These writings reflect on the economic activities of the refugees and other victims of forced migration. Yet, strangely enough, the absorption of the refugees and the migrants into the informal labor market and informal mode of production also produces the working subject's autonomy.
Freedom under Control: Jurisdiction, Human Rights, and “Freedom of the Sea”
Tommaso Manfredini *
6Irini Papanicolopulu, "Human Rights and the Law of the Sea", in The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law, edited by Attard et al, 2014, 510. The freedom of the high seas is exercised under the conditions laid down in this Convention and of other rules of international law.
Remaking Caste and Work
Tanika Sarkar †
Risley, in 1891, also described Methars as "a sub-caste of Hadis who remove night soil "as well as" a section of Maghaya Kumhars... of the Dharkar sub-caste of Doms.. The latter were untouchable potters who worked above night soil cleaners were. . Older Calcutta residential buildings usually had a spiral staircase that connected to the outer room - the latrine - on each floor from the outside. For example, the Jorasanko residence of the Tagore family had access to water mains by the 1870s .
24 Huts of the urban poor were located right on damp ground without any elevation at all. A vicious circle was formed: bustee demolitions were carried out in the name of the dirty habits of the poor, which endangered the whole city. Vaisnav proselytes had been working on anti-alcoholism in Dom-Hadi slums from the time of the Calcutta plague epidemic of 1893.
49 In both cases, the trade union enters the scene of the strike post facto and manages the consequences of the initial action. The union held its meeting in the most public places: the Maidan, adjacent to the Sahib Para, but also an area traversed by office workers returning home from Dalhousie Square after work. Trade union rallies additionally occupy prominent public spaces: Deshbandhu Park, the largest public space in North Calcutta and the Maidan - the largest, most beautiful and best-maintained green space in the entire city, a haven for the wealthy and the Sahib.
Century Calcutta and Bengal
Somdatta Chakraborty *
What was the foundation of the colonial zeal to map and restrict the movement of land people. Banerjee tried to infer the condition and character of the indigenous population of Calcutta from the types of houses they lived in, which were either pucca (houses built of brick and cement) or kutcha (built of mud and thatched roofs). Bihar, from the four districts of Gaya, Shahabad, Patna, and Monghyr, a quarter from Orissa, and most of the remaining quarter from N.
The paper claims that it was the transport workers' migrant past that made them "soft targets". Hogg saw this as a failure of the legal apparatus to save the profession from the growing influence of carriage drivers who discouraged prospective owners. The reinterpretation of records also creates a need to review the ideological positioning of the colonial state vis-à-vis all itinerant communities.
It meant the absorption of the marginalized carriers into the same time frame as the colonial masters, thereby somewhat reducing the distance between the two. 20 A permanent discourse was woven by the colonial state regarding the characteristic features of Indians. Home/Politics/Police/1921,- Proposed amendment to Calcutta Hackney Transport Act so as to license office clerks.
The Small Town in India
Subaltern Urbanisation’ and Beyond
Ritam Sengupta *
However, the broad definition of 'the small town' which includes all non-metropolitan phenomena must also serve another and more central goal. In many ways, 'the small town' has more often than not been the discursive victim of the epic, modern division of imagination between the urban and the rural, the metropolis and the countryside. Rather, the 'small city' is both a new object of study as well as an epistemic critique of the location of large urban formations and the unique experiences they contain as 'synecdotal'.
In the case of India, one of the paths charted is in the formulation of criticism. The third point of re-evaluation concerns the acceptance of the "subaltern urbanization" thesis of the criterion of a continuous, built-up area with a suitable population density as the threshold of urbanization. Most importantly, it creates a design of the urban (regardless of scale) that is fundamentally based on the possibility and probability of migration.
Haynes, Small Town Capitalism in Western India: Artisans, Merchants and the Making of the Informal Economy, 1870-1960. 74In fact, many of the individual studies that appear under the rubric of 'Subaltern Urbanisation' have actually themselves pointed to such questions (and have therefore been referred to in this section). Harriss-White, "'Local Capitalism' and the Development of the Rice Economy in Middle-India and Urban-Rural Development: Four Decades of Change edited by B.
