India is the 'Land of Spices' and the Indian spices are known all over the world. A ripe pepper v. and there is an extensive mat of surface food roots; about 80-90% of the feeder roots are in the top 40 cm of soil.
Traditi
Black pepper can be grown in many soils with a pH of 4.5 to 6.5, although in its natural environment it thrives well in red laterite soils. The Rapid m technique, developed in Sri Lanka, was .. modified and easy to propagate black pepper vines in . from the base of the vine and have long internodes that sprout roots at each node and 3) lateral branches that bear fruit.
3 Charges for application of nutrient solution and pesticide 1950 4 Labor charges for tying vines, irrigation and maintenance 38000 5 Cost of temporary shelter (1000 capacity 12m x 6m) 9500.
Serpentine method: In a nursery shed with roofing sheet or shade net, rooted black pepper cuttings are planted in polythene bags holding about 2 kg potting mixture, which will serve as
Im of black pepper and their characteristic features Quality attributes
Preparation of soil and planting standards: On receipt of the first rain in May-June, primary stem cuttings of Erythina sp. (Murukku) or Garuga pinnata (kilinjil) or Grevillea.
Preparation of land and planting standards: With the receipt of the first rain in May-June, primary stem cuttings of Erythina sp.(Murukku) or Garuga pinnata (kilinjil) or Grevillea
C lt require
Planting
Foot rot disease: Foot rot (quick wilt disease) caused by Phytophthora capsici is
After receiving a few monsoon showers, all the vines should be drenched with 0.125%. After receiving a few monsoon showers, all the vines should be drenched with potassium phosphonate liters/vineyard.
Pollu disease (Anthracnose): This disease is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. It can be distinguished from the pollu (hollow berry) caused by the beetle by the presence of
At the onset of monsoon (May-June), apply Trichoderma around the base of the vine @ 50g/vine (this amount is recommended for a substrate containing Trichoderma @ 1010 cfu). It can be distinguished from the pollu (hollow berry) caused by the beetle by the presence of.
Spike shedding: Spike shedding especially in varieties like Panniyur-1 at higher elevations like Kodagu and Idukki is one of the emerging disease
Damage to the root system due to cultural practices such as digging should be avoided. The branches of the supporting trees should be pruned at the onset of the monsoon to avoid moisture build-up and for better penetration of sunlight.
Stunt disease: This disease which is caused by viruses is noticed in parts of Kannur, Kasaragod, Kozhikode, Waynad and Idukki Districts of Kerala and Kodagu, Hassan and Uthara
The main way the virus spreads is through the use of infected stem cuttings. The infected vines must be destroyed to prevent further spread of the disease.
Slow decline (slow wilt) (Nematodes): Slow decline is a debilitating disease of black pepper
Affected vines show varying degrees of loss of feeder roots, and symptom expression in aerial parts occurs after a significant portion of feeder roots have been lost. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a combination of fungicide and nematicide application for disease management.
Pollu beetle: The pollu beetle (Longitarsus nigripennis) is the most destructive pest of black pepper and is more serious in plains and at altitudes below 300 m. The adult is a small black
Regulating shade on the plantation reduces the population of the pest in the field. The pest infestation is greater in July to October when numerous succulent shoots are available in the vines.
Other pepper products
It is an important crop for tea production, where it is oak it can even reach heights of 8 to 10 tall (sometimes > 150 kg green pepper per support). Considering its width, it is a narrow strip of land spread across the Western Ghats at an altitude of 600 m and above.
Micropropagation: Studies on tissue culture of cardamom resulted in standardization of cation from vegetative buds. An average of six axillary shoots
Field evaluation of tissue cultured plants: Field experiments conducted at Indian Institute of Spices Research, Cardamom Research Centre, Appangala, to estimate genetic stability of
Micropropagation: Studies on tissue culture of cardamom led to standardization of cation from vegetative buds. Inflorescence culture: Immature inflorescences form an excellent source for clonal multiplication of cardamom by tissue culture especially when other sources tend to.
Inflorescence culture: Immature inflorescence forms an excellent source for clonal multiplication of cardamom through tissue culture especially when other sources are prone to
Regeneration of plantlets from callus: Protocols for organogenesis and plant regeneration from rhizome and vegetative bud derived callus culture were standardized. This protocol with
Selection of seeds: S p
Raising of seedlings: Nurseries are generally selected near water source. Th
They are planted at a rate of 1:10, i.e. for each primary nursery bed of seedlings for a year in the secondary nursery. First weeding is done in May-June after the last round of harvest, the second in ber at the start of harvest and third in December-January in the.
Manuring and fertilization: In the earlier days, cardamom was found to grow in the forest rich fertile soils of natural ecosystem and there was no external supplement of
Root caterpillars (Basilepta fulvicorne): The caterpillars feed on cardamom roots, causing a reduction in the absorption of nutrients, resulting in yellowing of the leaves. Shoot fly (Formosina flavipes): The pest is observed in the nursery during January to May.
Shoot borer (Dichocrosis punctiferalis): The caterpillar bores into the stem and feeds of the internal contents. This results in the decay of the central spindle and production of
Treat the plants in the nursery with Carbofuran 3 g @ 5 kg a.i./ha after 10 days of germination and is repeated after 3 months. Fumigation of primary and secondary nursery beds with methyl bromide (500 g/10 sq m) is an effective method of controlling nematodes in the nursery.
Nilgiri necrosis disease: Plants exhibit chlorotic streaks, followed by necrosis
Application of nematicides namely Aldicarb/Carbofuran/Phorat @ 5 g a.i./plant twice a year is effective in controlling the nematode is suggested for control of nematodes in plantations. Cats' or mosaic disease: The disease is caused by cardamom mosaic virus, the first disease discovered in cardamom.
