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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];
Kinetic and Isotherm of Mn(II) Biosorption by Lyophilized Cells of Proteus penneri 2120 (KY712431) Isolated from Industrial Wastewater
Abdel-Hamied M. Rasmey1* and Alshimaa K. Youssef1
1Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43721, Suez, Egypt.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between the both authors. Author AMR gave concept, designed the work, carried out the practical experiments, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, critical revision, writing and publishing the article. Author AKY carried out the practical experiments, data collection, data analysis and drafting the article. The final manuscript has been read and approved by the two authors.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2018/38993 Editor(s):
(1)George Perry, Dean and Professor of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA.
Reviewers:
(1) Farid I. El-Dossoki, Port Said University, Egypt.
(2)Atria Pradityana, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia.
(3)Fábio Henrique Portella Corrêa de Oliveira, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil.
Complete Peer review History:http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/22955
Received 25th October 2017 Accepted 15th January 2018 Published 31st January 2018
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to isolate and identify a novel bacterial isolate potential resistant to Mn2+ as well as to investigate the biosorption isotherms of Mn2+ removal from aqueous solutions by the freeze-dried biomass of this bacterium. Sixty three manganese resistant bacterial isolates were recovered from 20 industrial wastewater samples. Interestingly, among them, the isolate number 2120 was able to resist up to 140 ppm of Mn2+ and was selected for the further processes. This isolate was phenotypically characterized and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Proteus penneri and assigned accession number KY712431 in the GenBank database. The effects of pH and contact time on the biosorption process were studied and optimum pH for biosorption equilibrium was 6 while the optimum contact time was 30 min at room temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of Mn2+ removal from aqueous solutions by the freeze-dried biomass of Proteus penneri 2120 was 175.4 mg/g. According to Freundlich and Langmuir models, the correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.9977 and 0.5525, respectively. Therefore the studied biosorption isotherms are fit well with
Original Research Article
Rasmey and Youssef; ARRB, 23(2): 1-14, 2018; Article no.ARRB.38993
Freundlich model rather than the Langmuir model. Our findings suggest that the dried biomass of the isolate Proteus penneri 2120 is potentially applicable for manganese metal ion removal from the industrial waste water.
Keywords: Manganese; resistance; biosorption; Proteus penneri; isotherm; 16S rRNA; GenBank.
1. INTRODUCTION
Over the last few decades, the environmental pollution has accelerated with the increase in industrial activities due to the deposition of organic and inorganic pollutants into the ecosystem. Heavy metals such cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) are the most common discharged inorganic pollutants in industrial effluents from fuel, mining, fertilizers, plastic and oils production [1-4]. The priorities of heavy metals as toxic pollutants are due to their mobility in natural water, highly persistent and are not degradable in the ecosystem [5].
Interestingly, manganese (Mn) is the most common metallic ion released into the surrounding environment from the industries of petrochemicals, steel, stainless steel, dry-cell batteries, matches, super alloys, metal processing and manganese compounds manufacturing [6]. Although manganese is an essential micronutrient required for the growth and survival of bacteria, fungi, plants, and humans, higher levels of manganese in the environment are toxic to all forms of life [7].
Manganese is toxic when it exceeds the range of 0.1-0.5 mg/L [8]. The severe inward breath of large amounts of manganese metal has been associated with adverse neurological effects.
Clinical Manganese neurotoxicity has been shown in patients accepting long-term parenteral nutrition and also in patients with acute liver dysfunction or renal failure which is a result of their inability to clear and eliminate manganese from the blood [9]. Therefore it is a necessity to recover manganese ions from the industrial wastewater before its discharge to the environment.
Although there are several physiochemical treatments such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, filtration, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane separation, evaporation, electrodeposition, and coagulation have been developed for recovering of metal ions from aqueous solutions [10], these methods are limited in application at low metal concentration (<100 ppm) [11,12]. These conventional methods
for removal of metallic ions have many disadvantages such as high cost, high energy input, secondary pollution, large quantities of chemical reagents and poor treatment efficiency [13]. Thus the search for development of effective and inexpensive metal removal technologies is of greatest importance.
