View of भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत में सुधार पर अध्ययन

(1)

fo"k;&laxhr

,lksfl,V izksQslj ¼vks-ih-ts-,l- fo'ofo|ky;½

Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr nqfu;k esa 'kkL=h; laxhr ds lcls iqjkus :iksa esa ls ,d gSA bldh tM+sa yxHkx 1000 Ãlk iwoZ fy[kh xÃ iqjkuh Çgnw ifo= iqLrd lkeosn esa [kksth tk ldrh gSaA lkeosn lkexku ds :i esa xk, tkus okys èkkÆed Hktuksa dk ,d laxzg gSA lkexku og bekjr dk iRFkj Fkk ftl ij Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr dh dYiuk dh xÃ FkhA

Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr foLr`r vkSj vfHkO;atd nksuksa gSA if'peh 'kkL=h; laxhr dh rjg] ;g lIrd dks 12 vèkZ&Lojksa esa foHkkftr djrk gS] ftuesa ls 7 ewy Loj gSa lk] js] xk] ek] ik] èk] uh] lkA gkykafd] ;g vfèkdka'k vkèkqfud if'peh 'kkL=h; laxhr ds foijhr] dsoy çk—frd Loj 'kSyh ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] tks leku&LoHkko VîwÇux flLVe dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

'kkL=h; laxhr] VîwÇux flLVe vkSj lkeosnA

vk'kqjpuk Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr dk ,d ewyHkwr fgLlk gSA ,d dykdkj dks jkx dh Øfed O;ofLFkr [kkst esa vius Lo;a ds laxhr iSVuZ dks is'k djus dh ,d cM+h ek=k esa Lora=rk gksrh gSA ;g cnys esa jkx ds LFkk;h Hkko dks lkeus ykrk gSA fofHkUu dkjdksa ds vkèkkj ij vk'kqjpuk esa dkQh fHkUurk gS tSls fd%

 dykdkj dk ckSf)d dkS'kyA

 dykdkj dh HkkoukRed {kerk,a vkSj ekufld daMh'kÇuxA

 dykdkj dh varÆufgr {kerk,aA

 ?kjkuk ¼i`"BHkwfe vkSj çf'k{k.k½A

çR;sd dykdkj ds ikl bu dkjdksa dk ,d vyx lekesyu gksrk gS tks dkepykÅ iSVuZ ds fofoèk vkSj le`) lewg dh vksj ys tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd] vk'kqjpuk dks nks eq[;

çdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

 fu;ksftr vk'kqjpuk

 jpukRed lqèkkj

ÇgnqLrkuh 'kkL=h; laxhr esa] çn'kZu esa igys ls lh[ks x, eèkqj okD;ka'kksa ¼tks ,d jkx dk xBu djrs gSa½ ij dkS'ky gkfly djuk vko';d gSA xq# ds lkFk çf'k{k.k ds nkSjku blesa egkjr gkfly gksrh gSA le; ds lkFk] dykdkj laxhr ds Hkkoksa vkSj okD;ka'kksa dk ,d HkaMkj fodflr djrk gS ftls og çn'kZu esa is'k djrk gS rkfd jkx

(2)

dk ,d lqanj çfriknu rS;kj fd;k tk ldsA bls fu;ksftr vk'kqjpuk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA dykdkj bu laxhr vfHkO;fä;ksa] okD;ka'kksa] ekud Loj la;kstuksa] vyadkjksa dks yxkrkj iquO;ZofLFkr djrk gS ftls mlus o"kks± ds vH;kl esa fodflr fd;k gSA ,d dykdkj }kjk ,d jkx dk çR;sd çfriknu fiNys ,d ls vyx gksrk gS D;ksafd iquO;ZoLFkk iwjh rjg ls Lor% LQwrZ gksrh gSA bl çdkj çR;sd çn'kZu ,d rkRdkfyd laLdj.k gS] tks jax vkSj rky ds <kaps }kjk çfrcafèkr gSA igys ls lh[ks x, eèkqj okD;ka'kksa dh iquO;ZoLFkk fofHkUu :i ys ldrh gS%

