OF LEPIDOPTERAN FRUIT-BORERfl^ON GUAVA {Psidium guajava L.)
YOGESH K. KESAR
^'^'^ALSCVe.^'^^
T H E S I S
Submitted to the
\ Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies
Siher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Jammu (J&K) in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (ENTOMOLOGY)
SHER-E-KASHMIR
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY JAMMU (J&K)
2 0 0 1 Regd. No. 99/A/534/M
Certified that the corrections/ suggestions recommended by the external examiner Dr. O.P. Dubey, Assistant Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Sciences, New Delhi have been incorporated in the thesis entitled "Seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit-borer(s) on guava {Psidium guajava L)" submitted by Sh. Y. K. Kesar, Regd. No.
99/A/534/M in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of IVIaster of Science in Agriculture (Entomology).
Chairman (Dr.V.Kaul) Associate Professor, Division of Entomology,
SKUAST-J
• 35S^8 \
' • • s , %
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit-boreifs) on guava {Psidium guajava L.)"
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture (Entomology) to the Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, is a record of bonafide research carried out by Sh. Y.
K. Kesar, under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
It is further certified that such helps or information received during the course of investigation have been duly acknowledged.
Chairman, Advisory Committee
Endorsed
Head^f the Division (Entomology)
We, the members of Advisory Committee of Sh. Y. K. Kesar a candidate for ttie degree of Master of Science in Agriculture (Entomology) have gone through the manuscript of the thesis entitled "Seasonal incidence and management of iepidopteran fruit-borerfs) on guava {Psidium guajava
L)" and recommend that it may be submitted by the student in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree.
Members :
(Dr. V. Kaul) Major Advisor & Chairman
(Dr. D. R: Kotwal) Major Discipline
(Dr. V.K. Wall) Minor Discipline
(Dr. S.E.H. Rizvl) Major Supporting
(Dr. D.R. Kotwal) Dean PG Nominee
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit-borer^^) on guava {Psidium guajava L.)"
submitted by Sh. Y. K. Kesar to the Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, Sher- e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu in partial fulfillnnent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture (Entomology) was examined and approved by the Advisory Committee and External Examiner{s) on
Chaifft^
Advisory Committee
External Examiner
. d ^
Division of Entomology
D / r e c t o f f ^ _ ^ ^ L ^ 0 3 t i ^ f^sidenir|lr^[ii:lions-b&'m-Dean Post-Graduate Studies
/ express my heartiest feelings, sincerest gratitude and indebtedness to the Chairman (Major Advisor) of my Advisory Committee, Dr. V. Kaul, Associate Professor Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir llniversily of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu for his keen interest, esteemed guidance and meticulous supervision during the course of present studies.
It gives me an immense pleasure to express my gratitude and deep sense of regard to Dr. D.R. Kotwal, Sr Extension Specialist Entomology (Retd), Dr. V. K. Wali, Associate Professor Pomology, Dr. S.E.H. Rlzvi, Associate Professor Statistics, members of my Advisory Committee for their valuable suggestions and guidance that enabled me to accomplish this husting task.
4
I am highly thankful to Dr. R.M. Bhagat, Prof & Head, Division of Entomology, for his mature advice in finalization of this manuscript.
I feel personally obliged to offer my sincere thanks to Dr.
Waryam Singh, Dr. K.C. Bhagat, Dr. M.l.S. Walliullah, Dr. Vljay K. Koul.
Dr. Hafiez Ahmad and Dr. Rakesh Gupta, distinguished teachers. Division of Entomology for their ever willing and kind help from time to time.
I also convey my deep sense of gratitude and heartiest thanks to Dr. D. P. Abrol, Associate Professor, Entomology and Dr. R.K. Arora, Assistant Professor, Entomology for their precious suggestions and mature advice for firujlization of this manuscript.
I also convey my deep sense of gratitude and heartiest thanks to Sh. Kuku Wazir, Director of Horticulture, J&K Govt., for deputing me to take up Post-Graduate studies in SKUAST-J.
(who expired during my fifth semester) for their affectionate blessings and encouragement.
I express my heartiest thanks to my wife Kusam and son Mohit and Suveik for their enduring patience, excellent support and constant inspiration.
I am grateful to my colleagues, Vinod Tandon, Sonant Dechan and Pawan Parihar for their delightful company during the course of my study.
Finally, I am also thankful to the staff of M/s Compupil Computers for accurate and neat typesetting of the manuscript.
Jammu "^ (¥. ^ . Ic^ar) Dated : i S - i H - S o e l
Jammu (J&K)
Nmne of the Student Division
Degree Programme Registration No.
Major Advisor Title of Thesis
Yogesh K. Kesar Entomology M. Sc (Agri.) 99/A/534/M Dr. V. Koul
Seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit borer(s) on guava
ABSTRACT
The present investigation on seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit borers were caried out in the guava orchard|at Regional Horticulture Research Station, Udheywalla and Horticulture Research Sub-Station for Rainfed Subtropical Fmits, Raya, Jammu during 2(XX)-2001. The observation of seasonal incidence of borers were recorded from 25th standard week (year 2000) to 3rd standard week (year 2001) on guava cv. L-49. The observations were recorded at weekly interval. The infestation on fruits at Udheywalla under inigated situation was first observed in 27th standard week (5.5%). The infestation increased in subsequent weeks and reached peak in 32nd standard week (20.0%) which started declining in
subsequent weeks in rainy season crop. The infestation reappeared in 50th standard week in winter crop and disa^^seared by 3rd standard week.
