View of A REVIEW ON POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON STATCOM AND D-STATCOM

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Vol.03, Issue 04, April 2018 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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A REVIEW ON POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON STATCOM AND D-STATCOM

Sourabh Kumar Jain,

Department of Electrical Engineering, Pacific Academy of Higher Education & Research University, Udaipur, Rajasthan. E-mail:jain.sourabh05@gmail.com

Dr. Amit Soni,

Department of Electrical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ), Jaipur, Rajasthan.

E-mail:amit.soni@jaipur.manipal.edu

Abstract- Wind power is an important non-conventional energy source as a fossil fuel, in terms of energy production. It is being said to be an important resource for energy era. In this paper, a distribution system has been used in which STATCOM and DSTATCOM devices have been associated with the wind turbine and then comparison is made between them. This paper shows research review of existing research on DSTATCOM and STATCOM, The comparison can be studied with the results of active power and reactive power.

Keywords- WTIGs, STATCOM, DSTACOM, Transmission Line, Power Quality 1 INTRODUCTION

Energy Distribution System always works from 11 KV to 66 KV and on low voltage this system works on 220 volts to 440 volts for the fundamental frequency of 50 Hz. When the wind turbine is connected to the system, system delivers the active power but the same system absorbs the reactive power in the system. This causes a burden on the source side. Reactive power compensation is to be given to reduce stress.[1] For this purpose - the comparative study is done for which we develop a model in which we first connect the STATCOM device and then DSTATCOM [2] device, which show improvement in power quality, reactive power compensation.

STATCOM- It is basically an Ideal Synchronous Machine which produce balance set of three sinusoidal voltages and can internally produce system impedance and reactive power. The use of STATCOM [7]helps to palliate the voltage oscillation and hence enhances power quality of wind turbine with harmonics reduction

D-STATCOM- DSTACOM is controlled device which includes a D.C links and voltage source. It is connected to a capacitor shunt which generally absorbs the reactive power.

1.1 Importance of Proposed Investigation

(1) Energy sources: In the electricity point of view there are number of energy sources are available. We have studied about the conventional

& non-conventional energy sources

like water,coal, sun,wind, thermal,tidal etc. in all type of energy sources about 72% electricity generation is going on through coal.

(2) Importance of the renewable energy: The world is facing a major problem of electricity because of domestic, industrialization, transportation use etc. Renewable energy sources,also called Alternative Energy Sources is challenging when is connected to generating power station.

(3) Importance of wind energy:We Know that the numbers of energy sources are available for electricity generation in-spite of that generation of electricity through the WindEnergy System is efficient and good for make the system stable.

Importance thing for wind energy system is minimization of pollution and can establish at outer and hilly area.

(4) What is power quality and its importance: Power quality can be defined from two different perspectives, depending on whether we supply or consume electricity.

Power quality at the generator usually refers to the generator’s ability to generate power at 50 Hz with little variation, while power quality at the transmission and distribution level refers to the voltage staying within plus or minus 5 percent. Gerry Heydt in Electric Power Quality defines power quality as “the measure, analysis, and

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2 improvement of bus voltage, usually a load bus voltage, to maintain that voltage to be a sinusoid at rated voltage and frequency”. The best measure of power quality is the ability of electrical equipment to operate in a satisfactory manner, givenproper are and maintenance and without adversely affecting the operation of other electrical equipment connected to the system.

Historically, power quality and reliability were synonymous. In the early days of the development of the power system, electrical engineers were mainly concerned about

“keeping the lights on.” They designed the power system to withstand outages by using lightning arresters, breakers and disconnect switches, and redundancy. The main concern was to prevent the frequency of the power system from deviating from 50 Hz during outages. Various devices were utilized to maintain the reliability of the power system

(5) Different Techniques used for power quality improvement :There are number of scheme and method available for the power quality improvement for different energy sources. A lots of research has been done using different method like UPSC,IQSC,PWM,AI,SVC,STATCOM, DSTATCOM etc. with different software simulation like lab view,PSCAD,MATLAB,Simulink etc.

