A Review Paper on Protocol Based System in Automobiles

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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Systems (IJEECS)

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ISSN (Online): 2347-2820, Volume -5, Issue-2, 2017 1

A Review Paper on Protocol Based System in Automobiles

1Priya Charles, ²Amey Kalikar, ³Aaditi Kulkarni

1,2,3

Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication, D.Y.P.I.E.M.R. Sector 29, PCNTDA (Ravet), Nigadi Pradhikaran, Pune 44

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— For smart and efficient transportation ,

(VANET) i.e. Vehicular Ad hoc Networking can be implemented in automobiles to ensure safety. Similar to (MANET) Mobile Ad hoc Networking, (VANET) aims at ad hoc networking between the vehicles. This ad hoc networking could help in communication between automobiles while on the road and thus ensuring safety. In linkage with ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System as a future scope, this paper aims at improving the communication reliability and achieve low latency for V2V communication. Also with a view to satisfy the requirements for DSRC i.e. Dedicated Short Range Communication , the paper aims at protocols which are used at the MAC Media Access Control.

Keywords — VANET, MANET, ADAS, V2V, DSRC, MAC.

I. INTRODUCTION

Today in twentieth century, automobiles are serving human beings in different ways. In a year thousands of people die due to road accidents which is more than deaths caused due to any fatal disease .As per the studies 60% of the accidental deaths can be avoided if the driver of the vehicle was warned few seconds prior to crash. In recent days IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 are called Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments. DSRC i.e.

Dedicated Short Range Communication which is a part of WAVE i.e Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments deploys vehicle to vehicle or vehicle to infrastructure communication. This can cause losses of packets and thus delay in communication. The warning or alert messages generated enables vehicles to take necessary actions either avoid the crash or atleast reduce its intensity so as to reduce death fatalities.

II. RELATED WORKS

Detailed study about IEEE 802.11p was done inorder to minimize packet loss and delay rate .In this, IEEE1609 would be used in coordination with IEEE802.11p for developing an additional layer in protocol suite known as WAVE stack as shown in the figure 2. IEEE802.11p is an extension for IEEE 802.11 standard communication protocol [1]-[6]. A comparative study about the protocols and the algorithm associated with those were studied. Following table illustrates the comparison between the protocols [7]-[11].There are

many protocols available for transmitting emergency messages during collision. This paper proposes VCWC(Vehicular Collision Warning Communication) protocol to ensure vehicle safety. With an effort to improve safety, it implements the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) to obtain the geographical position of the vehicle.[12]. For enhancement, the paper proposes the use of traffic signals that would broadcast feedback messages for incoming cars.[13].The use of SONAR(Sound Navigation and Ranging ) sensors would help in calculating safe distance between the vehicles and thus would help in developing an alert mechanism for the same.

TABLE 1 : COMPARATIVE STUDY Protocols

Features Vehicle Collision Warning communicati on

Direction-aware broadcast forward routing protocol

Joint vehicle- vehicle or vehicle to roadside Communicati on

Goal To achieve low latency in sending emergency warning messages and bandwidth usage.

To demonstrate how DSRC- based wireless communication protocols.

To improve the message delivery ratio and obtaining low latency.

Algorith ms or Techniqu es

Rate Decreasing algorithm.

Multi- channel technique.

Advantag es

Achieve low latency using congestion control policies.

Avoid periodic retransmission of messages by acknowledgeme nt.

Communicati on can be made with multichannel techniques.

III. PROTOCOL OVERVIEW

A. DSRC:

The protocol 802.11p would be used for vehicle communication also known as Dedicated Short Range Communication) system. IEEE 1609.3 and IEEE 1609.4

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provides lot of support, if these used in coordination with GPS synchronised system would help in tracking the geographical position of the vehicle and thus enhancing safety. The architecture of DSRC consists of IEEE802.11p, IEEE 1609.3, IEEE 1609.4 and user application. The functions are described as below:

1) IEEE 802.11p: DSRC devices can modify the MAC layer filtering. Needs simple adjustment to meet requirements of the standard IEEE 802.11p.

2) IEEE 1609.4: In this WSA(WAVE Service Advertisement) frame should be broadcasted continuously.

3) IEEE 1609.3: It mainly handles data delivery between DSRC devices and manages network services.

Our system is divided in two parts: the host and the router.

1) Host: It runs the Java implementation based on the protocol and also executes lots of applications based on Satellite Navigation System and Controller Area Network.

2) Router: V2V communication software and 802.11p is embedded in the router.

Each DSRC device has a range of synchronisation level.