All the abiotk: factors studied had significant positive cofTeiatk)n with borers infestation with only morning relative humidity showing non-significant effect. Multiple correlation analysis revealed that the abiotic factors had influenced borers infestation upto 63.2% (R2 = 0.632).
A similar trend was obsen/ed at Raya under rainfed condition except the peak was recorded in 33rd standard week (9.0%) and the infestation continued upto 38th standard week. No infestation was recorded in winter crop at Raya. A comparison of infestation of Udheywalla and Raya revealed that fruit borers infestation was higher at Udheywalla under inigated conditions.
Studiea on weight k>ss in guava fruit due to borers infestation revealed that ttiere was an average of 14.5% loss in weight
The experiment on mean susceptibility of different guava cultivars indicated that Banarsi surkha and Hybrid no. 2 were relatively less susceptible followed by Hybrid no. 1, Apple coloured, L-49 and Allahabad safeda with corresponding values of 1.42, 3.45, 5.69,10.67, 11.34 and 12.66 percent.
^imJfmti&S9tiB& naiwi^ C^pwmethrin 10 EC, Carbaryi 50 WP, Dimethoate^
30 EC NeMnoB 30 EC, Endosulftin 35 EC and (X)mblnation of Profenphos 40 EC \ 4 EC were evaluattHi^ the control of borers on guava cv. L-Af/jfili ' tt was observed ttiat aR sbc insectlddes were effective in reckff^ing borers tnlef^«^iQt:i a» corr^MKed witti untreated check. Dimethoate (0.05%) was the most
^Ij^Ssm treatment after two sprays, where as Neem oil (3%) proved to be least
Chapter Particulars Page(s) 1 INTRODUCTION 1 - 3
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 - 13 2.1 Occurrence and seasonal incidence 4
2.2 Losses 6 2.3 Varietal susceptibility to guava borers 7
2.4 Management of fruit borers 8 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14 - 18
3.1 Experimental orchard 14 3.1.1 Seasonal incidence of fruit borers on
guava 14 3.1.2 Observations 15
3.1.3 Effect of some abiotic factors on the
incidence of borers 15 3.2 Weight loss due to infestation 15
3.3 Relative susceptibility of various cultlvars . 16 3.4 Evaluation of some insecticides for the
control of borers 16 3.4.1 Layout of experiment 16 3.4.2 Details of treatments 17 3.4.3 Critical stage and application of
treatment 17 3.4.4 Observations 18 4. RESULTS 19 - 36
4.1 Seasonal incidence at Udheywala 19 4.1.1 Effect of abiotic factors on population
build-up of borers at Udeywala 20 4.1.2 Correlation co-efficients between borers
and abiotic factor 23 4.2 Seasonal incidence at Raya 23
4.2.1 Effect of abiotic factors on population
build-up of borers at Raya 25
4.2.2 Correlation co-efficients between borers
population and abiotic factors 27 4.3 Weight loss due to infestation 29 4.4 Varietal susceptibility to guava borers 31
4.5 Efficacy of insecticides against borers
on guava 31 5. DISCUSSION 37 - 42
5.1 Seasonal incidence of borers 37 5.1.1 Effect of abiotic factors 38 5.1.2 Correlation co-efficients between borers
incidence and abiotic factors 39 5.2 Weight loss due to infestation 40 5.3 Varietal susceptibility to guava borers 40
5.4 Efficacy of insecticides against borers
on guava 40 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 43 - 45
LITERATURE CITED i - ix
Plate Particulars After Page
1. a. Experimental orchard at RHRS Udheywalla 19 b. Fruit borers damaged by D. punctiferelis
c. Fruit borers damaged by V. isocrates
2. a. Larva of D. punctiferelis 21 b. Pupa of D. punctiferelis
c. Fruit damaged by D. punctiferelis d. Adult of D. punctiferelis
3. a. Larva of V. isocrates 21 b. Pupa of V. isocrates
c. Adult of V. isocrates
*»*««»>>«**»*»*»
Table Particulars Page
1. Effect of some abiotic factors on seasonal incidence of lepidopteran fruit borers of guava cv. Lucknow-49 at Udheywala
during 2000-2001 21 2. Correlation matrix and multiple regression equation
between abiotic factors and borers infestation of
guava cv. Lucknov»^-49 at Udheywala 24 3. Effect of some abiotic factors on seasonal
incidence of lepidopteran fruit borers of guava
cv. Lucknow-49 at Raya 26 4. Correlation matrix and multiple regression equation
between abiotic factors and borers infestation of
guava cv. Lucknow-49 at Raya 28 5. Weight loss due to lepidopteran fruit borers
infestation of guava cv. Lucknow-49 30 6. Relative susceptibility of various guava cultivars
to lepidopteran fruit borers infestation 32 7. Efficacy of insecticides against lepidopteran fruit
borers on guava cv. Lucknow-49
(First Spray) 34 8. Efficacy of insecticides against lepidopteran fruit
borers on guava cv. Lucknow-49
(Second Spray) 36
* * * * * * > » * « i > * * * > >
Figure No. Particulars After Page
1. Effect of some abiotic factors on seasonal incidence of lepidopteran fmit borers of guava cv. Luckno\AMt9 at Udheywalla
during 2000-2001 37 2. Effect of some abiotic factors on seasonal
incidence of lepidopteran fruit borers of guava cv. Lucknow-49 at Raya
during 2000-2001 37
* * * < * * * » « i > « » » * » i >
Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is one of the most important fruit CTop of tropics belonging to family Myrtaceae. It is also called the apple of tropics ranking the fourth most important commercial fruit crop of India. It can be grown in all types of soil ranging from pH of 4 to 8.5 and upto an altitude of 1000 meters. It originated along with a number of other fruits in tropical America and seems to have been growing from Mexico to Peru. It is now widely grown all over the world. The major guava producing countries are South Asian countries, the Hawaiin Islands, Cuba and India. In India, the major guava growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra with its acreage and production next to Mango, Banana and Citrus (Bose and Mitra, 1990).
