An appropriate proportion of biochar addition (5%) during the composting process accelerated the decomposition of organic matter, reduced moisture content and improved the overall physical quality of the compost. Soil organic carbon 134 4.26 Differences in pH, total kjeldahl N and available P 135 4.27 Changes in cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity 137 .
LIST OF TABLES
NOTATIONS
OVERVIEW
Aquatic weeds/plants are an essential part of the aquatic ecosystem due to their pollution mitigation capacity. Northeast India is one of the global hot spot regions for biodiversity as the associated natural wetlands and forest support valuable biodiversity (Kalita et al., 2007).
BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM
These parameters are interrelated and affect the rate of degradation and also heat and mass transfer during the composting process (such as air supply, water evaporation and heat balance) (Huet et al., 2012). Compost application has also benefited the soil by avoiding leaching of nutrients into groundwater (Li et al., 1997; Gray and Henry, 1999).
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The influence of carbon-rich substances during composting, and application of the compost prepared from H. The study is divided into four phases, that is, Phase 1: effectiveness of rotary drum composting for the management of H.
NEED OF THE STUDY
The process of composting will require more than 60% moisture and essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which can easily be contributed by H. For compost, shredding may not be necessary as whole plants can be easily decomposed, still for better and faster results shredding can be accepted.
SCOPE OF THE THESIS
Use of natural fertilizers should be preferred over chemical fertilizers to prevent side effects of the crop as well as the soil. Preparation of the various composting raw materials and feeding in the rotary drum composter; observation/monitoring of temperature during rotary drum composting and analysis of biological, chemical, physical and respirometric properties during the composting process and handling and analysis of the data.
THESIS ORGANIZATION The thesis is organized as follows
Collection of other waste such as dry leaves, cow dung, sawdust, grass clippings, wood chips from different places; cutting/shredding the waste into the desired format. The composting technologies, factors affecting the composting process, various composting properties and their importance, composting physics and their importance, carbon rich agents and their effect on composting organic waste and finally the application of compost and their subsequent effects on soil properties are also important. discussed.
AQUATIC WEEDS AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
It accelerates eutrophication which further leads to a subsequent increase in weed growth (Bicudo et al., 2007). They often block waterways thereby impeding fishing recreations, navigation channels, hydropower plants and irrigation canals (Ndimele et al., 2011).
HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA
- Invasion and main cause of invasion
- Growth
- Nutrient uptakes and chemical composition
- Interferences
- Control methods
- Possible utilization of H. verticillata
Interference with earthly living beings. verticillata mats can serve as a cause of breeding for different vector organisms. The material resulting from briquetting of E. crassipes has an energy density of 8.3 GJ m−3, which is almost equal to that of the charcoal, ie 2015) investigated the pyrolysis properties and kinetics of H.
COMPOSTING
- Types of composting
- Factors affecting composting
- Pecularities of H. verticillata as a compost feedstock
The microbes involved in the composting process get their oxygen from the air they come into contact with (ie, the air that falls on them). With a stiff or not easily compacted material, such as fibrous waste, twigs, prunings, and corn stubble, a suitable size is from 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) to about 2 inches (50 mm). The particle size of most of a fresh green plant mass, such as vegetable debris, fruit and lawn clippings must be no less than 2 inches (50 mm).
COMPOSTING PHYSICS OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- Important physical parameters
- Relationship between different physical parameters
- Past studies on determination of physical parameters
Bulk density is defined as the ratio of the total weight (mass) of the compost to its volume, expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (kg m-3). The study concluded that bulk density is a simple and important tool to determine the composting process.
ROLE OF CARBON-RICH AMENDMENTS DURING COMPOSTING .1 Locally available agents
- Past studies on amendment of locally available carbon-rich agents
- Role of biochar
- Past studies on amendment of biochar as a carbon-rich agents
A very recent study by Oviedo-Ocaña et al. 2017) reported the use of grass clippings during composting of raw and processed food waste. The study concluded that adding biofuel during digested sludge composting helps reduce total greenhouse gases.
LACK OF SOIL FERTILITY AND COMPOST APPLICATION
On the other hand, the laterite soil, which is red due to the presence of iron oxide, is typically characterized as the sandy soil (Dwevedi et al., 2017). For example, Willekens et al. 2014) showed an increase in the available potassium content of the soil after application of the compost.
INFERENCE FROM LITERATURE REVIEW
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- Sampling
- PHASE 2: Composting physics and comparative study
- Sampling
- PHASE 3: Role of carbon-rich agents during composting
- Sampling
- PHASE 4: Compost application in alluvial and laterite soil
- Sampling
The selected ranges of physical properties of the different experimental materials are shown in Table 3.3. The initial physical characteristics of the different experimental substrates and CA are shown in Table 3.4. Ltd., Jodhpur, India (www.greenfieldeco.com) and the initial characteristics of the biochar are summarized in Table 3.5.
Temperature, moisture content and volatile solids were considered as control parameters of the composting process. The properties of the produced compost are tabulated in Table 3.7, which indicates the good quality of the compost.
