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137 RESEARCH ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMISING EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PV MODULE WITHINNOVATIVE APPROACHES: A REVIEW Bitu Kumar
Research Scholar, Department of Thermal Science and Engineering, RKDF College of Technology & Research, Bhopal (M.P.)
Neeraj Yadav
Department of Thermal Science and Engineering, RKDF College of Technology & Research, Bhopal (M.P.)
Abstract - Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning is a system of completing thermal comfort in some closed cosmos. This luxury level of heat is needed in every kind of workspace and offices. Nowadays, to attain this luxury level, even vehicle compartments are designed in such a way to improve the thermal comfort. In this work, new design of vehicle compartment is proposed to achieve thermal comfort and also different cases of designs are being compared to find the best among them. Four cases consist of different locations of window and inlet ducts. Modeling of compartment is done on CAD software CATIA V5 and CFD simulation is carried out on ANSYS 19 to analyze and observe temperature range and distribution in a compartment. Factors that affect the flow of heat in compartment are studied and designs are improved on the basis of that. Identification of the design in the fourth case has been done as the best among all for achieving thermal comfort. Fourth case shows the lowest temperature among all four cases when observed on different locations of the compartment.
Keywords: HVAC, Air conditioner, CFD Analysis, Thermal Comfort, Car compartment.
1 INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is the most interesting and promising source, which plays an important role in meeting the growing energy needs and saving of depleted fossil fuel resources. In order to collect solar radiation at its maximum limits, special cells have been developed that convert solar radiation into direct current. These cells are called photovoltaic cells and are made of semiconductor material that helps convert radiation into direct current.
Renewable energy has become very important to many scientists and engineers in recent years due to the growing concerns about environmental pollutants from burning non-renewable fossil fuels. The use of solar energy is one of the cleanest and most frequently used alternatives to current energy sources.
There are many ways to collect solar energy. This is due to two sources of solar energy; Heat and photo voltaics.
Solar energy is obtained by collecting the energy emitted by the sun in the form of radiation. In general, thermal systems use the energy generated by radiation to heat a fluid. However, PV uses the light emitted by the sun to convert it into electricity. There is also a special method of collecting thermal
energy called concentrated solar energy (CSP). The incoming radiation is focused on a smaller area of a collector using an optical device to minimize heat loss. The higher temperatures generated by the CSP can be used to boil water and generate steam.
Figure 1.1 Basic Diagram of Photovoltaic Solar Cell 1.1 Objective
The effect of fins installed at the rear of a photovoltaic panel can be studied by using two types of fin to compute the efficiency and studies it affects on the performance of photovoltaic cell, in addition to that evaluate the efficiency for both types under study. Fin Thickness,
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138 fin length, fin spacing and air velocity atthe rear duct is taken into account in this investigation about the photovoltaic panel. The study mainly focused on the improvement of the PV collector performance by using ANSYS fluent. The design of the fin will change according to the previous study. In the current study be will increase the thermal contact area of the fin by changing the design of the fin. Due to the change in the design of the fine will increases the total heat transfer and efficiency of the system.
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Aysha et al. [1] (2015) a study on the modeling and simulation of photovoltaic systems. The important objectives are that the document reconciles the experimental values with the practical values of the standard test condition (STC). The performance of a photovoltaic system depends on the temperature and radiation and it is necessary to examine the properties of a photovoltaic system (photovoltaic system). In this work, an equivalent circuit diagram of a photovoltaic system in a Simulink/
Matlab environment was analyzed, modeled and simulated using the basic circuit equation and the implementation of a diode model. A purely analytical approach is introduced to estimate the unknown parameters of the photovoltaic module. Circuit performance is evaluated under various environmental conditions and compared with actual results.
A. Hasan, et al. [2] (2017) in this paper presented are the photovoltaic- phase change material (PV-PCM) system is employed in extremely hot environment of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to evaluate its energy saving performance throughout the year. A paraffin based PCM with melting range of 38–43 °C is integrated at the back of the PV panel and its cooling effect is monitored. The increased PV power output due to cooling produced by PCM is quantified. A Conjugate heat transfer model employing enthalpy based formulation is developed and validated with the experimental data.
The model is employed to predict melting and solidification fractions in each month of the year. The PV-PCM is found to exhibit consistent performance for most of the year. The PCM produced less cooling
in peak cool and peak hot months attributed to its incomplete melting and solidification, respectively. The PV-PCM system enhanced the PV annual electrical energy yield by 5.9% in the hot climatic conditions.