(6) Various FACTS device :There are different methods are available for the power quality improvement using different Facts devices like Static VAR compensator(SVC) ,Static synchronous compensator(SSC), Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), Interface power controller (IPC), UPFC, STATCOM, DSTATCOM. We can improve the power quality of the system by using of all the facts device.In the present work we are preferring the STATCOM &

DSTATCOM in order to test better power quality improvement to make system efficient .

Hence any electrical system requires higher efficiency,stability,good power

factor and minimum losses and harmonics.Our aim is to improve power quality of the system with maintaining reactive power and harmonics so thatexistingsystem make stable &

efficient.

2 REVIEW OF WORK ALREADY DONE ON THE SUBJECT

E. Muljadi et al. [1] investigated the proposed generator for application in wind power generation. In the first stage of implementation, a proof of concept of the generator was investigated &

demonstrated the technical viability of using a selfexcited induction generator in variable-speed wind generation. This greatly simplifies the power stages needed to connect to the utility compared with inverter-fed induction generators.

Y.Hara et al. [2] proposed the efficacy of UPFC in the power quality control of the power transmission system is shown by a simplified model and simulation studies with PSCADEMTDC.

J.G. Slootweg et al. [3] discussed that the structure of an aggregated model of a wind park with constant speed wind turbines and variable speed wind turbines and development and specification of aggregated wind farm models.

S.M. Muyeen et al. [4] presented the fuzzy logic controlled STATCOM .He presented for the steady state and transient stability analyses of grid connected WPGS. It is STATCOM clearly presented that STATCOM equipped with FLC gives better performance than STATCOM equipped with conventional PI controller. Moreover, it is presented also that WPGS connected with FLC equipped STATCOM is transiently more stable than WPGS equipped with pitch controller only.

Stephane.F et al. [5] have presented some specific problems that occur in power systems when renewable energy production,particularly wind energy conversion, is included and demonstrated that the use of FACTS devices, like in conventional power systems could also play an important role.

Muljadi.M , et al. [6] Presented the method used to develop an equivalence of a collector system in a large wind power plant with finding the equivalent circuits for three different network configurations using simple electric circuit.

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3 E.Muljadi et al. [7] described various aspects of power quality within the wind power plant. And shows that capacitor compensation used by induction generators in a wind power plant can lead to self-excitation and harmonics.

A.P.Mittal et al. [8] have proposed the design, analysis of neural network based DSTATCOM controller with respect to PI controllers for power factor correction and load balancing.

P.D. Lund et al. [9] presented that the benefits from storage depend much on the network topology and strength as well as on the amount of wind integrated into the grid.

W. Qiao et al. [10] explained that Grid connected Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) can cause voltage fluctuations at the connection point during normal operations, and voltage instability during grid faults. This paper has investigated the application of a STATCOM to a wind farm equipped with FSWTs driving squirrel-cage induction generators.

I.E.Otadui et al. [11] presented an optimized STATCOM control for wind power applications. The main features of this control are:1)The use of 3 single- phase synchronization functions in order to deal not only with amplitude unbalances but also with phase unbalances.2)The use of 3 single-phase controllers based on resonant regulators.3)Separated generation of active and reactive references which are then adjusted in order to obtain a current reference without zero-sequence component.

A. Shukla et al. [12] have proposed the design of a state feedback switching controller for a five-level inverter-based DSTATCOM. The state feedback switching controller uses linear quadratic regulator design that tracks the reference state trajectories.

A. Tavakkoli et al. [13] proposed a three phase model of the electric arc furnace by depending on the Cassei,Mayr model by using the MATLAB /SIMULINK toolboxes was introduced that has the real time modeling capability of the different status of the furnace.

P.Srithorn et al. [14] discussed a supercapacitor energy storage system incorporated with a STATCOM. This allows the STATCOM to deliver real power

to the grid for short periods of time. The supercapacitors are interfaced to the DC link via a DC-to-DC converter; the control design for this converter based on a state space small signal model and works effectively to maintain the DC link voltage during boost mode, and recharges the supercapacitors during buck mode.

Vasudeo V. et al. [15] discussed the performance of a DSTATCOM coupled with BESS for mitigation of voltage flicker and detailed modelling of DSTATCOM with BESS .