Nowadays, biosorption is a physiochemical process and considered promising technology alternative to conventional processes for recovery of heavy metals from wastewater by using of microorganisms as biosorpents [14-19].
Biosorption is a cheap process since the used biomass employed as a waste material as well as it is characterized by its simplicity, efficiency, and availability of biosorpents [20,21]. Various microorganisms among the bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae have been reported as waste biosorpents for recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solutions [22]. However, there are variations in metal biosorption capacity between the different genera, species, and strains [23].
Several adsorption isotherms are available and have been adopted to correlate adsorption equilibrium in heavy metals biosorption.
Freundlich and Langmuir's equations are the most widely used [24]. The effects of sorption parameters such as pH and contact time were studied.
Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the manganese biosorption capacity of the isolated resistant bacteria from industrial wastewater as well as to investigate the effects of pH and contact time on the sorption capacity of the highly resistant isolate.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Collection of Samples
Twenty industrial wastewater samples were obtained from different factories in Suez Governorate. The collected water samples were transferred immediately in sterile plastic bottles to the laboratory and stored at 4◦C until processing.
2.2 Isolation of Manganese Resistant Bacteria
The resistant bacteria were recovered from the collected industrial wastewater samples by serial dilution method on nutrient agar medium incorporated with 25 ppm of manganese metal at 37°C for 4 days. The individual appeared colonies on agar plates were picked up and streaked on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates for purification and stored at 4°C on TSA slants until the time of processing.
2.3 Preparation of Mn(II) Solutions
The metal solution was prepared by dissolving 2.956 of MnCl2. 4H2O in 100 ml deionized water as a stock of 1000-ppm Mn(II) solution and the different concentrations of the heavy metal were prepared by dilution of the stock solution.
2.4 Screening of the Highly Mn(II) Resistant Bacteria
The recovered bacterial isolates were inoculated on tryptic soya agar (TSA) of pH 6.5 incorporated with different concentrations (25 – 60 ppm) at 37°C for 4 days. The grown resistant bacterial colonies were selected for further experiments.
2.5 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
The minimum inhibition concentrations of Mn(II) against the selected highly resistant isolates were determined by culturing the bacteria on tryptic soya broth (TSB) tubes of different concentrations of the tested heavy metal and then incubated for 48 h at 37°C. The bacterial growth was indicated by determining the turbidity of the medium at 630 nm using the spectrophotometer.
2.6 Identification of the Selected Bacterial Isolate 2120
2.6.1 Morphological characterization
Colony characteristics such as color, shape, margin and surface were observed by naked eye on the solid media. The shape of cells was examined by light microscope after Gram staining of freshly culture of 24 h incubation.
2.6.2 Biochemical characterization
The bacterial isolate was biochemically characterized according to Bergey’s manual of
systematic Bacteriology standard methods [25].
The studied biochemical characteristics were catalase, oxidase, citrate, indole, MR-VP (Methyl Red and Voges-Proskauer),
urease, H2S production, gelatin liquefaction, starch hydrolysis and glucose and lactose fermentation.
2.6.3 Identification of bacterial isolate using 16S rRNA
DNA was extracted from the bacterial cells using bacterial DNA preparation kit (Jena Bioscience).
The 16S rRNA encoding gene was amplified using specific primers 16SF: 5′- GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTTAG-3′ and 16SR: 5′- GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′. The PCR amplification was carried out using Qiagen Proof- start Tag Polymerase kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The following substrates were mixed in a total volume of 25 µl including about 2 µl of template DNA (20 ng/µl), 12.5 µl PCR Master Mix, 20 pmol (2µl) each of forward and reverse primers and the total reaction volume was completed by 8.5 µl of water DNAase free water and this was done on the ice. The reaction conditions were: an initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 mins, 37 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing at 51°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 30 sec. A final extension was conducted at 72°C for 5min. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 1.5 % (w/v) agarose in 1X TAE buffer and gels photos were captured using gel documentation system then analyzed by Gel Docu advanced ver.2 software PCR products of 1100 bp were purified from gel with QIA quick gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). After additional step of purification with CENTRI-SEP Columns (PRINCETON SEPARATIONS), DNA sequencing was conducted by 3500 Genetic Analyzer, Applied Biosystems. Purified PCR products were sequenced by cycle sequencing with didesoxy mediated chain-termination [26]. Sequenced 16S rRNA was subjected to the advanced BLAST search program at the NCBI website: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.gov/BLAST/ to obtain the similarity percent. The alignment of sequence and molecular phylogeny was investigated using
CLUSTALW program
(http://clustalw.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/top-ehtml). The phylogenic tree was obtained using the TREE VIEW program. Phylogenic tree derived from 16S rRNA gene sequence was generated in comparison to 16S rRNA gene sequence from different standard bacterial strains obtained from Genbank
Rasmey and Youssef; ARRB, 23(2): 1-14, 2018; Article no.ARRB.38993
2.7 Growth Pattern of Proteus penneri 2120 (KY712431) on Different Concentrations of Mn(II)
The selected bacterial isolate was inoculated in nutrient broth of pH 6.5 with different concentrations of manganese metal, incubated at 37°C and the turbidity of the broth was determined at 630 nm by the spectrophotometer at different incubation times during 4 days.