Abu Syed Keron et al. [3] (2017) the photovoltaic cell generates energy from solar radiation. The electrical efficiency of a photovoltaic cell decreases considerably with increasing operating temperature. This cell generates a lot of heat and converts solar energy into electricity. This project concerns the thermal management of photovoltaic modules using water cooling systems. In general, the power generated by the disc decreases by 0.45%/0. When the plate temperature exceeds 250°C. An automated water cooling system has been installed as part of this project. To the point automatically spray water on the solar panel to prevent the temperature from rising. The system monitored the cell temperature. A comparison was therefore developed to demonstrate the performance of the photovoltaic cells with and without a cooling system. A photovoltaic cell with a maximum power of 5.0 watts was used with other components of the cooling system. This project concerns the thermal management of photovoltaic modules using water cooling systems. In general, the power generated by the plate decreases. This project also demonstrated whether this cooling system is efficient enough to increase the overall performance of the panel.
Annamaria Buonomano et al. [4]
(2017) this article contains numerical and experimental analyzes to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of photovoltai /thermal collectors (PVT). A test bench has been specially designed and built to compare the electrical power of a PVT photovoltaic field with that of an identical solar field consisting of conventional photovoltaic (PV) modules.
The experimental analysis also aims to evaluate the potential benefits of PVT for photovoltaics in terms of improving electrical efficiency and thermal energy production. The test device installed includes four flat polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and four PVT modules in unsaturated polycrystalline
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139 silicon. The total electric power and thesurface of the solar field are 2 kWe and 13 m2. The experimental facility is currently in AV Project Ltd. in Avellino (Italy). The study also analyzes the system digitally, including a dynamic thermo-economic simulation model for the design and evaluation of the energy efficiency and economic feasibility of photovoltaic solar systems and glass collectors. The experimental setting was modeled in the TRNSYS environment and partially simulated. The simulation model was useful for analyzing the yields and temperatures of these solar technologies taking into account the PVT reference technology (composed of glazed collectors) and for comparing the digital data obtained from dynamic simulations with the experimental results collected for photovoltaic technology. Numerical analysis shows that the overall efficiency of the PVT is around 26%. On the other hand, from an experimental point of view, the average thermal efficiency of the PVT collectors is around 13% and the electrical efficiency of the two technologies is around 15%.
D. Sato et al. [5] (2019) in this paper reviews the state-of-the-art cooling methods of photovoltaic (PV) modules and evaluates the performance of the radiative cooling method in detail. Higher operating temperatures of PV modules cause degradation of conversion efficiency and long-term reliability. To overcome this drawback, active or passive cooling methods using heat pipe, natural/forced air flow, forced water flow, phase change material, direct liquid immersion/
submerging, and passive heat sink have been studied. In this paper, the methodologies and cooling effects of various cooling methods in the literature are summarized to provide a comprehensive overview of the current cooling technologies. Then, the performance of the radiative cooling method, which is simple and passive (zero power consumption) method, is quantitatively evaluated based on a detailed heat transfer model considering sky radiation properties in four typical climate conditions. Daily heat budgets of the PV modules with different surface emissivity spectra are simulated to estimate the solar cell temperature. The
results indicate that modification of the surface emissivity spectrum hardly contribute to the radiative cooling enhancement under any climate conditions, as compared to the conventional glass cover. The present findings serve as a guide for future research and development of better cooling methods.
D. S. Borkar et al. [6](2014) in this paper presented are as a great potential renewable energy source, solar energy is becoming one of the most important energies in the future.
Performance of PV panel decreases with increase in temperature of the PV panel.
Hence, output power of PV module drops with rise in temperature, if heat is not removed. The cooling of PV modules would enhance the performance of PV panel. In order to cool this thermoelectric system is used. Hybridization of PV module with thermoelectric modules used to increase the overall efficiency of the solar energy conversion system by keeping temperature constant within the limits. Model of hybrid combination of PV–
Thermoelectric has been developed and study of thermoelectric has done to illustrate its usefulness in hybrid model of PV and thermoelectric modules. This paper shows the performance of PV panel through augmentation of thermoelectric cooling system to increase overall electric conversion efficiency of PV array.
Emy Zairah Ahmad et al. [7]
(2020) the electrical output power of the photovoltaic modules (photovoltaic modules) is sensitive to temperature fluctuations and the intensity of sunlight during prolonged exposure. Only 20% of solar radiation is converted into useful electricity and the rest is dissipated in the form of heat, which in turn increases the module's operating temperature. The increase in the operating temperature of the module negatively affects the open circuit voltage (Voc), which leads to a reduction in the efficiency of the power conversion and an irreversible rate of deterioration of the cells. Adequate cooling methods are therefore essential to maintain the module's operating temperature under standard test conditions (STC). This article offers an overview of passive cooling methods in terms of feasibility and economy
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140 compared to active cooling. Three differentpassive cooling approaches are considered, namely phase change material (PCM), finned heat sink and radiant cooling, which cover discussions about the cooling efficiency achieved.
Understanding the aforementioned advanced cooling technologies is essential for further modifications to existing photovoltaic modules to improve energy efficiency.