Damping off: It is caused by Pythinm vexans and Rhizoctonia solani. Infestation is
The infection starts at the collar area of the pseudostem and progresses both upwards and downwards. Water-soaked spots appear at the collar area of the pseudostem and run upwards and downwards.
Minor pests: Larvae of leaf roller (Udaspes folus) cut and fold leaves and feed from within. The adults are medium sized butterflies with brownish black wings with white
To prepare dry ginger, the product (harvested after 8 months) is soaked in water for 6 - rhizomes are then rubbed well to clean the foreign material. Storage of seed stalks: To achieve good germination, the seed stalks must be stored properly in pits under shade. The seed stalks are placed in pits in layers together with well-dried sand/sawdust (lay a layer of seed stalks, then add a 2 cm thick layer of sand/sawdust).
The adults are medium sized butterflies with brown black wings with white. to be left at the top of the pits for ade. Rhizomes are larger in size with a stout mother rhizome, with branched primary and secondary fingers showing yellow to bright orange-yellow color. Whole or split mother rhizomes are used for planting and well-developed healthy and disease-free rhizomes must be selected.
Preparation of land: The land is prepared with the receipt of early monsoon showers
6 a nt of Spices and Plantation Crops, Faculty of Horticulture, Tamil Nadu ive oimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu. Immediately with -monsoon showers, beds of 1.0-1.5 m width, 15 cm height and of are prepared with a spacing of 50 cm between beds.
Manuring and fertilizer application: Farm yard manure (FYM) o to
Leaf spot: Leaf spot is caused by Taphrina maculans and appears as small, oval, rectangular or irregular brown spots on both sides of leaves that quickly become dirty.
Leaf blotch: Leaf blotch is caused by Taphrina maculans and appears as small, oval, ctangular or irregular brown spots on either side of the leaves which soon become dirty
Rhizome rot: The th
Rhizome scale: The rhizome scale (Aspidiella hartii) infests rhizomes in the field (at later stages of the crop) and in storage. Adult (female) scales are circular (about 1mm
Leaf spots are caused by Taphrina maculans and appear as small, oval, square or irregular brown spots on either side of the leaves which quickly become dirty .. 30 minutes) before storage and also before sowing if the infestation persists. The stage at which boiling is stopped greatly affects the color and aroma of the final product. Overcooking destroys the color of the final product, while undercooking makes the dried product crisp.
The pest infestation is more common in the post-monsoon period, especially in drier areas of the country. A thinner layer is not desirable, as the color of the dried product may be adversely affected. At night, the rhizomes must be piled up or covered with material that provides aeration.
Colouring: The colour of the processed turmeric influences the price of the produce
Drying: Boiled fingerlings are dried in the sun by spreading them in layers 5-7 cm thick on bamboo mats or drying floors.
Polishing: Dried turmeric has a poor appearance and a rough dull outer surface with scales and root bits. The appearance is improved by smoothening and polishing the outer
The seed rhizome can also be stored in pits with sawdust, pentaphylla (pan os nux-vomica (kanjiram) etc.) The islands of Zanzibar, Pemba (now part of Tanzania) and Indonesia are the main producers of cloves in the hilly tracts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and.
As it prefers shade, it is best suited for agroforestry or agri-horti-silviculture systems. The cloves of the trade are the aromatic, dry, fully grown but unopened flower buds of the clove tree (Syzygium arom.
Leaf spot and bud shedding: The disease is characterized by dark brown spots with a yellow halo on leaves and is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Such spots also
Cleaning the basal area of the main stem with carbaryl and keeping ponds free of weeds are prophylactic measures to reduce pest infestation. Carnation trees begin to flower in the fourth year of planting in fertile soil and good management conditions. The flowering season ranges from September-October in the plains to December-January in high altitudes.
Harvesting which damages the branches, as this adversely affects the subsequent growth of on the practice the producers e trees to be fruit (mother of cloves), as they believe that it is a The harvested flower buds are separated by hand from the bunches and spread in the drying yard for drying. The correct stage has been reached the stem of the bud is dark brown and the rest of the bud is light ell dried cloves weigh about one third of the weight of fresh cloves. Spray quinalphos 0.1% around the borehole and spray the same in the borehole after removal.
Scale insect
It is a tree crop, it can be grown randomly in the farm or along the groves or it can be interspersed with other plantations like coconut, areca nut or other fruit trees or avenue. The pericarp or skin of the ripe fruit is used locally in pickles; it is also used in the preparation of jelly. 2 Land preparation and planting: Planting in the main field is done at the beginning of the rainy season.
Nutmeg is a tree spice; it can be grown randomly on the farm or planted along embankments. Only a few types are important. twelve species of cinnamon were endemic to southern India. with a few inconspicuous umbilical scales, early caducous. cassia and are abundant in wild cinnamon, C. Rooted cuttings and layers can be planted in the main field when the rains begin.
SEED SPICES
- Downy mildew: It is caused by Peronospora trigon d
- Flowering and pollination : Vanilla u p
3 Root rot: the disease caused by Rhizoctonia sp. appears at a late stage of cultivation. Two sprays with an interval of 10 to 10 days depending on the recurrence of the infestation. 3 Alternaria disease: The disease attacks the inflorescence of the crop and causes a major loss of yield.
Cumin seed is one of the most important spices and it is one of the earliest known minor spices used by mankind. The leaf oil has largely replaced the use of the fresh herb in the food industry in Europe. The number of saffron is an important ingredient of the Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine in India.
The female fingers of the right hand deposit these into the appropriate containers. The climate of the t and is found on rocky terrains in the temperate parts of the world.