 laiw.kZ laxhr okD;ka'kksa dks iquO;ZofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d ckj dykdkj us 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4 okD;ka'k lh[k fy, gSaA og mUgsa çLrqr djus ds fy, 1 &2&3&4] 2&3&4&1] 3&4&1&2 vkfn tSls dÃ Øe ifjorZu fodflr dj ldrk gSA ge bl mnkgj.k dk ç;ksx fuEufyf[kr O;k[;kvksa esa djsaxsA

 laiw.kZ laxhr okD;ka'kksa dks O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu nksgjko ds foosdiw.kZ ifjp; ds lkFkA orZeku mnkgj.k esa] dykdkj okD;ka'kksa dks çLrqr djuk 'kq: dj ldrk gS% 1&2&3&4&1] 3&4&2&4&2&4 vkfn vk'kqjpuk dh ,d foLr`r J`a[kyk çkIr djus ds fy,A

 ;fn ,d laxhr okD;ka'k dks dÃ NksVs okD;ka'kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS rks dykdkj iwjs okD;ka'kksa ds ctk; NksVs okD;ka'kksa ds lkFk Øe ifjorZu vkSj la;kstu cukus dk fu.kZ; ys ldrk gSA ¼nksgjko ds lkFk ;k fcuk½A;g fQj ls cgqr O;kid gksrk gS vk'kqjpuk dk o`gn foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gS A

 dykdkj okD;ka'kksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dks viuk ldrk gS] tSls fd vyx&vyx xfr dh ¼o‚Y;we Lrj½] vyx&vyx vyadj.k ykxw djuk] yach vofèk ds fy, dqN Lojksa ij fVds jguk vkfnA

 dykdkj ,d okD;ka'k dk çn'kZu djds vkSj mlds rqjar ckn] ;k rks bls ,d lIrd de ;k mPprj nksgjkdj blds foijhr Hkh cuk ldrk gSA

vk'kqjpuk dk og :i tks igys ls lh[ks x, eèkqj okD;ka'kksa ls vkxs fudy tkrk gS]

jpukRed vk'kqjpuk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA dykdkj jkx dh uÃ laHkkoukvksa esa vkuan [kkstrk gS] tks igys ls lh[kh xÃ lkexzh ds ØeifjorZu vkSj la;kstu ls ijs gSA jpukRed lqèkkj ds fcuk] laxhr fLFkj gksxkA jpukRed vk'kqjpuk laxhre; eu dh ekSfydrk vkSj jpukRedrk dh eqä vfHkO;fä ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA ;gka ;g è;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd çn'kZu esa fdlh dh jpukRedrk dks vkarfjd djus ds fy, jkx dh :f<+oknh lajpuk ls fopyu dsoy jkx ds ekSfyd O;fäRo dks LFkkfir djus ds ckn gh lkSan;Z vkSj lajpukRed :i ls foLrkj fn;k tk ldrk gSA vU;Fkk] ,slh ekSfydrk@jpukRedrk dks LoPNanrk ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA

;|fi ,d laxhr çn'kZu esa vk'kqjpuk vf}rh; O;fäRo ls mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj egRoiw.kZ :i ls fHkUu gksrh gS] dqN fuf'pr rjhds gSa ftuds ekè;e ls bls çkIr fd;k

(3)

tk ldrk gSA bu fofèk;ksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks eq[; Jsf.k;ksa esa oxÊ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS%

 jpuk ls lacafèkr vk'kqjpuk

 jpuk dh ijEifjdrk ls eqä vk'kqjpuk

,d fuf'pr jkx ij vkèkkfjr cafn'k ¼jpuk½ esa] ,d fuf'pr lajpuk vkSj foU;kl dh fuf'pr çfd;k gksrh gSA bl çdkj ds vk'kqjpuk esa] fuf'pr lajpuk dks cjdjkj j[krs gq, foU;kl ds dqN {ks=ksa dks cnydj cnyko fd, tk ldrs gSaA bu {ks=ksa dks ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd os ml jkx dh fo'ks"krk dks fopfyr u djsa ftl ij jpuk fuèkkZfjr dh xÃ gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djus dk ç;kl djus dh vko';drk gS fd jkx dh lkSUn;kZRed fLFkfr Hkax u gksA bls çkIr djus ds dÃ rjhds gSa] ftuesa ls çeq[k gSa%