The area under cultivation has been growing steadily since 1950 from 0.524 lac hectare to 1.02 lac hectares v\flth production from 2.382 lac tonnes to 10.15 lac tonnes annually (Bal, 1977).
According to Pandey and Reddy (1989) guava orchard has better yield potential and gives a benefit cost ratio of 4.6 : 1 as compared to other fruits. The guava is one of the choicest fruits due to its delicacy and nutritive value. The fruit is rich in Vitamin C, pectin, carbohydrates, protein, calcium, phosphorus and iron with pleasing aroma; it contains 2- 4 times more vitamin C than oranges and ten times more than tomatoes.
According to Phandis (1970), guava contains 82.5, 2.45, 4.45, 9.73, 0.48
per cent water, acid, reducing sugar, TSS, ash respectively, and 60 mg of vitamin C per 100 mg of fruit. The fruit can be taken fresh or processed for juice, jelly and nectar. Besides fruits, the young leaves, roots and bark can be used in local medicine for curing diarrhoea and also for dying and tanning (Puseglove, 1968; Chattopadhyay, 1996).
The rainy season crop is more susceptible to Insect pest and the fruit becomes poor in quality as the fruit is highly delicate and perishable and demands immediate disposal and utilization. Fruit being soft is susceptible to bruises, mechanical injuries, fungal diseases and various insect pest infestation.
For increased productivity of guava, it is imperative to adopt certain improved technologies out of which management of insect pests is of prime importance. Guava fruits are attacked and damaged by more than 80 species of insects and mites, thereby affecting the growth, yield and quality of fruit (Butani, 1979). Out of these insect pests of guava, fruit borers also have been reported to cause substantial damage. The fruit borers viz., CHchocmds puncti^alis Guen. and Virachola isocrates Fab.
which were earlier considered pests of minor importance are currently assuming serious pest status in changing horticulture scenario. (Yadav and Pandey, 1995a). Both the borers are important polyphagous pests of cash crops and fruit crops viz.. Mango, Peach, Citrus, Pomegranate, Loquat Mulberry etc. (Butani, 1979; Jacob, 1980) and the losses on guava were reported upto 24 per cent (Biswas et al., 1995). In Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State guava occupies an area of 2022 hectare with
an annual production of 3613 metric tonnes (Anonymous, 1999).
A number of cultivars viz., Lucknow 49, Allahabad safeda, Apple coloured, Hybrid no. 1, Hybrid no. 2, Banarsi surkha and seeded guava are commonly grown in Jammu region. Although Gupta & Arora (2001) reported the outbreak of iepidopteran fruit borers in Jammu. But the information on these Iepidopteran fruit borers on guava is not only scanty in Jammu but else where in the country.
Therefore, the present investigations were undertaken on the seasonal incidence and management with following objectives :
1) Seasonal incidence of fruit borers on guava.
2) Screening of existing guava cultivars against fruit borers.
3) Evaluation of some insecticides for the control of borers.
Fruit borers are pests of potential importance which attack a wide range of fruit crops viz. Anola, Ber, Citrus, Guava, Litchi, Loquat, Mulberry, Peach, Pear, Pomegranate, Jackfruit, Sapota etc. Two genera of fruit borers attack guava viz Dichocrocis punctiferelis Guen and Virachola isocrates Fab.
The documented literature on the seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit borers on guava is rather scanty.