MONITORING AND ANALYSES .1 Temperature measurements
- Biological and respirometry analyses
- Chemical analyses
- Physical analyses
- Soil analyses
- Statistical analysis
Since the wet bulk density (BD) of compost matrix affects the size of composting facilities and ripening centers, it was evaluated immediately after collection by weighing the amount required by filling a 2 L mild steel container (Adhikari et al., 2008) and expressed as given in Cf. Particle density (PD), taken as the ratio of the total mass of solid particles to the total volume of solid particles (i.e. mass of water and excluding pores or air space) of the mixture was measured using the 50 ml density bottle with hexane (0.78 kg) /L) as reference fluid (Mohee and Mudhoo, 2005; Adhikari et al., 2008). The pH for soil samples was measured according to the method described in (Rayment and Higginson, 1992).
Physical properties such as bulk density and total porosity were determined according to the described method (Xin et al., 2016). Soil water holding capacity is determined on a volumetric basis using the method described in (Goswami et al., 2017).
INSTRUMENTS USED
Cation exchange capacity was determined by the 1 M ammonium acetate extraction method, buffered at pH 7 for 30 min using the atomic absorption analyzer. Determinations were made for total kjeldahl nitrogen using the Kjeldahl nitrogen distillation method while available phosphorus as given in (Olsen, 1995). To determine significant differences between trials at the same composting time, data were subjected to ANOVA.
- Physico-chemical analyses
- Biological analyses
- Concluding Remarks
Data were analyzed by ANOVA showing that the volatile solids varied significantly between days and different mixture ratios (p<0.0001). Data was analyzed by ANOVA showing that ash content varied significantly between days and different mixture ratios (p<0.0001). Data were analyzed by ANOVA showing that NH4-N varied significantly between days and different mixture ratios (p<0.0001).
Data were analyzed by ANOVA, showing that total phosphorus varied significantly between days and different mixture ratios (p<0.0001). Data were analyzed by ANOVA showing that the C/N ratio varied significantly between days and different mixture proportions (p<0.0001).
- Organic matter degradation and its kinetics
- Composting physics
- Scatter plot matrix
- Concluding remarks
The moisture content of the final product of the barrel composting mixtures (A-E) is shown in Table 4.4. Moisture reduction during composting of various organic waste materials. The higher moisture content also increases the bulk density of the mixtures. Evaluation of bulk density is necessary to understand the degree of volume reduction of the composting mixtures.
The air space of compost mixtures can be increased or maintained by adding various bulking materials. For example, in series B, i.e. compost mixture with water hyacinth waste, a positive correlation was observed for a variable (say, volatile solids) with moisture content, free air space, and porosity, but a negative correlation was observed with bulk density. and particle density.
- Role of locally available carbon-rich agents
- Concluding remarks
- Role of biochar as a carbon-rich agent
- Concluding remarks
Both increased the biological activity and increased the temperature of the composting process (Karadag et al., 2013). No formation of leachate was observed during the composting process for trials (A-C), while control showed little amount of water on day 4 (personal observation). During the composting process, moisture content of all trials (A-C) and control showed the higher significant difference (p<0.05).
During the composting process, the ash content of all trials (A-C) and the control showed the greatest significant difference (p<0.05). During the composting process, the bulk density of all trials (A-C) and the control showed the greatest significant difference (p<0.05).
PHASE IV - COMPOST APPLICATION IN SOIL
- Compost characteristics
- Effect on soil organic matter, pH and nutritional properties
- Effect on soil sorption properties
- Effect on soil physical properties
- Discussion
- Concluding remarks
After compost application, an immediate effect on TKN and AP content was seen for all treatments compared to the control. However, as compost application time progressed, both nutrients were observed to decrease. Many researchers observed similar patterns for TKN and AP after compost application (Lehmann et al., 2011;.
However, the study by Mamo et al. 2000) reported no significant effect on WHC after compost application. Significant impact on soil physical properties was observed in this study after compost application.
CONCLUSIONS
This chapter concludes from the study carried out in four phases on the composting of H. The study results further indicated higher moisture reduction (23%) as well as higher nitrogen content in the final product obtained from Trial B, i.e. added with the biochar (5%). Furthermore, the study indicated a higher reduction in volatile solids (31%), higher degradation rate and recommended bulk density values (< 1000 kg m-3), improved pH and electrical conductivity (< 4 ds m-1) values in Trial B. , that is, added with the biochar (5%) compared to other trials.
The study results indicated better results for alluvial soil with (20%) compost addition and 1.5% total Kjeldahl nitrogen and a bulk density of 1.21 g cm-3 after 120 days. Similarly, 1% total Kjeldahl nitrogen and 0.98 g cm-3 bulk density were observed for the laterite soil with 30% compost added.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Assessment of the bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during composting of green waste (water hyacinth). Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during agitated pile composting of water hyacinth. Effects on bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during rotary drum composting of water hyacinth.
Effects of expanding agent in vegetable waste composting and leachate control using rotary drum composting. Effect of biochar amendment on chemical and physical properties during rotary drum composting of water hyacinth.