This synchronisation interval is divided into CCH(Control Channel) and a SCH(Service Channel) interval. The control channel spacing in DSRC/WAVE is CCH. It is shown in figure 1.

Fig 1. Channel Access Mechanism

Fig 2. Protocol architecture

Fig 3.V2V communication model.

B. COOPERATIVE COLLISION AVOIDANCE The time to react for the drivers often may creates chances of crashes. A motorist typically relies on the footbrake lamp of the car to determine his braking action. The reaction time ranges between 0.75s to 1s.

This can result to a multicar chain accident.The CCA (Cooperative Collision Avoidance) mechanism can be explained by considering the figure as below:

Fig 4.Three cars collision mechanism

As shown in the figure, three cars are travelling within the range of each other. Let us assume that each car is as a speed of 32m/s and distance between them is 32m. The driver in car1 starts to slow down after seeing the footbrake lamp of car0, the driver in car 2also does the same when he sees thefootbrake lampof car1. The driver’s reaction time is assumed to be 1.5s, so car1 smashes by car0 at a distance of 120m and the same occurs in case of car2 and car1. So from the above we conclude that if the driver reacts only to what he sees, cars end up in chain collision.

C. VCWC:

This protocol works under abnormal conditions that arises mainly during mechanical failures or unexpected road hazards. When any vehicle enters in an abnormal state it collision warning communication module is activated to monitor the vehicle dynamics. Based on the relative motion to the abnormal vehicle (AV),a vehicle that receives EWM’s (Emergency Warning Message) can verify the relevancy to the emergency event and can give warning/advice to the driver. The broadcasted messages are intended for a group of receivers. The messages are broadcasted instead of unicasted. The rate of packet transmission is increased if the packet goes through successfully, while it is decreased if packet is lost.

The assumptions for the vehicle participating in VCWC can be:

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1. A vehicle must be equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine its geographical and relative position.

2. All the vehicles in the ad-hoc network must have atleast one transceiver.

In VCWC priority levels the EWMs have the highest priority. The scheduling of these messages is controlled according to the priority, so that the high priority warning traffic messages are transmitted first.

D. DIRECTION AWAREBROADCAST

FORWARD:

In CCA, once a vehicle meets an emergency situation a CWM (Collision Warning Message) is sent to all the vehicles behind it. The direction aware broadcasting allows broadcasting of a CWM first and then all its recipients forward the message selectively based on its direction of arrival. This will ensure the delivery of message within its range. A CWM is broadcasted by the detecting vehicle on detecting an emergency event. This message contains the original vehicle id and an unique event id, identifying an emergency event. The concept of naïve broadcast would be taken into consideration in direction aware broadcast forwarding protocol. The sensing vehicle starts sending CWM messages periodically at a regular interval time as soon as it detects an emergency event. The logic is such that the generated message is ignored if the vehicle is approaching another vehicle from behind. The generated message is taken into considerations if there is an abnormal condition generated due to front vehicles. It concludes that there is an emergency event in the front if vehicle comes from front and immediately starts braking and also starts spreading periodic CWM messages of its own. The warning message broadcasting will stop only when the message arrives at the last car within its range.

E. JOINT V2V/V2R COMMUNICATION

PROTOCOL :

Emergency message is generated which includes some important road hazard related information in case of any machine failure which may lead to a road accident.The copy of message is kept in its buffer in case of retransmission of message is required. Trans-receiver operating in two different frequency bands are used to send generated message to neighbouring vehicles and roadside unit.A warning message is continuously sent until a message is received from other vehicle regarding same event.

Working in V2V/V2R communication system:

 If the receiving automobile is behind the source automobile but has received the message with same event id from other vehicles in the network, it simply ignores the message.

 If receiving vehicle and broadcasting vehicle are infront of each other, the broadcasting vehicle will not rebroadcast with same event id.

 If message received is with same event id, it is ignored irrespective of position of the broadcasting vehicle.

Fig 5.Collison scenario

IV. CONCLUSIONS

From the above review we explored the possibility of vehicle to vehicle communication planned by Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments .This system enables accurate setting for signal broadcasting and is also practicable in real environments. A self-adaptive transmission frequency scheme is adopted inorder to avoid crash probability by making best use of short lived connection established with other vehicles .Street safety is guaranteed and enhanced by using VCWC which defines congestion control policies and broadcasts warning messages as per requirements.

V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special thanks to ourPrincipal Dr.Mrs. A. V. Patil for her kind official support given and encouragement.

Finally, we would like to thank to all our faculty members of E&TC Department who helped us directly or indirectly to complete this work successfully.

REFERENCES

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[5] IEEE Standard 1609.3 (2007). “IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular

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