improvements (1.0 ha area) (AICRP-IFS)
Impact of organic farming on soil health and productivity under raised and sunken bed
Evaluation of major crop varieties under organic farming
Development of integrated organic farming system model (IOFS) for valley lands (0.43 ha
SOIL SCIENCE
Long term management effect on soil quality of different farming system
Development of integrated nutrient management package for groundnut in acid
SFAR (Soil Fertility Assessment and Recommendation) web based-software
Spatial database management of soil resources and mapping
Spatial zoning of macro-nutrients category of Barak valley, Assam in GIS environment
Assessment of soil contamination in coal mine affected areas in Jaintia Hills district of
Technology for improving carbon sequestration under climate change
Upward revision of Zinc critical availability in acidic soils of northeast india
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
Popularization of diagnostic kit- RAPID Soil health test kit- Farmers’ training cum
Residue management and conservation tillage in rice-based cropping system
Multi-storied cropping of ginger and bottle gourd in upland terraces
EXTENSION PROGRAMME
Training cum awareness program on ‘Rabi vegetable production in rice and maize fallows
Flagship programme on Jhum improvement in Ri-Bhoi of Meghalaya
Income generation through production of quality planting materials in nursery
Mushroom cultivation by Jhumias
Backyard poultry by Jhumias
Harvesting, processing and value addition of natural resins and gums
Estimation of water budget components for predominant farming systems of Meghalaya
Analysis of historical weather variables and accuracy assessment of the weather forecast
Agri-consortia Research Platform on Water The project “Development and Management
Agri Business Incubation Project
Demonstration of soil and water conservation and water harvesting technologies, improved
Value chain analysis of ginger, citrus, king chilli, cassava, large cardamom and pineapple
Convergence and Network Analysis of Extension Organizations for Enhancing
Market Survey in Aquarium Fish Trade in Shillong
Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium spp. isolated from man, animal and
Differential diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis in pigs
Standardization of fractionation of Zanthoxylum armatum extracts for
Training/Health camps organized under TSP For improving the livestock farming, training
Life time productivity traits of developed- upgraded pig variety
Relative RNA expression of heat shock protein (HSP) in different breeds of pigs
Pregnancy rate, farrowing rate and litter size of liquid semen and frozen thawed boar semen
Effect of season on semen quality in crossbred boars with different level of Hampshire and
Documentation of traditional meat products in the North Eastern region of India
Small scale rural entrepreneurship development through scientific pig and
Three day long training cum seed distribution programme in West Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya
AGRONOMY
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Development of tuber crop
Farming system model for sustaining hill agro ecosystem in Arunachal Pradesh
FISHERY SCIENCE
Fisheries Training and Extension activities One day awareness-training programme was
GRAMIN KRISHI MAUSAM SEWA
TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED 1. Training programme on “Innovative
All India Coordinated Network project on Potential Crop
NATIONAL SEED PROJECT (AICRP on Seeds)
HORTICULTURAL CROPS VEGETABLES AND TUBERS
Characterization of viral complex of chilli and development of ecological engineering based
Empowering Farm Women and Unemployed Rural Youths through Community Processing Unit
Demonstration Programme under MASTEC- ICAR joint Project on Pisciculture and
Adoption of Integrated Farming System for Livelihood Improvement of the Farmers in
Performance of different rice varieties under lowland condition
Evaluation of dragon fruit under Mizoram condition
Effect of cucurbitaceous vegetable shading environment on growth and yield of turmeric
Horticulture
Mega Seed Project on Pig
NATIONAL MISSION FOR SUSTAINING HIMALAYAN ECOSYSTEM (NMSHE)
National Mushroom day celebration
Soil organic carbon dynamics and fertility in response to organic nutrient sources under
KIWI FRUIT
Intervention made at Timpyem village, East Sikkim
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) During the year, different part of North, South,
Studies on offseason organic zucchini production under low cost protected structures
TRIPURA
Agronomic evaluation of lentil lines/varieties Fourteen lentil lines/varieties were evaluated
ALL INDIA CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT (AICRP) ON
Evaluation of Pleurotus species of mushroom in winter season (2016)
Screening of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms to develop temperature
Effect of various carrier media on shelf life of biofertilizer
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal root and crude inoculum on maize root colonization
Development of captive breeding and larval rearing protocols for Mystus cavasius
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances immunity Labeo bata
AICRP on Poultry Breeding (Rural Poultry Production)
Evaluation of performance of dual type chicken
Evaluation of Fertility and Hatchability of Different Chicken Germplasms
Performance of Murrah buffaloes in Tripura condition
Awareness programme on lentil cultivation An awareness programme was held at pilot
NATIONAL INNOVATION IN CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE (NICRA)
Drought tolerance in maize
Fertilizers/bio-fertilizer/manure/soil amendment/nutrient solutions/pesticides
PUBLICATIONS
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The authority of BPK to conduct audits of village finances still limited by the fact that village government as institutions and APBDes have not yet been mentioned in the package of