D. Geibel et al. [16] demonstrated the additional possibilities of such inverter-systems in terms of improvement of power quality and reliability &

measurements for active power filters (series and shunt) as well as measurements of the behavior of inverter systems with UPS functionality during grid faults discussed.

R .Omar et al. [17] discussed the mitigation of power quality disturbance in low voltage distribution system due to voltage swells using one of the powerful power system devices namely Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR).

S. Teleke et al. [18] presented the application of STATCOM and associated value of utilizing dynamic reactive power support to help alleviate power quality issues occurring in the location. The application of STATCOM will help the aggregated motor load to recover without stalling and reach to rated value, after the fault is cleared by supplying reactive power during and after the fault.

D.M.Patel et al. [19] defines In this paper the FACTS device (STATCOM) - based control scheme for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system And defined Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static Compensator STATCOM is power electronic based switch is used to control the reactive power and therefore bus voltages.

N. K. Roy et al. [20] defines that The application of D-STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of a distribution network with distributed wind generation is investigated in this paper. The impacts of wind farm dynamics on a distribution network are also analyzed, which shows that the integration of wind generation significantly affects the voltage stability of

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4 the system. The analysis also shows that the high penetration of DG in the distribution network has a significant impact on the voltage rise. Finally, it can be said that D-STATCOM can be used as an effective device to enhance the voltage profile of the distribution networks with distributed wind generation.

N. Hari et al. [21] developed a versatile UPQC control scheme for power quality improvement and investigated the development of UPQC control schemes and algorithms for power quality improvement and implementation of a flexible control strategy to enhance the performance of UPQC.

Md. AshfanoorKabir et al. [22]

improved power quality by significantly reducing the harmonic components in currents and correcting the power factor.

The results of simulations performed in this work shows that digital control of SAPF based on p-q theory provide faster power quality improvement than SDM technique.

V. Yuvaraj et al. [23] present the FACTS device (STATCOM) based control scheme for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with nonlinear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and electric utility are presented.

N.Masood et al. [24] presented a cost effective shunt compensation method is applied to Bangladesh power system. In that shunt capacitors are used as a shunt compensator to solve the under voltage problem of Bangladesh power system. The under voltage problem is solved successfully and power factor of the system is also improved.

Ofualagba et al.[25] presented the electrical generation part of the wind energy conversion system and explained the self excited induction generator (SEIG) is inherently capable of operating at variable speeds. And shows that the induction generator can be made to handle almost any type of load, provided that the loads are compensated to present unity power factor characteristics.

K.Georgaka et al. [26] have presented a modified the PWM switching technique is suggested and applied to a low power electronic converter system to improve the power efficiency and power factor. This technique is considered to be

a modification of the traditional PWM technique where a shifting of the input current left to the grid voltage is obtained.

M. Muthazhagi et al. [27]

Presented the design of shunt active filter to compensate harmonics in the power system based on three control techniques were presented and compared.

All the control techniques make the source voltage and source current to be in phase. In the first control scheme the capacitor voltage is regulated based on reference voltage and provides compensation for the reduction of harmonics in the source current, the second one provides compensation based on reference current generated from the fourier transform of load current, while the third one considers the active filter controlled by fuzzy logic controller which is suitable for uncertainty condition.

K.R.Sujal et al. [28] defines the STATCOM based control scheme for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with non linear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and electric utility are presented.

Sunil et al. [29] presents the STATCOM-based control scheme for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with non linear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and electric utility are presented. It has a capability to cancel out the harmonic parts of the grid current. It support the reactive power demand for the wind generator.

G. Tian et al. [30] explains Grid connected WTGS can cause voltage fluctuations at PCC due to the aerodynamic aspects (such as turbulence, the wind gradient and the tower shadow) during normal operation. This paper mainly investigates the use of STATCOM to mitigate the voltage fluctuations and improve power quality of wind turbine with SCIG under wind speed varying.

Ilango K. et al. [31] gave a brief description about the modified Icosφ control algorithm and modified Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) has been developed and simulated with STATCOM interface for renewable energy source. The results shown above prove that power factor correction,

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5 reactive power compensation achieved by the instigation of the modified Icosφ algorithm and modified IRPT control algorithm.