However, the literature available on other fruits and crops is reviewed under the heads —
2.1 Occurrence and seasonal incidence
Dichocrocis punctiferalis vy/as first reported by Lefroy (1906) on castor. Fletcher (1914) described the full grown cfirterpillar as rather stout, pale or reddish brown with numerous flatten homy warts. He recorded it on the stem and the seed capsule of castor, pseudostem of turmeric and rhizome of ginger, fruits of guava and mango. Ansari (1945) reported D. punctiferalis as a serious pest of guava. Ansari and Rehman (1946) also reported that winter and summer crops of guava were seriously damaged by this pest. Further, they reported that the larvae of D.
punctiferalis bore inside the tender shoots and the moth damaged the guava fruit. However, Purthi and Batra (1960) observed that D. punctiferalis
is a serious pest of winter crop of guava. Singh (1970) while reviewing
the information on guava pest reported that D. punctiferalis along with 30 other pests attack this fruit crop. Nair (1975) reported D. punctiferalis as a polyphagous pest damaging a wide range of fruit crops including guava.
Mohanan and Kumar (1976) reported that 80 per cent of cushions and 40 per cent tree of cacao in Trichur district were damaged by D. punctiferalis. But, Bilapate and Talati (1977) observed the pedicellar end of castor capsule as most preferred site of entry by larvae of D.
punctiferalis followed by stigmetic end. The percentage of damage plants range from 16 to 72 and peak damage of panicles and capsules occur in September and November, respectively.
Butani (1978) reported that Wachola isocrates also affect a wide range of crops and cause severe damage in developing fruits. The effected fruit fall down and are of no use. The rate of multiplication on capsules of castor by D. punctiferalis was studied by Bilapate (1978). He reported that the population on castor increased at a daily rate of 1.09 per female and population was able to multiply 20.9 times by the end of generation which is completed in 34 - 46 days.
Aherkar et al. (1995) observed the attack of V. isocrates on mandrin and reported that the larvae of V. isocrates attacked 3 per cent of developed fruits.
Biswas et al. (1995) studied incidence of fruit borer V. isocrates on guava. The infestation began at marble stage of fruit (1.5 to 2.0 cm diameter).
The infestation of V. isocrates in various guava based cropping systems was studied by Yadav and Pandey (1995a) wtio reported that infestation began in June with highest incidence in guava orchard and lowest in guava Euculyptus cropping system.
The infestation by V. isocrates was co-related with weather factors and it was found that the correlation between level of pest
infestation and temperature was significant and positive (Yadav and Pandey, 1995b). Similarly, relative humidity was an important factor for pest development and rainfall was also found positively correlated .
2.2 Losses
While studying the losses caused by D. punctiferalis on Sorghum Kishore and Jotwani (1982) reported that on an average grain loss in treated plots ranged from 1.71 to 19.61 per cent compared to 44.35 per cent in untreated plots. Whereas reduction in yield of Ginger by D.
punctiferalis observed by Koya et al. (1985) showed that when cummulative pseudostem damage exceeded 50 per cent there was a loss of 38 g green ginger per clump.
However, Kumawat and Kanwat (1995) reported the available losses to Pomegranate by V. isocrates to be 13.23 per cent. But Biswas et al. (1995) reported that due to infestation by V. isocrates to guava, there was 24.2 per cent fruit damage, 22.78 per cent weight loss in Kazipiare cultivar and 7.8 per cent fruit damage, 6.8 per cent weight loss in Swarpkethi.
2.3 Varietal susceptibility to guava borers
Singh ef a/. (1972) tested 7 varieties of castor in the field and observed that all varieties tested were susceptible against the larvae of D. punctiferalis. The average percentage of plants and capsule infested ranged from 7.7 (4.64) to 14.15 (29.70) whereas, the average population varied from 4 to 14.25 larvae per 5 spikes in the seven varieties.
Singh ef al. (1978) screened 12 varieties of castor for resistance against D. punctiferalis and found that the varieties with small seed and purple stem were more resistant than those with big seeds and green stem.
However, Sandhu ef al. (1979) studied the varietal reaction of 9 guava cultivars and categorised them into 5 distinctly seperate groups under heavy field infestation. The categories were designated as very low, moderate, serious and very serious. Further he also found that maximum fruit borers incidence was observed on seedless guava. However, apple guava showed serious and Allahabad safeda moderate infestation, respectively, while as Guinea guava and Red Flesh cultivars showed very low infestation.
Sheila ef al. (1980) screened 13 cultivars of turmeric for susceptibility to damage by D. punctiferalis and found that Dindrigam Ca- 69, G.L. Puram 11 and Mannuthy local were the least susceptible but Chayapasupa had the highest yield.
Seven cultivars of castor were screened for susceptibility to damage by D. punctiferalis (LaiI et al., 1980) and found that the local varieties were more susceptible than EB-16-A. The duration of development of larvae fed on local was 1.9 days and 26.5 days, respectively. The growth index on local was highest (1.789) and lowest (0.415) on EB-16- A.
The screening of guava cultivars against V. isocrates was studied by Yadev and Pandey (1994) who found that guava cultivar Sindh was the most resistant to attack by V. isocrates. The cummulative
infestation of the pest recorded by Biswas et al. (1995) revealed that the infestation began at marble stage of fruit (1.5 - 2.00 cm diameter) and peak infestation was recorded in August-September in all the four cultivars viz., Kazipiara, Kanchan Nagar, Mukundapuri and Swarupkathi. The highest infestation was recorded in cultivar Kazipiari and lowest on Swarupkathi.