2.8 Effects of Temperature and pH on the Bacterial Growth and Resistance The selected bacterial culture was grown on nutrient broth medium of pH 6.5 supplemented with the appropriate heavy metal concentration and incubated at different temperature range (20°C , 25°C , 30°C and 40°C ) for 48 h. Also the selected isolate was grown at pH values (2, 4, 6, and 7) at 37°C for 48h. The pH was adjusted by using NaOH 0.1 N and HCL 0.1 N. The turbidity was recorded at 630 nm with spectrophotometer.
2.9 Preparation of Lyophilized Biomass for Biosorption
The selected bacterial isolate was grown on nutrient broth medium and cultured for 24 h at 37°C then was centrifuged at 5000g for 15 min and the collected cells were freeze-dried and stored at -80◦C freezer until using in the biosorption experiments.
2.10 Effect of pH on Biosorption of Mn(II) The effect of pH was carried out with agitation of 20 mg of the freeze-dried Proteus penneri 2120 in 20 ml of 90 ppm Mn(II) solutions of different pH (ranging between 2.0 and 7.0) at 200 rpm for 60 min at room temperature (25±2) and then centrifuge at 5000 g for 20 min. Mn(II) concentration in the supernatant was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (CPU analyzers of agricultural sectors of the Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University).
2.11 Effect of Contact Time on Biosorption of Mn(II)
The effect of contact time was carried out by using 20 ml of 90 ppm for Mn(II) metal solution containing 20 mg of the freeze-dried Proteus penneri 2120 at the optimum pH and room
temperature (25±2) with shaking at 200 rpm, suspension samples were taken at intervals from 0 to 60 min, centrifuged at 5000 g for 20 min.
Mn(II) concentration in the supernatant was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
2.12 Effect of Initial Concentrations of Mn(II) on its Biosorption
Experiments for determining the suitable initial concentration on the biosorption efficiency were conducted by shaking 20 mg of the freez-dried biomass in 20 ml of different initial concentrations (0 – 200 ppm) of Mn(II) at 200 rpm at the optimum pH and contact time at room temperature.
2.13 Biosorption Kinetics
The amount of adsorbed metal ions per gram biomass was calculated by using the general equation:
qe (mg/g) = (Ci − Ce)V/M (1) [27]
Where qe is the amount of metal ions adsorbed on the biomass, Ci the initial metal ion concentration in solution, Ce the final metal ion concentration in solution, V the volume of the medium and M is the amount of the biomass used in the reaction mixture (g).
The metal sorption data were analyzed using the Freundlich equation:
qe = Kf Ce1/n
(2) [28]
and linearized form of this model is ln
qe = ln Kf + 1/n ln Ce (3) [27]
Where KF and n are the constants, in which measures the adsorption capacity and intensity, respectively.