 Lojksa dh yackÃ vyx&vyx djdsA

 Lojksa dks çfrLFkkfir djdsA

 vyx&vyx fn'kk lsA

 Lojksa ds vyx&vyx Øe lsA

 vyx&vyx vyadkjksa lsA

 vyx&vyx y;c) iSVuZ lsA

 vyx&vyx le; vkSj Lojksa ds }kjkA

 ek=k fHkUu djdsA

;g è;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ÇgnqLrkuh laxhr çn'kZu esa cafn'k ¼jpuk½ dsoy ,d ckj xk;k tkrk gS vkSj vfèkdka'k çn'kZu dk fgLlk ugha jgrk gSA 'ks"k çn'kZu esa vk'kqjpuk 'kkfey gSA vk'kqjpuk ds bl :i esa çkFkfed vko';drk ;g gS fd bls jkx vkSj rky ds <kaps dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A eqä foLrkj esa vkxs 'kkfey gSa

1-½ vkyki@foLrkj] 2-½ y;dkjh vkSj 3-½ rkuA

vyki] jkx ¼foLrkj½ dk rky&jfgr foLrkj gS tks jkx&:i ¼jkx dh fo'ks"krk,a½ dk çfriknu djrk gSA ;g jkx dk ifjp;kRed Hkkx gSA egRoiw.kZ uksV~l@okD;ka'kksa ij O;ofLFkr Lojksa ds ekè;e ls jkx ds èkhes foLrkj ls 'kq#vkr djrs gq,] ;g èkhjs&èkhjs jkx&:i dks Li"V djus esa xfr çkIr djrk gSA bl çdkj ;g vius vki esa ,d çn'kZu gSA y;dkjh dykdkj }kjk fofHkUu y;c) oxks± vkSj mi[kaMksa esa le; pØ dk forj.k gSA rku fofHkUu vkd"kZd foU;klksa esa O;ofLFkr jkx ds fof'k"V Lojksa ds rst va'k gSa tks lkSan;Z dh –f"V ls lq[kn lquus ds fy, cukrs gSaA

vk'kqjpuk dks fu;ksftr djus ds fofHkUu rjhds gSa tSlk fd uhps oÆ.kr gS%

 jkx ds pfj= dks lkeus ykus ds fy, Lojksa dh èkheh vkSj O;ofLFkr çxfr

¼vkyki½A

(4)

 fo'ks"k Loj lewgksa ij dk;e jgukA

 fujarj Loj lewgksa ds igys@ckn esa NksVs ltkoVh okD;ka'k tksM+ukA

 fofHkUu çdkj ds rku vkfn fu"ikfnr djukA

vyadj.k dk mi;ksx djuk vk'kqjpuk dk ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ vkSj lfn;ksa iqjkuk rjhdk gSA blls igys fd ge ÇgnqLrkuh 'kkL=h; laxhr ds dykdkjksa }kjk fu;ksftr fofHkUu çdkj ds vyadj.kksa dk irk yxk,a] vyadkj vkSj vyadj.k ds chp ds varj dks è;ku esa j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gSA gkykafd vyadkj vkSj vyadj.k bu fnuksa lekukFkZd :i ls mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] vyadkj dh ewy ifjHkk"kk Lojksa ;k o.kks± ds lewg dk ,d fof'k"V lewg gSA tSlk ,d o.kZ Lojksa dk ,d NksVk lewg gS tks ,d laxhr okD;ka'k ds lanHkZ esa viuk vFkZ çkIr djrk gSA ,d o.kZ dk laxhr okD;ka'k ds ckgj dk dksÃ vFkZ ugÈ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Loj lewg lk x e dk viuk dksÃ vFkZ ugÈ gS] ysfdu ;g gS ,d laxhr okD;ka'k ds lanHkZ esa ,d vFkZ çkIr djus esa l{ke gSA nwljh vksj vyadj.k dk vFkZ gS vyadj.k dk dk;ZA vyadj.k çkIr djus ds dÃ rjhds gSa] ftuesa çeq[k gSa%