Fang Peng et al. [8] (2005) this article proposes a model to analyze the performance of photovoltaic modules for decentralized energy production. The proposed solar model uses the electrical properties specified in the manufacturer's data sheet. The required properties are the short circuit current (I sc), the open circuit voltage (Voc) and the temperature coefficients of I sc and Voc/sub>. The proposed model takes into account the nominal values of the standard test conditions (STC). The actual temperature and radiation are also calculated analytically for the proposed model.
Finally, simulations of the V-I and P-V curves are available with different lighting levels and temperatures for different solar modules (technical data sheets).
H. Moshfegh et al. [9] (2018) in this work, a thermoelectric module with a heat sink at the back is considered to be attached to the back side of photovoltaic panel. It is assumed that the required power to run the thermoelectric cooling module is provided by the photovoltaic panel itself. Solar irradiance, ambient temperature, wind velocity and the fin area of the heat sink are the most important parameters that affect the cell temperature and, consequently, the amount of generated power. An analytical model is developed and simulated by MATLAB to determine the cell temperature and calculates the optimized extra power generated by the photovoltaic cells due to cooling effect by the variation of the mentioned parameters. The results demonstrate a potential for improvement;
however, the amount of extra generated power relates to the environmental circumstances and concentration ratio.
H. Teo et al. [10] (2012) the electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell operating temperature
during absorption of solar radiation. A hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system was designed, fabricated and experimentally investigated in this work.
To actively cool the PV cells, a parallel array of ducts with inlet/outlet manifold designed for uniform airflow distribution was attached to the back of the PV panel.
Experiments were performed with and without active cooling. A linear trend between the efficiency and temperature was found. Without active cooling, the temperature of the module was high and solar cells can only achieve an efficiency of 8–9%. However, when the module was operated under active cooling condition, the temperature dropped significantly leading to an increase in efficiency of solar cells to between 12% and 14%. A heat transfer simulation model was developed to compare to the actual temperature profile of PV module and good agreement between the simulation and experimental results is obtained.
H. G. Teo et al. [11] (2012) the electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell operating temperature during absorption of solar radiation. A hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system was designed, fabricated and experimentally investigated in this work.
To actively cool the PV cells, a parallel array of ducts with inlet/outlet manifold designed for uniform airflow distribution was attached to the back of the PV panel.
Experiments were performed with and without active cooling. A linear trend between the efficiency and temperature was found. Without active cooling, the temperature of the module was high and solar cells can only achieve an efficiency of 8–9%. However, when the module was operated under active cooling condition, the temperature dropped significantly leading to an increase in efficiency of solar cells to between 12% and 14%. A heat transfer simulation model was developed to compare to the actual temperature profile of PV module and good agreement between the simulation and experimental results is obtained.
Himanshu Sainthiya et al. [12]
(2019) in this article, the impact of front water cooling on the performance parameters (solar cell temperature, surface temperature, leaving water
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141 temperature, electrical efficiency, overallefficiency, etc.) of the photovoltaic module/heat (PV/T) is presented in both winter and winter. Summer season in Indian weather conditions.A mathematical model of a PV/T module was also presented which takes into account the equations of the energy balance. A comparative analysis of the performance parameters obtained analytically and experimentally was also presented. A correct agreement was also found between the analytical and experimental results, supported by a correlation coefficient of about one and an average root error of 10-14%. By cooling the water of the front surface, it was discovered that the temperature of the solar cell and the rear surface of the PV/T module decreased significantly, which in turn led to an improvement in electrical performance and overall efficiency of the form in winter and summer.
Hossein Alizadeh et al. [13]
(2018) in this work, the PV cooling by applying a single turn PHP is numerically investigated. In addition, a copper fin with the same dimensions as the PHP for cooling the PV panel is simulated to compare the performance of the PHP with a solid metal like copper. Results indicated that PHPs are an appropriate option for PV cooling and has the capability to increase PV modules efficiency. It was found that a PV panel using the PHP may have approximately 18% enhancement in electrical power generated compared with that without any cooling system.
Hossein Moshfegh et al. [14]
(2018) the performance of photovoltaic systems depends on many factors, such as B. the temperature of the photovoltaic module, the availability of solar radiation and the accumulation of dirt on the solar modules. The increase in temperature is one of the most difficult factors affecting the performance of photovoltaic systems, leading to a significant deterioration in the efficiency of the cells and the amount of energy produced, especially in high concentrator photovoltaics (HCPV). To solve this problem, a cooling method that uses a thermoelectric cooling module is proposed and studied. This work assumes that a thermoelectric module with a heat sink on the back is fixed on the back of
the photovoltaic module. It is assumed that the power required to operate the thermoelectric cooling module is provided by the photovoltaic module itself. The solar radiation, the ambient temperature, the wind speed and the area of the fins of the heat sink are the most important parameters that influence the cell temperature and therefore the quantity of electricity produced. An analytical model is developed and simulated by MATLAB in order to determine the cell temperature and calculate the optimized additional power that is generated by the photovoltaic cells due to the cooling effect by varying the mentioned parameters. The results show potential for improvement;
however, the amount of additional energy generated depends on the environmental conditions and the concentration ratio.