A Colonial, Modern and Urban Interface
Jaffa and the Politics of Exclusion
The city of Tel Aviv began with the establishment of the Ahuzat Bayit neighborhood in 1909 on the sand dunes northeast of Jaffa...Jews from European countries founded Ahuzat Bayit to escape the high density and low sanitation conditions found in the oriental city of Jaffa . The figurative, discursive and later physical oppression of the Palestinian center became a prerequisite for the exemplary and measurable emergence of Jewish-Israeli Tel Aviv. The essay offers an interpretation of the discourse of segregated urbanism and its implications in the context of the city of Jaffa, perceived as a replica of Palestinian history in general after 1948.
LeBor's account of Jaffa's European Jewish immigrants' refusal to study Arabic along with their selfish behavior. As such, a local narrative separate from the national did not emerge in the case of the mixed cities of post-1948 Israel. Urban planning was therefore based on power relations. The marginalization of the Palestinian/Arab community was manifested in the daily claim of urban space.
LeBor continues the story of the creation of Tel Aviv as a suburb of Jaffa, a century ago, conversely the latter is now a suburb of the former. Their sparkling, ascetic appearance and unrestrained design were a response, even a defiance of the "Oriental clutter of Old Jaffa" - a proclamation that it was in the middle of the Levant. In the folklore of Zionist Tel Aviv, the city practically arose from the sand, and therefore from the.
Commentary
Need of a Gender Centric
Approach under Resettlement Policy
Gargi Sengupta *
It has been observed that there is a different impact of the same policy on men and women. In this context, the role of the migrant population (employees in the informal sector) becomes most important. But this is only one side of the story, with the migrants coming to the city on their own.
Therefore, migrants either come voluntarily or are brought by various market forces to meet the demands of the city. They have to constantly return to their work, so living in the city becomes a necessity, and the use of the existing resources of the city is a direct consequence of such migration. Secondly, an equally important concern of the state and government is to study the needs and demands of these people who have come to the city.
Gender dimension within resettlement and resettlement policy Since the beginning of the feminist discourse, it has been repeatedly discussed that society practices differential treatment towards men and women. Therefore, resettlement and resettlement lead to economic costs in general and economic and social costs for women in particular.12 Resettlement policy does not only affect housing, but at the same time affects the employment of the slum dwellers. This is right against the spirit of resettlement policy which is otherwise treated as a welfare measure of the Government towards the slum dwellers.
Book Review
Samata Biswas *
The Adivasi Will Not Dance : Stories
Only four stories, "Boys", "Gee likk", "The Adivasi Will Not Dance" and "Eat with the Enemy" have a first-person narrator, and interestingly, apart from "The Adivasi...", that narrator a persona much like the author's own - that of a middle-class Santhali person, educated or well on his way to being so - in fact in "Getting Even" he is a medical doctor at a government hospital. The first and longest story in the collection "The Eat Meat!" is much more than its expressive title, while it inquires about the politics of eating meat also questions about identity, the mistrust of 'tribes' and outsiders, but unfortunately, the only story in the collection with a happy ending, of collective action in the face of intolerance. The rest are representations of the violence of the everyday – through complex webs of extortion, changing geographies, changing relationships, exploitation of natural resources and the removal of tribal people from their homes, to be employed in mines and other labour-intensive jobs as menial workers: the world of The Adivasi Will Not Dance is filled with men who work for hours on end in the bowels of the earth.
Shirtless, sweaty, black with coal dust, and with only their headlamps to guide them in the dark abysses, they dig and explore' (144). These men and women inhabit spaces like Sarjomdih, 'which bore the consequences of development, the nationalization of the mine and the factory, the opening of two more quarries and the confiscation of the villagers' properties...' (115). Roads, police stations, a railway station, a bus depot, shops, market, slum and the busiest red light area in the whole mining zone' (147).
Although not a conventional happy ending, the last story in the collection, from which the book takes its title, also deals with an act of defiance - that of Mangal Murmu, who can no longer farm, as most of the farmland in their area taken over by a mining company or by the stone merchants, despite fierce resistance from them. Murmu is asked to dance with his troops during the ceremony of laying the foundation stone of the thermal power plant that was to be built on the land of eleven villages. What happens to him next is told to the reader at the beginning of the story, but the story and the book end on this defiant note.
NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS
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