There are roughly 100 million circular migrants who contribute about 10 percent of the national GDP in India (Human Development Report, India, 2009). Most of the migrants have little or no education and are hired as unskilled workers. Permanent migrants settled in the migrant-friendly city and over time became part of the formal and informal sector workforce.
The thriving jute mills and the automobile industry of the past streamlined their workforce. But in the wholesale market his payment is mostly deferred and he has to make a deposit of Rs. The transfer of out-migration has changed the socio-economic condition of the villages in the Domjur area.
Circular migration is more of a more profitable option for migrants and less of a last resort survival strategy. The subcontracting system involves long working hours and disregarding the minimum wage norm. 4 The result of frequent closures is that the migrant worker returns to the place of origin and remains without work for several months.
The relevance of domestic policy in the days of the rolling back of the state and a complete dependence on markets cannot be underlined.
Negotiating Rights within Falta Special Economic Zone
Ishita Dey
Administrative Map of South 24 Parganas
Before going into the functioning of Falta SEZ, it is important to examine the SEZ Act to understand the governance mechanism of the new economic space. The role of the Development Commission justifies the financialization and management and manipulation of crisis that is implicit in the neo-liberal policy as this law suggests. In this case, the developer is privileged over the rights of the labor which violates the international human rights standards otherwise guaranteed in the state legislations.
Thus, "the granting of citizenship status is a prerequisite for the exercise of the citizenship role" (ibid). Arun Kumar Bit, Development Commissioner of Falta SEZ gave me field work permission for ten days (October 20 -October 30, 2009) to visit the units. The parallel practice of citizenship rights is further reinforced in the governance structure of SEZs through delegation of all powers in the SEZ Development Commissioner.
After the publication of such notice, the provisions of the West Bengal Town and Country Planning and Development Act, 1979 and the Rules, Regulations, Notices, if any, set out below shall not apply in the field of any special economic Zone". In the case of West Bengal, the members of the Special Economic Zone Development Authority are development commissioner, two members are nominated by the developer, two members are nominated by the state government, and the chairman of the commission is usually the development commissioner. Is citizenship limited and further bounded by newer notions of territoriality through special economic zones, as the development commissioner, developer and government have responsibilities not only in setting up the zone and creating a favorable business environment for 'private' capital, but also entrusted with the local management.
The collapse of the two has led to “centralization of power” and according to Gopalakrishnan (2007). He further adds: “The development commissioner of Falta SEZ is responsible for all SEZs of the eastern zone. An Assistant Development Commissioner has been appointed for each zone in East India to be responsible for the Falta Special Economic Zone.
Most of the workers come from densely populated villages like Nainan, Gazipur and other neighboring villages. The main livelihood of the people before the establishment of the Falta Free Trade Zone was cultivation and fishing. Falta Special Economic Zone is one of the largest economic zones in East India and it is a multi-product SEZ.
Occupational Pattern of People in South 24 Parganas
The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 was one of the effective legislations for the protection of labor rights such as case no. of the law". It further states that "the employer must comply with the provisions of section 25 F in case of dismissal of workers, whether the workers are permanent or temporary or causal or daily wage earners".
Most of the workers in Falta SEZ today will be familiar with this labor management discourse. The contract workers are under constant pressure to perform due to the availability of "surplus" labour. Although none of the memoranda overrides the minimum wage decision of the State Labor Department, there is still a disparity in the wages unskilled workers receive in the zone.
One of the arguments was that female labor was replacing male labor due to the rapid expansion in the manufacturing sector. As one of the management representatives from Deltmal Safety shoes points out: "Women are more reliable; no union baji for women. One of the biggest problems women face when commuting is scarcity of buses after their afternoon shift.
The curtailment of democratic accountability begins with fiscal easing and ends with several instances of labor rights violations. The Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu have recognized Nokia SEZ as one of the exemplars of successful SEZs. Most SEZs have been declared "public utility services" under the Industrial Disputes Act.
A strike by the workers in public utilities would become illegal if it contravened section 22 of the ID Act” (Iyer 2008). The public award for success. The cost of Nokia Telecom SEZ in Chennai to the government and the workers. Comments on the post-Fordist vision of production and its geography in Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol.
The Geographical and Geopolitical Consequences of the Transition from Fordist to Flexible Accumulation', in Hughes, J. In an Outpost of the Global Economy: Work and Workers in India's Information Technology Industry.