Hussein A. Kazem et al. [15]
(2016) Photovoltaic (PV) technology is spreading around the world and is constantly improving performance and costs. However, since these photovoltaic modules are exposed to external conditions, they are strongly influenced by meteorological parameters. The recent study was conducted to evaluate the effects of solar radiation on the photovoltaic module in hot and humid climatic conditions in Sohar-Oman. Two photovoltaic modules connected in series were used to evaluate the impact of the local wind in this area. The results showed that the wind effect was negligible during the module's temperature test period. Most of the results of the study confirmed the conclusions of many researchers on voltage drop with temperature rise, high current value and significant reduction in power due to the increase in temperature in the air.
However, in this study, we used the concept of solar air temperature and examined its effects on plate temperature.
The results show that the sun's air temperature in winter from 8:00 to 17:00 and in summer from 19:00, the following hours are indicated as a source of heat and cooling. The high relative humidity that characterized the tested area of Solar led to a decrease in the intensity of solar radiation, with a consequent reduction in the temperature of the solar air.
I. Ceylan et al. [16] (2014) the efficiency of photovoltaic modules
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142 decreases with heating, so there has beenan increase with regard to the solution of the problem. Photovoltaic module converts the incoming solar radiation into heat and electric energy. Due to this heating feature of photovoltaic modules, it is likely to produce heat energy from PV modules as well. Such systems are called as both a photovoltaic and thermal systems in the literature. A lot of experimental studies were done by special processing on the PV module. Since the studies require special processing on the module, they remain as laboratory work only. In this study, different PV/T systems were experimentally analyzed for the cooling photovoltaic modules. A simple pipe was placed on PV module as a spiral heat exchanger in order to provide active cooling. Also, the system can easily be applied to large-scale systems. As a result of experimental research, the module efficiencies with cooling were calculated as 13%, and the module efficiencies without cooling were about 10%. As the set temperature increased, module temperature can be increased or decreased. The module temperature was changed according to solar radiation and set temperature. As the solar radiation increased the module temperature decreased in this experimental system.
The solar radiation has nothing to do with set temperature for this system.
K. Radha Krishna et al. [17]
(2016) the new Andhra Pradesh 1 Capital 2 has a huge need for energy. With 4 renewable energy sources such as solar energy 5, we can meet certain requirements throughout the year. The heat sensor automatically turns on the engine when the cooking plate is overheated. The efficiency of the plate and the fill factor were measured under all conditions. Because here the intensity of the sun 3 is much more available. Our work proposes a better use of 6 solar energy methods through these methods.
Even if we have enough solar energy, from time to time we cannot use this energy efficiently due to temperature changes. By cooling, we can maintain constant energy production. Our document offers the best cooling method for PVC solar modules with two cooling methods: water and air.
Cross flow and parallel flow are used for water cooling. The heat sensor
automatically turns on the engine when the cooking plate is overheated. The efficiency of the plate and the fill factor were measured under all conditions.
K. A. Moharram et al. [18] (2013) the objective of the research is to minimize the amount of water and electrical energy needed for cooling of the solar panels, especially in hot arid regions, e.g., desert areas in Egypt. A cooling system has been developed based on water spraying of PV panels. A mathematical model has been used to determine when to start cooling of the PV panels as the temperature of the panels reaches the maximum allowable temperature (MAT). A cooling model has been developed to determine how long it takes to cool down the PV panels to its normal operating temperature, i.e., 35°C, based on the proposed cooling system.
Both models, the heating rate model and the cooling rate model, are validated experimentally. Based on the heating and cooling rate models, it is found that the PV panels yield the highest output energy if cooling of the panels starts when the temperature of the PV panels reaches a maximum allowable temperature (MAT) of 45°C. The MAT is a compromise temperature between the output energy from the PV panels and the energy needed for cooling.
Khuram Pervez Amber et al. [19]
(2020) at higher ambient temperatures during the summer months, the cell temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module rises from 50 to 60 °C and can sometimes reach 80 °C, causing the heating of the PV module and the lack of is not the its optimal performance. Active cooling technologies such as water cooling and fan cooling to control and maintain the cell temperature consume energy and therefore do not contribute to the efficiency of the modules. This research aims to experimentally evaluate the performance of the passive cooling technology developed locally in two different configurations, namely rectangular H. ribs and circular ribs applied on the back of monocrystalline photovoltaic modules of similar size. The thermal and electrical properties of photovoltaic modules with and without lamellar structures have been studied experimentally for 4 months on the roof of
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143 the Mechanical Engineering Institute ofthe University of Science and Technology of Mirpur, Pakistan. The collected data were critically analyzed and the effectiveness of each heat exchange technique is discussed in detail. PV modules with rectangular ribs with a larger cross section and larger surface area emitted 155% more heat and generated 10.8% and 4% more power than the circular reference and rib module, with a consequent reduction of the module by 10.6%, with a consequent increase in the temperature and efficiency of the module by 14.5%. The module, based on circular fins, emitted only 27%
more heat than the reference module.
