Modeling and Analysis of Power systems using

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

6IWYPXWERH %REP]WMW 'ETXYVMRK VIWTSRWI SJ W]RGLVSRSYW KIRIVEXSV 'ETXYVMRK 4LEWSV UYERXMXMIW [MXL 419 'EPGYPEXMSR SJ VSXSV ERKPI EX ZEVMSYW IZIRXW 'SQTYXEXMSR SJ FYW ERKPIW [MXL ERH [MXLSYX J EYPX. 8 8MQI TIVMS H SJ MRTYX TIVMSHMG WMKREP ) :SPXEKI QEKRMXYHI EX &YW ) :SPXEKI QEKRMXYHI EX &YW. PIGXVMG TS[IV W]WXIQW EVI ZIV] PEVKI ERH QE] GSZIV TEVXW SJ WIZIVEP WXEXIW 8S QIEWYVI TLEWI ERKPIW EGVSWW E TS[IV W]WXIQ ]SY RIIH E KPSFEP VIJIVIRGI 8LMW KPSFEP VIJIVIRGI QYWX WSQILS[.

4LEWSV VITVIWIRXEXMSR SJ E WMRYWSMH

1SXMZEXMSR 3F NIGXMZI SJ XLI [SVO

LETXIV

7GLIQI SJ ;SVO

419 PSGO XLIMV MRXIVREP GPSGO XS +47 ERH QIEWYVI XLI XMQI SJ^IVS GVSWWMRK 8LMW [MPP FI GSRZIVXIH MRXS HIKVIIW FEWIH SR XLI JVIUYIRG] VIJIVIRGI, ^ 8 8LMW FI XXII [MPP] IVIRGI [MPPLEZIWSQIZEPYI[MXLVIWTIGX XS +47 FMEWMW WYFXVEGXIHJVSQ SXLIV WYF WXEXMSRW MR SVHIV XS SFXEMR E W]WXIQ [MHI TMGXYVI. 419 psgo xlimv mrxivrep gpsgo xs +47 erh qiewyvi xmi xmi sj ivs gvswwmrk 8lmw [mpp yn gsrzivxih mrxs hikviiw fewih sr xli jviuyir] vijivirgi l^Gi [mpliwsqizepyi futigx[xVJVSWY + LIV WYF WXEXMSRW MR SVHIV XS SFXEMR E W]WXIQ [MHI TMGXYVI ?A.

EPGYPEXMRK TS[IV ERKPI

JSV 0IWW IVVSV TRWSIO[IIR GEPGYPEXIH ERH ZEPYIW SFXEMRIH XLVSYKL 419 QSHIP [SYPH LIPT XS ZEPMHEXI XLI XIGLRMUYI SJ XMQI W]RGLVSRM^IH TLEWI ERKPI QIEWYVILMXIRP& XWiR[X] GER FI ORS[R ;LMGL MW EPWS ORS[R EW GSWMRI SJ [LMGL KMZIW XLI TS[IV JEGXSV *SV E WMRKPI LIVE 6IEP TS[IV 4 KMZIR EW.

1S HIPMRK SJ W]RGLVSRSYW KIRIVEXSV

4LEWSV 1IEWYVIQIRX 9RMX

4LEWI GSQTYXEXMSR F] (*8

4LEWSV 1IEWYVIQIRX 9RMX MR 1EXPEF7MQYPMRO

6IGSRWXVYGXMSR SJ WMKREP JVSQ HEXE SFXEMRIH JVSQ 419

3TXMQEP 4PEGIQIRX SJ 419-RXIKIV UYEHVEXMG 4VSKVEQ QMRK XIGLRMUYI

GER FI YWIH XS HIXIVQMRI QMRMQYQ RYQFIV ERH STXMQEP PSGEXMSR SJ 419W .. SVQYPEXMSR SJ STXMQM^EXMSR TVSFPIQ [MPP FI HSRI XLVSYKL 'SRRIGXMZMX] 1EXVM\ , [LMGL GER FI XVIEXIH EW VITVIWIRXEXMSR S J 4S[IV W]WXIQ ERH IPIQIRXW EVI. 4VSHYGX,

ERHF!-R 7MRGI ZEVMSYW STXMQM^EXMSR XIGLRMUYIW EVI EZEMPEFPI ;MXL XLI LIPT SJ 1EXPEF 8SSP [I GERWSPZIEFSZIX[S IUYEXMSRWERH[IGERKIX

7]RGLVSRSYW +IRIVEXSV

YWIH JSV ,MKL WTIIH WXIEQ XYVFMRIW [LMGL [MPP LEZI ZIV] PIWW RYQFIV SJ TSPIW ;LIVI EW WEPMIRX X]TI VSXSVW YWIH JSV PS[ WTIIH ETTPMGEXMSRW. 8LI JVIUYIRG] TIV VIZSPYXMSR MW XLIVIJSVI IUYEP XS XLI RYQFIV SJ TEMVW SJ TSPIW 7MRGI XLI JVIUYIRG] HITIRHW HMVIGXP] SR XLI WTIIH VTQ ERH EPWS SR XLI RYQFIVSJ TEMVWSJ TSPIW4 [I QE] GSQFM RI XLI WI MRXS E WMRKPI IUYEXMSR MR [LMGL.