 vyadj.k çkIr djus ds fy, vyadkjksa ds ,d lewg dk ,d lkFk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 vyadj.k çkIr djus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rjhdk xed gSA xed ,d Loj dh fip dk ,d fuf'pr ygjkrk ;k nksyu gS ftlls ;g ,d iy ds fy, viuh vlyh fip ls FkksM+k gVdj rqjar vius ewy fip ij ykSV vkrk gSA

 idM+ ,d fo'ks"k jkx ds lanHkZ esa uksV~l dk ,d la;kstu gS tSls fd dksbZ fo'ks"k la;kstu jkx ds ,d fo'ks"k Hkko dks mtkxj djrk gSA bldk mi;ksx jkx dh HkkoukRed i{k dks O;ä djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] jkx Hkwikyh esa ,d 'kkar Hkko ¼'kkafr dh euksn'kk½ tqM+k gqvk gS] ,d Loj okD;ka'k tSls

¼i x l½ ftls Hkko dks ckgj ykus ds fy, ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls xk;k tkrk gS mls fLFkj dgk tkrk gSA

 dkdw ,d fo'ks"k Loj dks O;ä djus ds rjhds dks lanÆHkr djrk gSA blesa 'kkfey gSa% fofHkUu rjhdksa ls ftlesa Loj lewgksa rd igqapk tkrk gS] cuk, j[kk tkrk gS vkSj NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS] ftl ek=k@tksj ds lkFk Loj lewgksa dks fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gS] mPpkj.k esa bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk le; vkfnA

 ge fofHkUu çdkj ds vyadj.kksa dks o.kZ ds :i esa Hkh lewfgr dj ldrs gSaA vyadkj] Nan vyadkj] o.kZA vfrfjäkyadkj vkSj o.kZHksnA

;s o.kZ ;k Lojksa ds lewg dk mi;ksx djus okys vyadkj gSaA mUgsa blesa lewghd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS%

 ;s vyadkj gSa tgka çR;sd o.kZ mlh Loj ij lekIr gksrk gS ftlds lkFk og 'kq: gksrk gS rkfd dksbZ iqujko`fÙk uk gksA

(5)

 ;s vyadkj gSa tks ,d vkjksgh ço`fÙk fn[kkrs gSa] vFkkZr] ,d vkjksgh vyadkj dk vafre Loj ges'kk vius igys Loj ls vfèkd gksrk gSA

 ;s vyadkj gSa tks ,d vojksgh ço`fÙk fn[kkrs gSa] vFkkZr] ,d vkjksgh vyadkj dk vafre Loj ges'kk vius igys Loj ls de gksrk gSA

 ;s vyadkj gSa ftudh dksÃ fuf'pr fn'kk ugÈ gS & vkjksg ;k vojksg.k] ysfdu fefJr ç—fr ds gSaA laxhr jRukdj ,sls iPphl vyadkjksa dh lwph nsrs gSaA

tc fofHkUu y;c) iSVuZ ;k vk—fr;ksa esa o.kks± ;k Loj&lewgksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks os Nan vyadkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA mUgsa vkxs foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%

 ;fn os ,d rky ;k ,d fof'k"V le; pØ ls lacafèkr gSa] rks mUgsa rky c) dgk tk ldrk gSA

 rFkkfi] ;fn fdlh rky ls dksÃ lacaèk ugÈ gS] rks Nan vyadkj dks rky eqä dgk tk ldrk gSA ;fn pkj Loj okys o.kZ l x e i dks ,d gh le;

vofèk ds Hkhrj vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls gj ckj u, vkadM+s cukdj fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gS] rks os bl Js.kh ds gksrs gSaA