Therefore, it is recommended to use a photovoltaic module with rectangular slats to improve the performance of photovoltaic systems.
Krishna Kant Dixit et al. [20]
(2020) this article presents the wavelengths of light that must not enter the Earth's atmosphere. For this reason, much of the radiation is reflected in the room. The part that reaches the earth's surface is used by solar panels to convert it into electricity. Photovoltaic modules can convert 20% of the radiation into electricity, the rest of the radiation is converted into heat, which limits the performance of the photovoltaic cell. In order to eliminate these heat related problems or reduce the heat generated by the photovoltaic modules, various cooling methods are used including passive cooling of the heat pipe cooling, nano- liquids, active and passive cooling, etc. . This review article analyzes in detail all the important cooling techniques and to conclude what is most suitable for the maximum efficiency of the system in cooling, since efficiency is mainly influenced by temperature.
M. Benghanem et al. [21] (2016) the ambient temperature at Madinah site is between 40 °C and 50 °C during the summer months and sometimes is over 50 °C. The cell temperature reaches the value of 83 °C. This affects the behaviors of solar cells (SC) and decreases their efficiency. The performance of solar cells is presented in this work using thermoelectric module (TEM) as cooling system. In fact, we have found experimentally that the efficiency of solar
cells decreases with increase in its temperature. The efficiency of solar cells drops by 0.5% per °C rise in temperature.
So, it's necessary to operate them at lower temperature in order to increase their efficiency. Cooling the solar cells would enhance its performance. The hybrid PV/TEM system is proposed for PV applications in hot sites.
M. Firoozzadeh et al. [22] (2019) in this study, a simple and low cost method is proposed to reduce the temperature of these panels. The use of fins has been proven in many industrial applications and here it is used as coolant of PV panel. This experiment was performed in maximum operating temperature of photovoltaic modules which is known as 85°C. By using numbers of aluminum fins on the back surface of photovoltaic panels under two different irradiation, the temperature reduction up to 7.4 °C was observed, and this reduction leads to 2.72 % increasing in efficiency. Finally, an economical assessment of the offered cases based on output power of PV panels carried out, which shows a suitable economic justifiability.
N. Parkunam et al. [23] (2019) generally, photovoltaic (PV) solar cell generates electricity by receiving solar irradiance in the forms of photons. When the heat induced in the panel exceeds the operating temperature, there is drop in electrical efficiency. The objective of this project is to design the system to increase the electrical efficiency of solar cell by cooling the cell with the help of various heat sinks and wick structure with copper and aluminum fins. The heat removed from the back surface of the panel with the help of fins that absorb heat generated by the cells during the day.
Therefore, the decreased temperature of PV panel increases the electrical efficiency of solar cell. When the solar cells receive more solar radiations, it generates more electricity. At the same time, the efficiency drops when the temperature of solar cell increases. It can be concluded that the efficiency and electrical characteristics of the copper fins are higher than the aluminum by 4% and 6%, respectively.
Narendra S. Beniwal et al. [24]
(2017) Solar energy is an important part of renewable energy. Photovoltaic (PV)
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144 cells convert part of solar energy intoelectricity and the rest is converted into heat. On the contrary, this heat affects the efficiency of the solar cell. The efficiency of a solar module depends on three factors: the intensity of the solar radiation flow, the quality of the semiconductor used and the operating temperature of the semiconductor cell. It is known that the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell decreases with increasing temperature of the photovoltaic cell. A cooling system is required to maintain the temperature of the photovoltaic cell. The proposed revision offers a comparative representation of different types of cooling systems, such as. B. Air cooling system, liquid cooling system, heat tube cooling system, PCM (phase change material) cooling system, etc. is present. This overview also defines the use and importance of optimization technology which provides optimal values for cooling systems. It is an innovative approach in the field of photovoltaic cooling systems, which uses optimization technology to provide optimal values (maximum and minimum values) for the prescribed parameters.
Narendra Singh Beniwal et al.
[25] (2019) this article attempts to evaluate the electrical performance of a photovoltaic module using a water cooling system. Both types of water cooling techniques (photovoltaic module with water cooling and photovoltaic module without water cooling) and four different flow rates are considered for performance comparison. Experimental results show that combined cooling is more efficient than front and rear cooling, which significantly reduces the temperature of the photovoltaic module. The experimental results show that the average output power of the photovoltaic module in the winter season at 18.32%
and in the summer season at 20.9% and the average efficiency in the winter and summer season at 46, 4% and 52, 70%
increase using combined surface cooling techniques (front and rear). The best photovoltaic performance is obtained by using 1.5 liters per minute (LPM) from four different water flows (i.e. 1 LPM, 2 LPM and 2.5 LPM).