The Langmuir equation is illustrated as
qeq=qmax bCe/1+bCe (4) [29]
and linearized form of this model is
Ceq/qeq = 1/qmax b + Ceq/qmax (5) [30]
Where qmax and bare the Langmuir constants related to adsorption capacity, respectively.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Isolation of Mn(II) Resistant Bacteria from Industrial Waste Water
The rapid increase of environmental pollution by heavy metals has directed the researchers to develop ecofriendly technologies for removing these metals. Biosorption of heavy metals using biomass is the most applicable and cheap method therefore the isolation of heavy metals resistant bacteria is required to satisfy this purpose. In the present study sixty three bacterial isolates resistant to 25 ppm Mn2+ were recovered on from 20 industrial waste water samples collected from different factories of fertilizers, petroleum, steel, fiber, nitrates and texture located in Suez governorate, Egypt. The recovered bacterial isolates were screened for their abilities to resist and grow on different concentrations (25 – 150 ppm) of Mn2+ and the obtained results revealed that only 16 bacterial isolates out of 63 were able to resist and grow on manganese metal up to more than 60 ppm.
Recently, several similar studies were conducted by different authors in order to isolate bacteria able to resist and remove manganese metal from water and soil [31-33]. To select the highly resistant bacterial isolate, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Mn2+ against each isolate was determined as shown in Table 1. The highest MIC of Mn2+ (140 ppm) was recorded with the bacterial isolate number 2120 so this isolate was selected for the further experiments.
Table 1. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Mn(II) against the selected bacterial
isolates
Isolate code MIC (ppm)
1056 80
1176 80
1043 80
1147 90
1084 120
1032 130
2098 80
2093 70
2094 80
2054 70
2019 130
2036 130
2120 140
2125 70
2010 70
2103 70
3.2 Phenotypic and Genotypic Identification of the Bacterial Isolate 2120
In order to identify the selected bacterial isolate no. 2120 different morphological and biochemical characteristics were determined adopting Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology standard methods [34-36]. Data presented in Table 2 show that the isolate characterized by circular, smooth, entire with creamy color colonies on nutrient agar and of light pink color on MacConkey agar. It is Gram negative with rod shaped cells. Positive for catalase production, H2S production, gelatin liquefaction, indole production, methyl red, citrate utilization and urease production, while it was negative for oxidase production, Voges-Proskauer, starch hydrolysis, glucose and lactose fermentation.
Table 2. Morphologically and biochemically characteristics of the selected bacterial
isolate 2120
Characteristics Observation Colony colour on nutrient
agar
creamy Colony colour on
MacConkey agar
light pink
Colony shape circular
Colony margin entire
Colony surface smooth
Gram Reaction negative
Cells shape Rod shaped
Motility +
Lactose Fermentation - Glucose Fermentation - Catalase production + Oxidase production -
Indole production +
Voges-Proskauer -
Methyl red +
Citrate utilization +
Urease production +
H2S production +
Gelatin Hydrolysis + Starch Hydrolysis -
Based on the previous data of the phenotypic characterizations, the bacterial isolate number 2120 was suggested to be Proteus sp. which was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification by 16S rRNA has been used in several studies to identify heavy metal resistant bacteria [37,38].
The partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of the selected isolate was aligned and compared to
Rasmey and Youssef; ARRB, 23(2): 1-14, 2018; Article no.ARRB.38993
other published gene sequences via National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
The results showed that the selected isolate no.
2120 have 100 % similarity with Proteus penneri NR043998.1. The sequence of the isolate was compared with other 16S rRNA gene sequences and the phylogenic tree was constructed in Fig.
1. The selected bacterial isolate no. 2120 was identified as Proteus penneri and assigned with accession number KY712431 in the Gene Bank database.
3.3 Resistance of Proteus penneri 2120 to Different Concentrations of Mn(II) The ability of Proteus penneri 2120 isolate to grow in TSB amended with different concentrations (5 – 90 ppm) of Mn2+ was tested and the growth pattern was shown in Fig. 2. The isolate showed a high resistance to various concentrations of Mn2+. The growth increased gradually with time along with the control at the lag phase at the first hours and the low concentration of Mn2+ had no negative effect on the growth while the reduction rate of growth was observed after 24 hours of incubation with the high concentrations. The reduction rate of growth was recorded as 22.14 and 36.3 % for 70 and 90 ppm respectively at 55 h of incubation. These results indicate that the isolate Proteus penneri 2120 has high resistance to high concentration of Mn2+. The presence of heavy metal ions interferes with the growth of organisms and may alter the growth phases in comparison with
control. It was estimated that the cell metabolism is restrained chiefly by ions transported into the cell, and maybe likewise by particles adsorbed on the external surface [3,39]. Similar study was conducted by Zhou et al. [40] who reported that the logarithm phase of manganese resistant strain was reached basically after inoculated 12- 24 h, stationary phase was after 26h and then entered the decline phase after 30 h of inoculation. It was reported by different authors that the biosorption of metals by Gram negative bacterial biomass is more effective than Gram positive bacterial biomass due to the heavily cross-linked peptidoglycan layer of Gram positive bacterial cell wall whereas Gram negative cell wall have outer membrane layer contains lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids and proteins that make complexation with ions [2].