D.Nair et al. [32] reveal in this report, The wide use of nonlinear loads has resulted in turning harmonic pollution into one of the most serious problems in modem power systems.

K. Shanthini et al. [33] proposed a UPFC controller device for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system with nonlinear load and presented the power quality issues, reactive power compensation and its consequences on the consumer and electric utility.

Aggrawal.M et al. [34] defines Operation and control of D-STATCOM in low voltage distribution system with distributed generation has been demonstrated in this paper and showed results demonstrate quite satisfactory operation of the proposed for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination, load balancing in low voltage distribution system with distributed generation.

P. Kumar et al. [35] reviewed the increasing demand of power in day to day life and energy crisis have given importance to the development of dual stator PM brushless dc motor. The advantages like reliability, high power density and reduced torque-ripples are achieved. PMBLDC motor design results in low rotor inertia, higher rotor speed and higher motor supply voltage as compared to conventional dc motor.

R.Dehini et al. [36] have presented the functioning of the D-STATCOM and an analysis of active and reactive power and presented a new interpretation of the compensation phenomena for a voltage sag or swell to improve the power factor based primarily on the analysis of the power flow.

T.Roy et al. [37] have investigated mitigation of voltage sag problem by using Statcom& Design the Simulation model of 12 pulse D-Statcom to GTOS of the inverter & cleared that Dstatcom works well in mitigating voltage sag caused by three phase to ground fault.

B. Shyam et al. [38] presented an efficient small scale wind energy conversion system using permanent magnet generators (PMGs) and power electronic converters. In the proposed

system, variable magnitude and variable frequency of PMG are converted to constant DC using a full bridge rectifier and closed loop boost converter. This constant DC output is converted to AC using Grid interfacing inverter.

D. Srinivas et al. [39] proposed control scheme for the grid connected Wind energy generation system for power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The control scheme has a capability to cancel out the harmonic parts of the load current. It maintains the source voltage and current in-phase and support the reactive power demand for the wind generator and load at PCC in the grid system, thus it gives an opportunity to enhance the utilization factor of transmission line.

K.S.Sandhu et al. [40] concluded that the machine parameters affect the power quality when induction generators are operating in grid connected or self excited modes. For better quality supply in terms of active power and THD most of the machine parameters (such as stator and rotor parameters) must be on the lower side for two operations that is grid and self excited.

Md.N.Islam et al. [41] presented that the modeled STATCOM is capable enough to control the transmission line voltage dynamics as well as the same shunt controller can be used in VAR control mode. The simulation results also prove that the shunt device with proposed switching scheme functions successfully as the real time voltage controller and it improves the dynamic stability with a wide range of control the reactive power.

Y.Oguz et al. [42] Proposed the design and control of the AC-DC-AC power converter for VSWECS with PMSG. And showed the ADDC power converter is an active rectifier and consists of IGBT 6 pieces semi conductive circuit elements, and depending on the speed of PMSG, the rotor angle (𝜃) and stator current control of trigger circuit were made and discuss that the purpose in controlling the voltage source rectifier (VSR) and inverter (VSI) is to minimize the distorting effects resulting from harmonics established by switching frequencies on the current and voltage to obtain power in the desired value and quality at the output of the inverter.

C.Teavothet al. [43] presented the STATCOM-based control scheme for

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6 power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with load as DC Motor. The power quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and electric utility are presented.

B. Singh et al. [44] proposed a Minnesota rectifier with designed and its performance, simulated for a midpoint converter fed SRM drive & discussed about the performance of Minnesota rectifier fed SRM drive compared with the performance of a diode bridge converter fed SRM drive.

A. Benaissa et al. [45] discussed the control and performance improvement of a shunt APF under distorted voltage conditions, using a fuzzy logic controller for a five level shunt APF based on the optimization of the reference current generation and using a modified version of the p-q theory and PDPWM to generate switching signals.

Swati Devabhaktuni [46] have presented the vector control of self excited induction generator was carried out under different mulipulse AC-DC converter.