2.4 Management of fruit borers
A large number of physical and chemical control methods have been tested by various workers in India and abroad against fruit borers for their control from time to time, but could not obtain any fruitful results.
Lai (1949, 1953) found effective control measure of V. isocrates. The use of transparent paper, coarse muslin or date palm leaf bags as effective control and spraying with lime sulphur and calcium arsenate were found effective.
Bagging of fruits at fruitlet stage \A«S an effective management described by Purthi (1969). He reported that with the cover spray of DDT 0.10 per cent suspension (4.5 litre per tree) at 15 days interval during the fruiting season have been found effective in keeping down the infestation of V. isocrates.
Singhvi ef al. (1971) compared different insecticides for the control of D. punctiferalis and reported complete mortality 24 hours after application with DDT (0.1%), parathion (0.05%) and dicholorvos (0.05%).
Whereas, endrin (0.05%) and dichlorvos (0.025%) required 48 hours and fenitrothion (0.05%) and parathion (0.025%) required 72 hours for causing
100 per cent mortality.
Saroja et al. (1973) tested 11 insecticides for controlling D. punctiferalis on castor and found that the spray of 0.05 per cent fenitrothion, 0.05 per cent parathion or 0.1 per cent DDT as the best control and resulted in the highest yield.
Awate et al. (1977) reported that 4 sprays of phosphamidon (0.03%), sprayed at 15 days interval was effective in controlling V. isocrates on pomegranate. The borer D. punctiferalis was controlled by removing infested plant parts and by spraying the trees with carbaryl, fenthion, phosmet (Imidan) or trichlorphon 0.1 per cent (Butani, 1978).
Mandal et al. (1978) while evaluating 6 commonly available insecticides against D. punctiferalis on castor, reported that all the insecticides were effective in reducing the infestation by the pest. Four
sprays of 0.25 per cent carbaryl at 21 days interval were found to be most effective.
Butani (1976, 1978, 1979) recommended spraying with phosphamidon (0.03%) before the onset of damage and bagging of the fruit for management of V. isocrates. However, Nayar et al. (1979)
suggested screening of the fruit with polythene or paper bags and spraying DDT (0.1%) for minimising the infestation percentage of V. isocrates.
Mogal et al. (1980) tested 11 insecticides for the control of D. punctiferalis in Sorghum ears which caused loss upto 27 per cent.
The results indicated that only parathion, parathion-methyl (methyl parathion) and fenthion 0.02, 0.02 and 0.01 per cent respectively gave about 90 per cent mortality with only 1 application.
Naganathan et al. (1983) studied the effectiveness of 13 insecticides for the control D. punctiferalis on Cardamom. It was found that bendiocarb (Garvox), fenvalerate (Sumicidin), acephate and methamidophos (Tamaron). In 9 monthly spray application at 0.1 per cent, all gave 16-17 per cent reduction of borer infestation, but none of the chemical tested could reduce the average intensity of attack.
Nanjan and Kumar (1983) also reported that the use of 0.12 per cent monocrotophos and 0.1 per cent phosalone also control led the borer V. isocrates.
Bagging of fruits with different materials and spraying various organophosphates, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids like permethrin.
cypermethrin (0.02%), phosphamidon, monocrotophos, dimethoate, quinalphos (0.05%) and dichlorvos (0.1%) have been evaluated by Shukia and Prasad (1983) and three alternate sprays of phosphamidon and dimethoate (0.05%) have been found effective in controlling V. isocrates, the two insecticides monocrotophos (0.12%) and phosalone (0.1%) used during February, April and December, respectively gave significant control of the pest V. isocrates. Sinha and Roy (1984) suggested application of carbaryl (0.2%), quinolphos (0.05%) and phosphamidon (0.03%) for effective management of the pest. Singh (1985) suggested use of phenthoate (0.05%) for controlling of V. isocrates. Out of 5 insecticides viz., carbaryl, fenvalerate, quinalphos, chlorpyriphos and fenitrothion used for the control of anar butterfly, fenitrothion was found the most effective and the quinalphos the least (Annonymous, 1987).
Kakar et al. (1987) reported application of cypermethrin, permethrin 150 g a.i./ ha. fenvalerate 50 g a.i./ ha and decamethrin 7.5 g a.i./ ha for effective control of the pest. Cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and decamethhn were also found superior to methyl parathion. Two cover sprays of fenvalerate or decamethhn or cypermethrin first in July followed by a cover spray after 45 days in August completely and profitably controlled the pest.
Patel et al. (1987) evaluated 8 insecticides against the pyralid castor pest D. punctiferalis and found that infestation was lowest in the plots sprayed vwth 0.04 per cent monocrotophosor followed by those treated with 1.5 per cent quinalphos and chlorpyriphos dust. The highest seed yield of 2029 kg/ ha was obtained from monocrotophos treated plots.
Varadarasan and Kumaresan (1987) reported the use of integrated control of D. punctiferalis on cardamom and observed that chemical control was unsatisfactory because it reaches only the early larval instars. Correct timing of pesticide application based on adult emergence is not always possible and D. punctiferalis also attacks a number of other crops. The use of light traps pheromones and hand picking were suggested.