3.4 Effect of pH and Incubation Temperature on the Bacterial Growth and Resistance to Mn2+
The data presented in Fig. 3 illustrate the effect of pH on the growth of Proteus penneri 2120 at 90 ppm of Mn2+ which indicates that pH 7 was the optimum for resistance while pH 6 was the optimum of control growth. Also the effect of incubation temperature on the growth and metal resistance was studied and the obtained results revealed that the highest growth of the isolate in in both of control and metal stress was 40°C as shown in Fig. 4. Growth, reproduction and metabolism of microorganisms are influenced by
Fig. 1. The neighbor-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showing the position of the isolate 2120 with the related strains
Proteus penneri 2120 KY712431 Proteus penneri NR 043998.1
Proteus mirabilis NR 074898.1 Proteus mirabilis CP 004022.1 Proteus penneri KC 456567.1
Proteus vulgaris MG 027634.1
Proteus vulgaris NR 115878.1 Proteus vulgaris KC 456524.1 Proteus penneri KT 029131.1
0.001
pH and incubation temperature affecting structure and capacity of natural macromolecules i.e. protein and nucleic acid [40,41]. Basu et al.
[42] reported that the optimum temperature for the growth of Citrobacter sp. AR2 resistant to arsenic, lead, cobalt, zinc, manganese and strontium was 37°C.
3.5 Effect of pH on Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Bacteria
Earlier studies indicated that pH of the solution affects metal ion biosorption and the optimum pH value varies with the type of sorbates and sorbents (biomass) [43]. The pH value of the solution affects the biosorption efficiency of metal ions by bacterial biomass in the two aspects biosorbent total charge and metal ion solubility.
So the effect of pH value on biosorption of Mn2+
by the freeze-dried Proteus penneri 2120 was studied and is shown in Fig. 5 where it can be seen that biosorption rate (Qe) of Mn2+ is low at low pH values and increases with increasing of pH and reached the maximum (79.53 mg/g) at the optimum pH 6. The obtained optimum pH was in accordance with several similar studies [44,45]. Studies on heavy metal absorption pointed pH value as an important factor affecting the whole process of biosorption [27]. According
to Naik and Furtado [46], manganese adsorption increased gradually with an increase in initial pH from 3.0 to 6.8. Also in a similar study, Hou et al.
[3] reported that the biosorption capability of Mn(II) by Klebsiella sp. increased gradually in the range of pH 3.5 to 5.5 where expanded pH increased accessibility of ligands for metal ion binding, thus improving biosorption. It is known that in highly acidic solution about pH 2 the biosorption of metal ions is almost negligible due to the presence of high concentration of H+ ions which are preferentially absorbed on the binding sites on biomass surface rather than metal ions [47]. While in weak acidic medium there is low number of hydrogen protons so the high numbers of metal ions compete on the binding sites resulting in greater biosorption efficiency.
On the other hand the biosorption efficiency decreased at higher pH (>6) was due to the formation of hydroxylated complexes of the metal ions and therefore lead to the insolubility of metal ions and be unavailable to bind on the binding sites of the biomass surface [48].