Analysis was carried out using three types of mulitpulse converter i.e. twelve pulse, eighteen pulse and twenty four pulse AC- DC converter and the results of these converters are compared with the conventional six pulse AC-DC converter.

S. R. Arya et al.[47] presented the effectiveness of proposed modified synchronous detection control algorithm under non ideal (distorted and unbalanced voltages) ac mains and demonstrated through implementation for compensation of nonlinear loads with self supporting dc bus of VSC of DSTATCOM.

R.K Ahuja et al. [48] presented the voltage sag mitigation using DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) and proposed an analysis of the three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with DSTATCOM as a voltage regulator , which provides fast dynamic response to maintain constant voltage at SEIG terminals during severe load perturbations and acts as a source and sink of reactive power.

D. P.Kadam et al. [49] presented the Voltage sag problem for the large scale wind system using PSCAD and investigated the application of statcom to wind farm equipped with squirrel cage induction generator with improving

reactive power at symmetrical &

unsymmetrical fault condition.

C. K. Vasoya et al. [50] presented A comprehensive review of the D- STATCOM controller has been carried out in this paper to focus on the solution of power quality problems and presented the methods for improving power quality aspect of the distribution system connected with wind power generation.

A.Jayaprakash et al. [51] proposed the method for compensating source voltage and current thereby enhancing power quality in the grid connected wind energy system by using Unified Power Quality Conditioner and defined that the series UPQC controller compensates the source voltage by implementing damping control algorithm and shunt UPQC controller compensates the source current by using current minimization algorithm.

A.Ejlali et al. [52] proposed method for simultaneous speed control of variable speed DFIG and power quality improvement of grid in presence of nonlinear load. Using variable speed DFIG have advantages which maximizing captured energy is the most important of them. In the proposed scheme, RSC controlled in such a way that provides independent control of active and reactive power and compensation of non-linear load harmonics.

There is no work has been done for power quality improvement of the wind energy system simultaneously used STATCOM & D-STATCOM .This is entirely a new subject of research in the area of technical research, still not much research has been done, STATCOM &

DSTATCOM have been not incorporated simultaneously in the wind energy system, although some research work has been carried out and their short term and long term benefits. Some of the indian and International research papers have been referred for the study purpose mentioned below.

3 RESEARCH GAPS IDENTIFICATION IN THE PROPOSED FIELD INVESTIGATION

The proposed research work will contributeto the development of techniques, jointly using STATCOM &

DSTATCOM aimed to improvement in power quality,which in turn will help to create change in the field of power quality

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7 improvement in the load side for a wind energy system and will provide better results forimprovement of power quality with all considered parameter .There are many work done in the field of individually STATCOM& DSTATCOMfor power quality improvement. But there is no work done simultaneously using STATCOM & DSTATCOM for wind energy system. For power quality improvement of wind energy connected grid system.

It is required to find out different parameters like active & reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag & swell with help of Facts device like STATCOM &

DSTATCOM for improving Efficiency &

stability of the wind system.These power quality issue may include variation/

fluctuation in generated voltage, frequency, active power, reactive power consumption, harmonics ,flicker emission etc. So in the proposed research we will maintain reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag & swell by simultaneously using STATCOM & DSTATCOM for power quality improvement.

3.1 Objectives of The Proposed Study Objective of the research to improve power quality of wind energy system with connected load based on STATCOM &

DSTATCOM. The compensation resulting through operation of the STATCOM &

DSTATCOM is to be investigated and work objectives are follows

1. Compensation of reactive power.

2. Voltage regulation

3. To reduce the voltage sag

4. Elimination of current harmonics.

5. To fulfill the requirement for the Engineering project

6. To explore and apply the Knowledge gain into practical application.

7. To design the simulation and tune it using virtual instrument.

4 CONCLUSION

It is concluded that both the FACT devices plays best roles in different prospective.

STATCOM provides the dynamic reactive power support, which leads the power system stability in the path of improvement. The DSTATCOM system is observed as a satisfactory system for improving the power quality of the system. DSTATCOM is flexible as it has the tendency of correcting the power factor.This paper is review paper based on

existing literature of different authors research.

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