Nasrin Abdollahi et al. [26]
(2020) the article reports an experimental
investigation to evaluate the impact of the use of nanofluids on cooling performance in a photovoltaic (PV) / PCM-based hybrid cooling tower system. The nanofluids used contained low concentrations of boehmite nanopowders in water as a working fluid (0.02, 0.06 and 0.1% by weight). The working fluid passed through a channel attached to the rear of the photovoltaic module. The cooling performance of the nanofluids was evaluated based on the results collected for the average surface temperature and the electrical performance of the solar panel. The results show that this hybrid configuration very effectively lowers the plate temperature. Furthermore, the results show that nanofluid is a more efficient coolant than pure water under all conditions tested. Furthermore, it has been observed that in the studied range of concentration and flow of the nanofluids, higher values of concentration and flow have caused a greater cooling capacity and therefore a greater increase of the photovoltaic capacity. The highest temperature reduction of the photovoltaic module compared to the reference case was obtained for 0.1% by weight of nanofluid at a flow rate of 18.91 ml/s.
This resulted in the maximum improvement in electrical energy efficiency of approximately 58.8%.
Pratish Rawat et al. [27] (2017) Concentrated solar energy (CSP) is a technology that captures and uses thermal solar energy by concentration.
Use highly polished mirrors, called heliostats, to focus sunlight on a target.
The lens contains a transfer fluid which is heated and then transfers heat to the heat exchangers to generate electricity. The ability to install a CSP system in urban, rural or semi-urban areas makes it a desirable choice for power plants. There is also the possibility of installation in industrial areas, as long as the network is not in a shaded area. The impact of desert environmental conditions on CSPs was investigated by generating two heliostat fields. Some system variables such as target temperature, efficiency and stored energy were measured and evaluated.
Desert dust was primarily concerned that accumulation on the heliostat led to a sharp reduction in the variables examined. The average reductions
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145 measured were 24, 12, 15 and 4% for thespring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. The spring season was the lowest due to repeated dust storms. In winter, rainfall limits the effect of dust.
Thanks to the high sun intensity in Iraq, the Baghdad case study offers the opportunity to build and manage highly efficient CSP systems despite the desert environment. This showed how important it is to clean the dust heliostats several times a month to reduce their impact.
Pushpendu Dwivedi et al. [28]
(2020) the efficiency of solar systems, in particular of photovoltaic modules, is generally low. P.V. modification the modulus is affected by the rise in surface temperature. This increase is associated with absorbed sunlight, which is converted into heat, resulting in a reduction in power, energy efficiency, performance and durability of the panel.
The use of cooling techniques can offer a possible solution to avoid excessive heating of the P.V. and to reduce the cell temperature. This article provides details on various possible cooling methods, including new and advanced solutions for P.V. panels and shows future research trends. Various features and capabilities of each cooling technique are presented to provide better information and valuable advice to researchers who wish to study, improve or optimize any type of P.V.
cooling technique.
S. Mehrotra S et al. [29] (2014) in this study, electrical parameters of solar cell were calculated which showed that the cooling factor plays an important role in the electrical efficiency enhancement. Solar cell immersed in water was monitored under real climatic conditions, cell surface temperature can be controlled from 31- 39 .C. Electrical performance of cell increases up to great extent. Results are dicussed; panel efficiency has increased about 17.8% at water depth 1cm. The study can give support to the Concentrated Photovolatics System by submerging the solar cells in different mediums.
S. Nižetić, et al. [30] (2018) this paper considers pork fat as a novel potential phase change material (PCM) for photovoltaic applications. The PV-PCM configuration was numerically analysed in order to investigate the main performance
parameters and its general thermal behaviour regarding passive cooled photovoltaic panels (a simplified one- dimensional finite difference code was applied for the numerical investigation).
Two specific PV-PCM systems were compared (convectional organic PCM and pork fat), i.e. their performance response was examined by applying the simplified numerical model. Performance analysis was obtained for specific geographical location with Mediterranean climate conditions (City of Split, Croatia). The obtained results showed that there is no significant difference in performance benefit when the two considered PV-PCM systems are compared. The difference in annual simulated electricity delivery is negligible when comparing the PV-PCM systems, i.e. it was slightly less for the PV-pork fat configuration. The previous finding was important as it proved that pork fat has potential from a performance point of view.
S. Saadi et al. [31] (2018) in the present study, the cooling is achieved by inserting triangular ribs in the duct. A comprehensive two-dimensional thermo- fluid model for the effective cooling of PV cells has been developed. It has been first carefully validated against experimental and numerical results available in the literature. A parametric analysis was then carried out about the influence of the number and size of the ribs, wind speed, solar irradiance and inlet fluid velocity on the average solar cell and outlet air temperatures as well as the thermal and electrical efficiencies of the module.