1- xkSjh'kadj] ch,l] vkSj ukxIik] ;wch ¼2021½A e'khu yfuaZx dk mi;ksx djds Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h;

laxhr esa jkx igpku vkSj oxhZdj.k ds fy, Lopkfyr VªkalfØI'kuA baVhxzsVsM baVsfytsaV daI;wfVax dE;qfuds'ku ,aM flD;ksfjVh ¼vkbZlhvkbZvkbZlh 2021½] 4 ¼vkbZlhvkbZlh½] 211&217 ij rhljs varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu dh dk;Zokgh A

2- gsYQj] ,e-] vkSj gksyjks;Ms] ih- ¼2012½A Hkkjrh; laxhrA fjO;w Mh E;wft;ksy‚th] 58 ¼2½] 264- 3- v;axj] vkj,u ¼2018½A laL—r xzaFkksa esa 'kkL=h; laxhr dh Jqfr] Loj vkSj jkx dh vo/kkj.kkA

bafM;u tuZy v‚Q fgLVªh v‚Q lkbal] 53 ¼2½A

4- tSu] tsds] vkSj ekgs'ojh] vkjA ¼2019½A ân; xfr ifjorZu'khyrk ij Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr vkSj i‚i laxhr dk çHkko% ,d rqyukRed v/;;uA bafM;u tuZy v‚Q dE;qfuVh gsYFk] 31

¼4½] 556&560A

5- tks'kh] th,u ¼2017½A Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr dks le>ukA 46-

6- dkacys] ,e-] vkSj Hkkyds] Mhth ¼2015½A Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr dh jkx igpku rduhd% ,d flagkoyksduA baVjus'kuy tuZy v‚Q bysDVª‚fuDl ,aM dE;qfuds'ku bathfu;fjax

¼vkbZvks,lvkj&tsbZlhbZ½] 10 ¼6½] 100&105A

7- e/kqoarh] ,e-] ehjk jktkjke çk.ks'k] th-Mh-] vkSj ys[kd] lh- ¼2017½A Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr ds çn'kZu LFkkuA vkbZvks,lvkj tuZy v‚Q áweSfuVht ,aM lks'ky lkbal ¼vkbZvks,lvkj

&ts,p,l,l ] 22 ¼8½] 16-

8- ukSeA ¼2017½A dksbZ 'kh"kZd ugha] 3 ¼flracj½] 119&122A

9- uoklydj] vkjds] vkSj cqVs] ihds ¼2012½A bZbZth vk/kkfjr ladsrksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ekuo 'kjhj ij Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr ds çHkko ij fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj rqyukRed v/;;u A 2 ] 3289&3291A

10- isjh] MhA ¼2020½A Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr esa jkx ekU;rk ds fy, çk—frd Hkk"kk çlaLdj.k vkSj xgu f'k{k.k rduhdksa dks ykxw djukA

(6)

11- j‚;] ,l-] cuthZ] ,-] lkU;ky] ,l-] ?kks"k] Mh-] vkSj lsuxqIrk] vkj- ¼2021½A ,ech vkSj chbZ forj.k ds vkyksd esa Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr esa jkx y{k.k o.kZu ij ,d v/;;uA tuZy v‚Q fQftDl% d‚UÝsal lhjht] 1896 ¼1½A

12- lykeu] tsA] xqykVh] ,lA] vkSj lsjk] ,DlA ¼2012ch½A Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr esa V‚fud igpku ds fy, ,d cgqLrjh; –f"Vdks.kA laxhr lwpuk iquiZzkfIr lEesyu ds fy, 13oha varjkZ"Vªh; lkslk;Vh dh dk;Zokgh] ,lvkbZ,evkbZvkj 2012] 499&504A