Koshkarova and Zhigarevich (1988) suggested agroclimatic measure like painting of branches with copper sulphate and burning of dried fruits to kill the over wintering stage of the pest V. isocrates.
Koya et al. (1988) determined the effectiveness of 6 insecticides for D. punctiferalis on ginger and reported that malathion 0.1 per cent was the most effective compound, resulting in 4.3 to 4.4 per cent infestation compared to 14.5 to 15.8 per cent in untreated plots. This was followed by 3.6 per cent in plots treated with 0.05 per cent monocrotophos, with infestation in plot treated with other compound ranged from 4.3 to 6.6 per cent.
Pate! et al. (1988) studied the efficacy of foliar sprays of 0.05 per cent, dimethoate, 0.07 per cent endosulfan, 0.05 per cent monocrotophos, 0.05 per cent quinalphos, 0.15 per cent carbaryl, 0.1 per cent sevimol, 0.05 per cent DDVP and 5 per cent neem seed kernel solution against D. punctiferalis on castor Monocrotophos and endosulfan gave the highest seed yield (1615 and 1580 kg/ ha, respectively) lowest pest incidence (0.48 and 3.05 per cent, respectively).
Singh (1992) studied the control of \/. isocrates in Mandrin variety Kinnow and reported that phenthoate 50 EC (50%), Fenthion 1000 (0.05%) or methamidophos 40 EC (0.04%) during mid August at 15 days interval gave successful control.
Dubey et al. (1993) reported that V. isocrates is a serious pest of pomegranate. They used 4 insecticides viz., cypermethrin 0.01 per cent, methyl parathion 0.05 per cent, quinolphos 0.1 per cent and endosulfan 0.14 per cent and found endosulfan 0.14 per cent was most suitable.
Kabre and Moholkar (1993) evaluated 15 insecticides and observed that cypermethrin 0.0075 per cent, spray applied 4 times at 21 days interval from 1st flowering was the most effective treatment against
V. isocrates attacking pomegranate.
Shevale (1994) compared five insecticides and fruit bagging for control of V. isocrates in pomegranate. Fruit bagging with perforated butter paper bags, deltamethrin 0.002 per cent and carbaryl 50 WDP at 0.2 per cent were found to be very effective.
He-Rongqiang (1997) studied that the shoots, flower clusters, young leaves and fruits of fortunella trees were attacked by D. punctiferalis larvae throughout the year except during winter and early spring. The most critical stage was when fruit began to turn orange. The borer can be controlled by 50 per cent Sumithion (Fenitrothion) solution, 50 per cent Omethoate emulsion or 50 per cent dichlorvos at fruit colouring, after summer prunning and 3 weeks before flowering gave adequate pest control.
The present investigations on seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit borers of guava {Psidium guajava L) were carried out In guava orchard of Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology at Regional Horticultural Research Station Udheywalla and Horticultural Research sub-station for rainfed sub-tropical fmits, Raya, Jammu from July, 2000 to January, 2001.
3.1 Experimental orchard
The Regional Horticultural Station, Udheywalla Is situated 5 km.
away from Jammu at an altitude of 300 meters atK)ve mean sea level (Mattoo and Kapoor, 1978) having latitude 32.43° north and 74.54° east (Anonymous, 1990). It is located in a typical sub-tropical climate, characterized by fairly hot summer and cold winter. The Raya Station is situated 24 km away from Jammu. It is typical dry land research sub- station wherein fruit plants subsists on rain.
3.1.1 Seasonal incidence of fruit borers on guava
The studies were conducted on 9 year old guava cultivar Lucknow-49. The trees selected were of uniform vigour and size. A total number of ten unsprayed trees of guava were selected at both the stations for the experiment. The observation were recorded from 25th standard week 2000 to 3rd standard week, 2001 at 7 days interval at both the stations.
3.1.2 Observations
Twenty fmits were randomly selected from each of the ten trees of guava in all geographical directions. Observations were recorded in respect of fruit Infestation by the borers.
During summer months i.e. from June, 2000 to October, 2000 observation were recorded between 8 to 10 am and during winter i.e.
from November, 2000 to January, 2001 from 9 to 11 am. The data thus collected was compiled and tabulated to work out the mean per cent infestation.
3.1.3 Effect of some abiotic factors on the incidence of borers
The metrological data from 25th standard week at both the stations on temperature (Max. & Min.) relative humidity (Morn. & Even.) and rainfall was obtained from metrological observatory of Water Management Research Centre of Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Pounichak for Udheywalla and Dry Land Research Station at Dhiansar for Raya Jammu.
The mean borer infestation of guava thus obtained at weekly intervals was correlated with the metrological data.
3.2 Weight loss due to infestation
Fifty fruits (both healthy and infested) were taken for calculating loss in fruit weight due to attack of borers. The samples were collected at different time intervals and assigned lot numbers. A total of ten lots of
both infested and healthy fruits were weighed and the difTerence in total weight calculated. A mean of ten lots was also calculated to arrive at an average weight losardue to the borers infestation.