Results indicated that the use of triangular ribbed channels is a very effective cooling technique, which significantly reduces the average temperature of the PV cell, especially when increasing the number of ribs.
Salman Tariq et al. [32] (2014) this article describes a practical approach to increase the efficiency of solar modules through the use of mirrors and cooling mechanisms. These reflectors are inexpensive, easy to use, use and require no additional equipment or tools.
However, CPVs work efficiently with concentrated light until solar cells are cooled by heat sinks. The experimental results show a significant improvement in the overall performance of the solar
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146 module. The experimental values of a)without reflectors and without cooling are compared b) with reflectors and without cooling c) with reflectors and with cooling.
Corresponding results obtained under various conditions and showing efficiency improvements of up to 32% in case (b) and 52% in case (c) are reported and recorded. Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology uses optics such as mirrors and lenses to focus sunlight on solar cells to generate electricity. The advantage of CPV over non-concentrated photovoltaic systems is that fewer solar cells are needed to achieve the same efficiency. In addition to the duration and intensity of sunlight, the temperature also has a strong influence on the performance of the photovoltaic module, since the high temperature significantly reduces the output power.
Srikanth Reddy et al. [33] (2016) the ever-growing demand for energy and the increase in emission values have led the electricity sector to more sustainable and environmentally friendly electricity production methods. The goal is to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic cells (PV) using all possible methods to improve the energy savings of photovoltaic solar technology. One of the competitors for high efficiency solar systems are concentrated solar systems. In addition to the increase in performance, other parameters such as the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current and the filling factor of the solar cells used in the module can also vary with the concentration of the photovoltaic systems.
For an inverter, in addition to energy consumption, the overvoltage and current inputs are also important for efficient operation. The nonlinear variation of these parameters makes mathematical modeling difficult and complex. Therefore, in the present experiment, the voltage, current, fill factor and module temperature fluctuations are examined using a V-through concentration system.
Experimental results show that the real dependence of temperature and voltage intensity is greater than the theoretical estimate. During the evening an interesting variation of the photovoltaic current of the concentrated module was observed. The variations of the filling factor and of the thermal parameters such
as the front and rear temperature with concentration are simulated and presented with practical results.
Srikanth Reddy K et al. [34]
(2016) the growing demand for energy and growing emissions have pushed the energy sector to adopt more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy production methods. Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells (photovoltaic cells) with all possible methods is the basis for improving the energy savings of photovoltaic solar technology. Concentrated solar photovoltaic systems are among the competitors of high efficiency solar photovoltaic systems. In addition to the increase in performance, other parameters such as the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current and the filling factor of the solar cells used in the module are also subject to variations in the concentration of solar photovoltaic systems. In addition to energy consumption, the inputs of maximum voltage and current are also important for an inverter for efficient operation. The nonlinear variation of these parameters makes mathematical modeling difficult and complex. Therefore, in the present experiment, changes in voltage, current, fill factor and module temperatures are examined using a V-through concentration system. The experimental results show that the actual dependence of temperature and intensity as a function of voltage is compared more precisely with the theoretical estimate. During the evening an interesting variation of the photovoltaic current of the concentrated module was observed. The variations of the filling factor and of the thermal parameters such as the front and rear temperature with concentration are simulated and presented with practical results.
X. Tang et al. [35] (2010) in this paper presented are the novel micro heat pipe array was used in solar panel cooling. Both of air-cooling and water- cooling conditions under nature convection condition were investigated in this paper. Compared with the ordinary solar panel, the maximum difference of the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 2.6%, the temperature reduces maximally by 4.7°C, the output power increases
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147 maximally by 8.4% for the solar panelwith heat pipe using air-cooling, when the daily radiation value is 26.3 MJ.
Compared with the solar panel with heat pipe using air-cooling, the maximum difference of the photoelectric conversion efficiency is 3%, the temperature reduces maximally by 8°C, the output power increases maximally by 13.9% for the solar panel with heat pipe using water- cooling, when the daily radiation value is 21.9 MJ.
Xiao Tang et al. [36] (2010) a new arrangement of micro-heat pipes has been used to cool the solar modules. In this paper, we examined air cooling and water cooling under natural convection conditions. Compared to the usual solar module, the maximum difference in the efficiency of the photoelectric conversion is 2.6%, the temperature drops to 4.7 ° C, the output power of the solar modules with the air-cooled heat pipe increases by a maximum radiation value of 8.4% per day. The 26.3 MJ compared to the solar module with air-cooled heat pipe, the maximum difference in photoelectric conversion efficiency is 3%, the temperature is reduced by a maximum of 8 °C, the maximum output power increases by 13.9%. Solar module with water-cooled heat pipe. They daily radiation value is 21.9 MJ.
Z. Rostami et al. [37] (2018) in this paper, the potential of using high frequency ultrasound for improving cooling performance of a PV module has been investigated experimentally.