3.6 Effect of Contact Time on Biosorption The determination of the optimum contact time for recovery of Mn2+ ions from the solution is required to increase the efficiency of biosorption
Fig. 2. Growth pattern of proteus penneri 2120 with manganese metal 0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0 4 8 14 24 28 32 38 48 51 55
OD at 630
Time (hour) control
5 ppm 10ppm 50ppm 70ppm 90ppm
Fig. 3. Effect of pH on growth and resistance of
Fig. 4. Effect of temperature on growth and resistance of process. The data presented in Fig
the effect of contact time on the manganese metal biosorption by freeze dried Proteus penneri 2120. The results indicated that there is gradually increase in manganese uptake rapidly during first 20 minutes then the rate of uptake slows conducting the equilibrium time for metal biosorption at 30 min. This short time for biosorption is in accordance with the results obtained by different authors [3,41,49,50]. The metal ions recovery by the sorbent surface increases rapidly at the first exposure times then slowing down due the completion on the available empty binding sites [51].
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
2
OD at 630 nm
Control Mn(II) 90 ppm
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
20
OD at 630 nm
Control Mn(II) 90 ppm
Rasmey and Youssef; ARRB, 23(2): 1-14, 2018; Article no.
Effect of pH on growth and resistance of proteus penneri 2120 to Mn
on growth and resistance of proteus penneri 2120 to Mn process. The data presented in Fig. 6 describe
the effect of contact time on the manganese Proteus penneri The results indicated that there is gradually increase in manganese uptake rapidly during the first 20 minutes then the rate of uptake slows conducting the equilibrium time for metal This short time for biosorption is in accordance with the results obtained by different authors [3,41,49,50]. The e sorbent surface increases rapidly at the first exposure times then slowing down due the completion on the
3.7 Effect of Metal Ions Initial Concentration on Biosorption
Manganese biosorprtion efficiency by
penneri 2120 at different initial concentrations (0 - 200 ppm) of Mn2+ was estimated at the obtained optimum pH and contact time as shown in Fig. 7. It is declared that the biosorption capacity of the bacterial biomass increased gradually with the increase in initial concentration of Mn2+ and then slowly to be constant at high concentrations. The metal ions initial concentration performs a key role in the biosorption process as a driving force to
4 6 7
pH Mn(II) 90 ppm
25 30 40
Temperature (◦C) Mn(II) 90 ppm
; Article no.ARRB.38993
2120 to Mn2+
2120 to Mn2+
Metal Ions Initial Biosorption
Manganese biosorprtion efficiency by Proteus 2120 at different initial concentrations (0 was estimated at the obtained optimum pH and contact time as shown 7. It is declared that the biosorption biomass increased gradually with the increase in initial concentration and then slowly to be constant at high concentrations. The metal ions initial concentration performs a key role in the biosorption process as a driving force to
Fig. 5. Effect of pH on biosorption of Mn2+ by freeze-dried proteus penneri 2120
Fig. 6. Effect of contact time on biosorption of Mn2+ by freeze-dried proteus penneri 2120 overcome the mass transferee resistance
between the aqueous and solid phase [52,53]. At lower initial concentrations of metal ions in the solution the binding sites of biomass surface are empty thus the binding occurs resulted in 100%
adsorption while at higher metal ions concentrations the binding sites become saturated and more ions are left unabsorbed [54].
3.8 Biosorption Kinetics
There are various functional groups included carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, sulfhydryl and phosphate groups located on the cell walls of bacteria and participate in metals biosorption.
Metal biosorption by biomass occurs through one or combination of different mechanisms such as physical adsorption, complexation, ion exchange,
precipitation, chelation and coordination. In case of nonliving bacterial biomass, it was estimated that the physical adsorption which is metabolism independent is the main used mechanism for recovery of metallic ions from an aqueous solution [55]. The equilibrium relationships between adsorbate and adsorbent are explained by adsorption isotherms [56].
Different models of equilibrium isotherm were employed to fit the biosorption experimental data in order to study the nature of adsorption process. Among them Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are the two most common types used for descripting the biosorption isotherm. The Langmuir isotherm model describes a homogenous binding surface binding, equivalent sorption energies without interactions between the sorbed molecules, so it is used to determine 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Qe (mg/g)
pH
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Qe (mg/g)
Time (min)
Fig. 7. Adsorption isotherm of
Fig. 8. The linear form of the Langmuir adsorption of isotherm
the maximum adsorption capacity of biomass by the biosorbent to form monolayer coverage on the bound surface. While the Freundlich isotherm model describes the adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces with interaction
the adsorbed molecules, so it is used to determine the adsorption intensity of the biosorbent towards the biomass [45]. In this study, Langmuir isotherm was used to estimate maximum adsorption capacity (qmax
of constant b, while Freundlich isotherm was used to estimate the adsorption capacity ( along with the adsorption intensity ( metal Mn2+ biosorption by freeze-
penneri 2120. The Freundlich and Langmuir -20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0 20 40
Qe (mg/g)
Rasmey and Youssef; ARRB, 23(2): 1-14, 2018; Article no.