3.3 Rel#i^susceptibility<i4i^ various cultivars
This iKBeriment was conducted at Horticulture Research sub- station for rainfed sn%||||)ic^ %uits, Raya, Jammu \fAth three plants of each oMvat. A total of 6 cultivars of guava were selected viz., Lucknow- 49, Allahabad safeda, Hybrid no. 1, Hybrid no. 2, Apple coloured and
Banarsi surkha. The experiment was laid in randomized block design with three replication. Twenty fruits from each tree were observed for infestation and their mean Infestation was calculated and tabulated. The observations were recorded at 15 days interval on each of the above cultivars after 75 days of fruit setting.
3.4 I j P M U o n of some insecticides for the control of borers
The experiment on evaluation of some insecticides was conducted at Regional Horticulture Research Station, Udheywalla.
3.4.1 Layout of experiment
Twenty one trees of guava cultivar Lucki|M»49 of uniform age and vigour were selected for the experiment. The #Mi|!(ment was laid in a randomized block design with one tree representing one replicate. Three replication for each treatment were maintained. One row between the two rows were left untreated and was not taken into account to avoid spray drift and to eliminate border effect.
3.4.2 Details of treatments
Six insecticides at different concentration were used for treatment against borers to evaluate their efficacy in reducing infestation. The insecticides tested are shown as under :
S. No. Name of Insecticides Concentration (Percent) 1)
2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
7)
Cypermethrin (10 EC) Carbaryl (50 WP) Dimethoate (30 EC) Neem oil (30 EC) Endosulfan (35 EC) Polytrin-C
[Profenphos (40 EC) + Cypermethrin (4 EC)]
Untreated (control)
0.02 0.10 0.05 3.00 0.07 0.04
Water Spray 3.4.3 Critical stage and application of treatment
A total of 2 sprays of each treatment were conducted, first on 9th July 2000 and 2nd on 16th August, 2000. The first application of insecticide treatment was given at 5 per cent visible fruit damage and the 2nd spray were conducted after 4 weeks of first spray.
3.4.2 Details of treatments
Six insecticides at different concentration were used for treatment against borers to evaluate their efficacy in reducing infestation. The insecticides tested are shown as under :
S. No. Name of Insecticides Concentration (Percent)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
7)
Cypermethrin (10 EC) Carbaryl (50 ml) Dimethoate (30 EC) Neem oil (30 EC) Endosulfan (35 EC) Polytrin-C
[Profenphos (40 EC) + Cypermethrin (4 EC)]
Untreated (control)
0.02 0.10 0.05 3.00 0.07 0.04
Water Spray 3.4.3 Critical stage and application of treatment
A total of 2 sprays of each treatment were conducted, first on 9th July 2000 and 2nd on 16th August, 2000. The first application of insecticide treatment was given at 5 per cent visible fruit damage and the 2nd spray were conducted after 4 weeks of first spray
Foot sprayer pump was used to spray the insecticide. The total quantity of water required to spray one guava tree was worked out on the basis of 5 trees sprayed before application of the insecticide. A total of 7 litre of water v\«s required to spray one tree upto drenching.
3.4.4 Observations
Pre count of borers was recorded one day before application of the treatments. A total of 40 fruits were marked and tagged for the observation of infestation of borers on each tree.
Observations were recorded from each tree after 1, 7 and 14 days of applications of treatments. The data was subjected to analysis of variance after suitable transformation and efficacy of various insecticide was worked out.
The present investigations were canried out to determine the seasonal incidence and management of lepidopteran fruit borers attacking guava. The results obtained are presented under the following heads —
4.1 Seasonal Incidence at Udheywalla
The observations on seasonal incidence were undertaken at weekly intervals from 25th standard week 2000 during the cropping seasons. Though the recording of observations commenced from June (25th standard week) yet the first appearance of borers was noticed in first week of July at Udheywalla (27th standard week) and the fruits were collected upto 17th January (3rd standard week, 2001). The mean infestation of borers on cultivar Lucknow-49 varied from 1.5 per cent to 20 per cent during the experimental period.
The infestation was observed to start from 27th standard week, thereafter started increasing steadly till it reached peak (20 per cent) during 32nd standard week. The infestation started declining from 33rd standard week onwards and reached lowest (3 per cent) in 40th standard week.
No infestation was observed from 41st standard week to 49th standard week.
However, the borers infestation was again observed during 50th standard week (1.5 per cent). The infestation showed an increasing trend and reached another peak in 52nd standard week (4.0 per cent) and
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thereafter, started declining again till it reached lowest (1.5 per cent) in 2nd standard week, 2001.
4.1.1 Effect of abiotic factors on population build-up of borers at Udheywalla
The meterological data as regard to temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (morning and evening) and rainfall were obtained from Metereological Observatory of SKUAST Pounichak, for the duration of study period.
The mean borers population on cultivar L-49 is presented in Table 1. The data revealed that during 25th standard week no population was observed, when the maximum and minimum temperature were 36.2 and 25.1*HD, respectively and the relative humidity was 86.9 per cent in the morning and 73.6 per cent in the evening with no rainfall. However, when the borers infestation started appearing during the 27th standard week, the maximum temperature was 37.3°C and minimum temperature 25.7°C. The relative humidity during this week was 88.9 per cent in the morning and 60.0 per cent in the evening with very low rainfall 0.9 mm.