HU 8VERWJSVQEXMSR

UYMZEPIRX GMVGYMX SJ E W]RGLVSRSYW QEGLMRI

MKYVI 4LEWSV HMEKVEQ SJ W]RGLVSRSYW QEGLMRI .. 2S[ WYFWXMXYXMRK MR 4S[IV IUYEXMSR [I KIX I\TVIWWMSRW JSV %GXMZI ERH 6IEGXMZI TS[IV EW JSPPS[W. W]WXIQ SJ EREP]WMW ;LMGL MW VSXEXMSREP OMRIXMG IRIVK] TIV YRMX FEWI TS[IV 6ITPEGMRK QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME [MXL MRIVXME GSRWXERX , [I GER [VMXI VIPEXMSR EW. 8LIVI EVI IPIGXVMGEP HIKVIIW FIX[IIR XLI GIRXVIW SJ X[S EHNEGIRX RSVXL ERH WSYXL TSPIW 7MRGI IPIGXVMGEP HIKVIIW VITVIWIRXW E JYPP G]GPI SJ WMRYWSMHEP )1* [I EVI MRXIVIWXIH MR HIXIVQMRMRK LS[.

QER] WMRYWSMHEP G]GPIW EVI KIRIVEXIH MR SRI GSQTPIXI QIGLERMGEP VSXEXMSR MI QIGLERMGEP HIKVIIW JSV E QEGLMRI LEZMRK 4 TSPIW 8LI RYQFIV SJ IPIGXVMGEP HIKVIIWX TIV QMR MI JTIGHMS J QIGLERMGEP VSXEXMSR TIV QMR QIGLERMGEP WTIIH MW.

SZIVRSV ERH TVMQI QSZIV QSHIP

MRHMGEXMSR SJ TS SV TS[IV UYEPMX] % WXEXI SJ YRGLERKMRK W]WXIQ JVIUYIRG] ERH ^IVS EGGIPIVEXMSR MRHMGEXIW XLEX XLIKIRIVEXMSR QIIXW XLI W]WXHIVQIQ JSV XLMW XYVFMRI8LI VIKYPEXMSR MW IRZMWEKIH F] ZEVMSYW GSRXVSP PSKMGW ERH F ] STIVEXMRK XLI GSRXVSP ZEPZIW MR XLI XYVFMRI. SZIVRSVSJ WXIEQ KIRIVEXSVW KIRIVEXSVW KIRIVEPP] [MPPLEZI WTIIHVIKYPEXMSR SJ TIVGIRX JVSQ ^IVS XS WIX TS[IV ERH GLERKI MR WTIIH TIV YRMX WTIIH VIKYPEXMSTI GIVWXVEXM FI ETTVS\MQEXIH [MXL E WMRKPI XMQI GSRWXERX8K. 8li wsyvgi sj qiglermgep ts [iv gsqqsrp] ors [r dy tvmqi qsziv qe] në l] hveypmg xyvfmriw ex [exiv jeppwwxieq xyvfmriw [lswi Irivk] gsqiwjvqsq QrmQMRhjpep SV XLI XYVFMRI VIPEXIW GLERKIW MR QIGLERMGEP TS [IV SYXTYX XS GLERKIW TVMQI QSZIV QS HIP JSV WXIEQ XYVFMRI GER FI ETTVS\MQEXIH [MXL XMQI GSRWXERX8X[LMGL ZEVMIW JVSQ XS WIG ?A.

PEWWMGEP QSHIP SJ W]RGLVSRSYW KIRIVEXSV

GPEWWMGEP QSHIP SJ W]RGLVSRSYW KIRIVEXSV EVIMRXIVREP ZSPXEKI )U MWGSRWXERX FILMRH W]RGLVSRSYW VIEGXERGI

6IWYPXW ERH %REP]WMW

ETXYVMRK VIWTSRWI SJ W]RGLVSRSYW KIRIVEXSV

LIR XVERWMXMSR LETTRIHIH MX VIEGLIH TY XLEX MW 1; 7MQMPEVP] PSEH ERKPI EPWS JVSQ XLI MRMXMEP ZEPYI HIKVIIW MX VIEGLIH HIKVIIW [LIR XVERWMXMSR LETTRIHIH EX WIG.

ETXYVMRK 4LEWSV UYERXMXMIW [MXL 419

EPGYPEXMSR SJ VSXSV ERKPI EX ZEVMSYW IZIRXW

MKYVI 'SQTYXEXMSR SJ TS[IV EX &YW 'SQTYXEXMSR SJ FYW ERKPIW [MXL ERH [MXLSYX AGAINPX. 2S[ WEQI TS[IV ERKPIW GER FI GEPGYPEXIH [LIR IZIV XLIVI MW JEYPX SGGYVVIH EX WIG ERH GPIEVIH EX WIG [I GERSFWIVZI TS[IV ERKPIWMR FSXL XLIQIXLSHWMR 4VIJEYPXGSRHMXMSR (YVMRKJEYPX GSR HMXMSR ER H 4SWX JEYPX GSRHMXMSR JVSQ FSXL XLIQIXLS HW EX 4VI JEYPX HYVMRK JEYPX TSWX JEYPX GSRHMXMSR [MXL VIWTIGX XS XMQI [IVI XEFYPEXIH.

R X[S GEWIW SRI MW EW FSXL 7YFWXEXMSRW [IVI W]RGLVSRM^IH HMVIGX WYFXVEGXMSR SJ ZSPXEKI %RKPIW ΕΞ. MREPP XLIIZIRXW [MXL VIWTIGX XSXMQI 8LI EZIVEKIIVVSV ZEPYISJ TS[IV ERKPI MW HIKVIIW -J [ISFWIVZI TPSX SJ TS[IV ERKPI [MXL VIWTIGX XSXMQI MRFWGESYFXVXL.

SRGPYWMSR

FYW W]WXIQ

6IJIVIRGIW