Adsorption isotherm of Mn2+ by freeze-dried proteus penneri 2120 at different initial concentrations
The linear form of the Langmuir adsorption of isotherm Mn2+ by freeze-dried penneri 2120
the maximum adsorption capacity of biomass by to form monolayer coverage on the bound surface. While the Freundlich isotherm model describes the adsorption on interaction between the adsorbed molecules, so it is used to determine the adsorption intensity of the towards the biomass [45]. In this study, Langmuir isotherm was used to estimate
max) and values , while Freundlich isotherm was the adsorption capacity (Kf) along with the adsorption intensity (n) of the -dried proteus The Freundlich and Langmuir
constants have been calculated from the linear forms in the corresponding plots of biosorption of the metal as shown in Figures 8 and 9. The obtained values were presented in Table 3. The regression coefficients (R2) obtained for from Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were 0.9977 and 0.5525, respectively, therefore Freundlich isotherm fits better with the biosorption equilibrium of manganese metal ion by the freeze-dried biomass of proteus
2120 than Langmuir isotherm. Hasan et al. [6]
reported that the biosorption of Mn
sp. is more effective than the used activated sewage sludge by a maximum biosorption capacity of 43.5 mg/g. According to Langmuir
40 60 80 100 120 140
Ceq (ppm)
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2120 at different initial
dried proteus
constants have been calculated from the linear forms in the corresponding plots of biosorption of the metal as shown in Figures 8 and 9. The ere presented in Table 3. The ) obtained for Mn2+
from Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were 0.9977 and 0.5525, respectively, therefore fits better with the biosorption equilibrium of manganese metal ion proteus penneri . Hasan et al. [6]
Mn2+ by Bacillus sp. is more effective than the used activated a maximum biosorption capacity of 43.5 mg/g. According to Langmuir
160
Fig. 9. The linear form of the Freundlich adsorption of isotherm
isotherm model, maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of the freeze-dried biomass of the isolate proteus penneri 2120 for removal of Mn was 175.4 mg/g. The findings of this study indicate that the freeze-dried biomass of the isolate proteus penneri 2120 can be used effectively for removal of Mn2+ ions from
solutions.
Table 3. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm constants for Mn
proteus penneri
Freundlich Langmuir
kf n R2 qmax b
1.064 1.025 0.9977 175.4 0.011 4. CONCLUSION
The bacterial isolates Proteus penneri recovered from industrial waste water resistant to Mn2+ ions. The freeze-dried
of Proteus penneri 2120 is an effective biosorbent for recovery of manganese metal from aqueous solutions. The optimum pH for removal of Mn2+ ions was 6, while the optimum contact time was 30 minutes at room temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax
Langmuir isotherm was 175.4 mg/g. These results indicate the potentiality biosorption of Mn2+ ions by the biomass of Proteus
2120. More investigations will be led to portray other effects and other adsorption isotherms to evaluate complete bioremediation of manganese metal.
The linear form of the Freundlich adsorption of isotherm Mn2+ by freeze-dried penneri 2120
maximum adsorption capacity dried biomass of the isolate 2120 for removal of Mn2+ ions The findings of this study dried biomass of the 2120 can be used ions from aqueous
The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm constants for Mn2+ by
Langmuir R2 0.011 0.5525
penneri 2120 waste water is highly dried biomass 2120 is an effective for recovery of manganese metal from aqueous solutions. The optimum pH for removal while the optimum contact time was 30 minutes at room temperature. The
max) according to Langmuir isotherm was 175.4 mg/g. These results indicate the potentiality biosorption of Proteus penneri 2120. More investigations will be led to portray other effects and other adsorption isotherms to evaluate complete bioremediation of manganese
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Sincere thanks are given to Prof. Akram A, Aboseidah for revising the manuscript
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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