Further, when the population attained peak during 32nd standard week, maximum temperature was 34.7°C and minimum 25.1°C, the relative humidity during this week was 89.3 per cent and 69.2 per cent in the morning and evening respectively The rainfall of 21.9 mm was recorded during this week.
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The borer infestation and weather parameters during 33rd to 35th standard week remained almost statistic, the data shows that the infestsrtion was between 18.0 to 19.5 per cent during these weeks. The maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity were in the range of 32.5-34.200, 23.4-24.3°C, 89.4-91.1 per cent, 65.1-75.3 per cent respectively However, the rainfall had a pronounced effect during the period in the range of 28.4-116.2mm.
However, the infestation started declining firom 36th standard week onwards rapidly amd no infestation were reached during 41st standard week. When the maximum temperature was 32.4°C, minimum temperature 16.3°C, morning relative humidity 88.8 per cent, evening relative humidity 51.5 per cent with no rainfall during this period. This trend continued upto 49th standard week. The borer infestation again started appearing during 50th standard week, when the morning temperature was 22.1°C and minimum temperature was 6.2°C, morning relative humidity 85.1 per cent, evening relative humidity 39.2 per cent with no rainfall. The borer infestation remained static during 51st standard week which however, increased marginally during 52nd and 01 standard week and declined thereafter, during 3rd standard week no infestation was observed when the maximum temperature was 16.9°C, minimum temperature was 3.2°C with morning relative humidity 91.6 per cent and evening relative humidity 58.8 per cent with no rainfall.
It can be concluded that the borers population was observed in cultivar Lucknow-49 during the entire experimental period except from 41st standard week to 49th standard week at Udheywalla.
4.1.2 Correlation co-efficients between borers and abiotic factor The result of simple correlation co-efficients (r) worked out between mean infestation and abiotic factors are presented in Table 2.
The data shows that percentage infestation of borers also increased with increase in temperature. However, no defined trend was observed with morning relative humidity. The percentage infestation showed a marked increase with evening humidity. Statistical analysis of the data showed that maximum and minimum temperature were positively and significantly correlated with borer infestation (r=0.476**, 0.657" respectively).
Relationship between morning humidity and percentage borers infestation, though positively correlated (r=0.303) but was statistically non-significant.
This shows that though the morning humidity is responsible for inorease in borers infestation yet its influence is not significant. However, the correlation between the borer infestation and evening humidity and rainfall was positive and highly significant (r=0.649", 0.699" respectively) indicating their pronounced influence on infestation. To further determine the combined effect of above mentioned abiotic factors on borers infestation, multiple correlation analysis was carried out. It was observed that weather parameters had influenced the borers infestation significantly to the extent of 63.2 per cent (R2=0.632).
4.2 Seasonal incidence at Raya
The observations on seasonal incidence of fruit borers at Horticulture Research sub-station Raya were recorded at weekly intervals from 25th standard week 2000 during the CTopping season. The recording
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of observations commenced from June (25th standard week) but the first appearance of borers was noticed in first week of July at Raya (27th standard week) and the fruits were collected upto 12th January (2nd standard week, 2001). The mean infestation on cultivar L-49 varied from
1 to 9 per cent during the experimental period.
It has been observed that the infestation started from 27th standard v\^ek increased steadly and attained peak (9.0 per cent) during 33rd standard week. The infestation started declining from 34th standard week onwards and reached lowest (1.0 per cent) in 38th standard week.
No infestation was observed from 39th standard week onwards.
It can be concluded that the borers population was observed in cultivar L-49 during the entire experimental period (rainy season).
4.2.1 Effect of abiotic factors on population build-up of borers at Raya
The meterological data as regard to temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (morning and evening) and rainfall were obtained from Meterological Observatory of SKUAST Dhiansar for the duration of study period.
The mean borers population on cultivar L-49 is presented in Table 3. The data revealed that during 25th standard week no population was observed, when the maximum and minimum temperature was 36.2°C and 25.1°C respectively, relative humidity 75.0 per cent in the morning
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The population attained peak during 33rd standard week when maximum temperature was 33.5°C and minimum temperature was 24.9°C, the relative humidity during this week was 86.0 per cent and 69.0 per cent in the morning and evening respectively. Rainfall of 24.1 mm was recorded during this week. However the borer infestation started declining slowly from 34th standard week, and very low infestation of 1.0 per cent was recorded during 38th standard week when maximum temperature v\«s 32.2°C and minimum 23.2°C with relative humidity of 86.0 per cent in the morning and 61.0 per cent in the evening. No rainfall was recorded during this standard week. From 39th standard week no infestation was observed and this trend continued upto 02nd standard week.
4.2.2 Correlation co-efficients between borers population and abiotic factors
The result of simple correlation co-efficients (r) worked out between mean infestation and abiotic factor are presented in Table 4.
The data revealed that percentage infestation of borers increased with increase in temperature (maximum and minimum). Both morning and evening relative humidity also contributed to the increase in infestation.
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