Atomized CuO nanofluid (0.01–0.8 (w/v)) as well as atomized pure water have been used as coolant fluids. The various parameters such as module surface temperature, maximum power increase and cooling efficiency of PV module using atomized nanofluid have been compared with those of pure water. It has been observed that atomizing the working fluid by ultrasound energy significantly enhance the cooling performance of the studied PV module. Results depict that cooling by atomized nanofluid was more efficient than cooling by atomized pure water. In addition, increasing the nanofluid concentration has positive effect on the cooling efficiency and maximum generated power of PV module. Results show that by atomizing 0.8 (w/v)
nanofluid, module average surface temperature decreased up to 57.25% and increase in maximum power reached to 51.1% than the layout with no cooling system.
Z. A. Haidar et al. [38] (2018) this paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of cooling of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels by evaporative cooling. The evaporation latent heat was utilized to absorb the generated heat from the body of a PV module to reduce its temperature. A simple and effective experimental setup was designed, constructed and tested under outdoor conditions. The back surface of a PV panel was wetted and exposed to surrounding. Water was supplied to the back of the PV panel from a tank by gravity. A series of experiments under real conditions of Riyadh city showing the effectiveness of the method were conducted and analyzed. More than 20 °C reduction in PV panel temperature and around 14% increment in electrical power generation efficiency were achieved compared with a referent PV panel.
Uncertainty analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of the results.
Zainal Arifin et al. [39] (2020) this study uses numerical and experimental analyses to investigate the reduction in the operating temperature of PV panels with an air-cooled heat sink.
The proposed heat sink was designed as an aluminum plate with perforated fins that is attached to the back of the PV panel. A comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was conducted using the software ANSYS Fluent to ensure that the heat sink model worked properly. The influence of heat sinks on the heat transfer between a PV panel and the circulating ambient air was investigated. The results showed a substantial decrease in the operating temperature of the PV panel and an increase in its electrical performance. The CFD analysis in the heat sink model with an air flow velocity of 1.5 m/s and temperature of 35°C under a heat flux of 1000 W/m2 showed a decrease in the PV panel’s average temperature from 85.3°C to 72.8°C. As a consequence of decreasing its temperature, the heat sink increased the open-circuit photo voltage and maximum power point of the PV panel by
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148 10% and 18.67%, respectively. Therefore,the use of aluminum heat sinks could provide a potential solution to prevent PV panels from overheating and may indirectly lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions due to the increased electricity production from the PV system.
Zeyad A. Haidar et al. [40] (2018) this paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of cooling of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels by evaporative cooling. The evaporation latent heat was utilized to absorb the generated heat from the body of a PV module to reduce its temperature. A simple and effective experimental setup was designed, constructed and tested under outdoor conditions. The back surface of a PV panel was wetted and exposed to surrounding. Water was supplied to the back of the PV panel from a tank by gravity. A series of experiments under real conditions of Riyadh city showing the effectiveness of the method were conducted and analyzed. More than 20 °C reduction in PV panel temperature and around 14% increment in electrical power generation efficiency were achieved compared with a referent PV panel.
Uncertainty analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of the results.
3. CONCLUSION
In this work, both electrical and thermal energy is produced by the hybrid PV/T system. The electrical efficiencies of the PV/T panels are severely reduced as the surface temperatures increase. Cooling the surface of the panel is an effective way to avoid this reduction in efficiency. If no cooling is used, the operating temperature of the PV module reaches a value as high as 120° C and the electrical efficiency drops about to 7% from 12.5%. As the efficiency of the PV panel without active cooling decreases in relation to increasing surface temperature when the panel is not cooled, the forced convection heat transfer zone is formed in the control volume in the back of the PV panel. As a result, a cooling of up to 60–65 degrees at the surface temperature of 120 degrees has been achieved, so the decrease in the electrical current is prevented to a great extent and the efficiency could be maintained at 15%. Consequent turbulent air flows occurring within the control
volume, especially in the vicinity of the fins, contributes to heat removal from the panel; therefore, with the CASE-2 arrangement, the highest efficiency was achieved at 15% as expected.
Nevertheless, while CASE-2 arrangement could maintain the electrical efficiency at 13%, a close level of 12.02% could be obtained with the CASE-1 arrangement.
The heat transfer rate in case-2 maximum and case-1 is minimum. The perforated fin increase the overall efficiency of the system also increase the heat transfer rate inside the PV collector. Similar efficiency gains can be achieved by using fewer fin elements and by creating the correct turbulence model compared to the cost of the cooling unit. In addition to the heat transfer surface area and air velocity, it is seen that the fin arrangement is an important parameter in the heat transfer rate. It can be concluded that with better designed fin arrangements, the required fan speed could be lowered for any number of fins or similar results could be obtained with fewer fins. On the other hand, since the power required by the PV- powered fan will also decrease with fewer fins and at lower air velocities, the total efficiency obtained from the PV system will also increase.
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