View of विस्थापित आदिवासी महिलाओं के प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य रू सिंगरौली शहरी क्षेत्र, मध्य प्रदेश

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Vol.03, Issue 05, May 2018, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

1

foLFkkfir vkfnoklh efgykvksa ds iztuu LokLF; : ÇlxjkSyh 'kgjh {ks=]

eè; çns'k

Hkwfedk & foLFkkfir vkfnoklh dk iztuu LokLF; efgykvksa ls tqM+h vis{kkd`r u;s eqn~ns gSA ftls fiNys dqN o"kksZa rd iquokZl izko/kku esa vuns[kk fd;k tkrk jgk gSA çLrqr fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u ftyk ÇlxjkSyh 'kgjh {ks=] eè; çns'k ds NTPC ,oa NCL ifj;kstuk ls foLFkkfir vkfnoklh mitkfr leqnk; & ifudk] dksy] xksaM ,oa cSxk leqnk; dh 244 efgykvksa ¼18&45 o"kZ ½ ds iztuu LokLF; ds vkdyu djus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA efgykvksa esa izlo {k;] le; iwoZ izlo] ifjokj fu;kstu ds izfr /kkj.kk,¡a] ekr`Ro lEcU/kh fu.kZ;] izlo djkus ds LFkku] vkfn mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph rFkk lqlajfpr ç'ukoyh dk fodkl fd;k x;k Fkk ,oa fuokl LFkku ds izdkj ¼iquokZl dkWyksuh]

futh \ vfrØe.khr tehu ij ½ vkfn ls lacaf/kr tkudkfj;k¡a ds fy, voyksdu dh Hkh lgk;rk yh xÃ FkhA vkfnoklh efgykvksa ¼50 izfr'kr½ esa fiNys nks o"kksZa ds nkSjku xHkZikr dh

?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ gSA 38-8 izfr'kr efgykvksa esa ,d vkSj nks xHkZikr rFkk 10-8 izfr'kr efgykvksa dks rhu ls pkj ckj xHkZikr dk lkeuk djuk iMk+A

1- çLrkouk

Hkkjr dh T;knkrj tutkfr vkcknh cnyrs gq, lkekftd&jktuhfrd]

tulaf[;dh o vLoLFk izfreku ls xqtj jgk gS vkSj tula[;k o`f) esa ,d fuf'pr fxjkoV fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] tks muds vius vfLrRo dks gh [krjs esa Mky jgha gSA ;g fxjkoV muds iztuu&{kerk ds Lrj esa deh gksus dh ot+g ls ugh gS cfYd muds mPp e`R;q&nj ds dkj.k gS ¼Rao] 2002½A tutkfr vkcknh ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkkjr nf{k.k vÝhdk ds ckn nwljk LFkku izkIr djrk gSA ns'k dh dqy vkcknh dk fyaxkuqikr 1000 izfr iq:"k ij 940 efgyk,¡ gSa] tcfd vuqlqfpr tutkfr;ksa es izfr gtkj iq:"k ij 990 efgyk,¡ gSA blh izdkj, f'k'kq fyaaxkuqikr ¼0&6 vk;q oxZ½ esa tutkfr vkcknh esa fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZ gSaa

(Statistical Profile of ST in India, 2013)A usiky esa rsth ls yqIr gks jgh jkmVs Lons'kh [kkukcnks'k lewg dh vuqekfur vkcknh 650 gS ¼flYok] 2011½A bu dkj.kksa ls gky ds o"kksZa esa iwjs fo'o dh tutkfr;k¡a viuh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA

efgykvksa ds iztuu LokLF;&

lQy iztuu izfØ;k ekuo iztkfr dh fujUrjrk dks l{ke cukrh gS rFkk LoLFk iztuu ds fu/kkZjd dkjdksa eas ifjokj dk vkdkj] f'k'kq e`R;qnj] vkthfodk pquus]

fuokl LFkku dk fu/kkZj.k djus rFkk euksuqdwy thou lkFkh pquus] cPPkksa dh la[;k] nSfud xfrfof/k;k¡ dh vktknh ;s lHkh egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; gS tks ,d efgyk dks ifjokj esa loksZPp LFkku izkIr djus esa enn djrk gS, ¼Kabir, 2010 & Malhotra et al, 2002½A dk;ZLFky ij efgykvksa ds chp Hksn&Hkko c<+k gSA [kuu {ks= esa dk;Zjr efgykvksa dks okrkZyki rd dh vuqefr ugha gS vkSj uk gh iztuu LokLF; ds fodYi ,oa fu.kZ; ysus dh vktknh gS

¼Disouza et al, 2011½A

fo'o eas T;knkrj fodklkRed ifj;kstuk,¡ lokZf/kd fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa fLFkr gS vkSj ,sls {ks= vfnoklh ckgqY; {ks=

ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS (Stavenhagen, 2007)A fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa mnkjhdj.k dh N=Nk;k esa vkfFkZd fodkl

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2

ekWMy] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k dks n`<+rk ls izksRlkgu djrh gS, ¼^Mehar, 2009½A Hkkjr blls viokn ugha gSA ,slh fodkl ifj;kstukvksa }kjk gkfl;s ij [kM+s vkfnoklh leqnk; foLFkkiu dk lkeuk dj jgs gSA 1995 ls 1090 ds chp yxHkx 21 fefy;u vkcknh foLFkkfir gq, ftuesa 40 izfr'kr vkfnoklh Fks,¼Meher, 2009½A fodkl izsfjr foLFkkiuk dh lcls cqjh f'kdkj efgyk;sa gksrh gSA mtkZ dh jkt/kkuh flaxjkSyh, e/; izns'k jkT; dk 50 ok¡ ftyk ds :i esa lu~ 2008 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA bl vkfnoklh ckgqY;

{ks= esa 1980 ds iwoZ jk"Vªh;rki fo|qr dkWiksZjs'ku (NTPC) vkSj us'kuy dksy fyfeVsM (NCL) nks ljdkj vf/kuLFk ifj;kstuk,¡ ewy fuokfl;ksa ds fy, foLFkkiu dh leL;k ysdj vkbZ gSA dks;ys ds [kkuksa esa fu;fer gksus okys CykLV rFkk vf/kHkkj] dks;ys dh /kqy o jk[k ls okrkoj.k iznwf"kr gks jgk gSa, (Central Pollution Control Board, 2009)A bu lcdk lh/kk dqizHkko vkfnoklh efgykvksa ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa ekr`Ro LokLF; ij iM+k gSA

1-1 v/;;u dh vko';drk (Need of Study)

gkyk¡fd Hkkjr esa tula[;kvksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa] iztuu vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu ds lUnHkZ esa vusd 'kks/k dk;Z ,oa lkfgR;

miyC/k gSa ysfdu tutkrh; iztuu ls tqM+h O;ofLFkr Øe esa vuqHkotU;

v/;;uksa dh deh eglwl dh tkrh gS ,(Mohindra et al 2010& Maharatna et al,2000)A tutkfr; mitkfr lewgksa ds chp ekr` ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q dh la[;k ,oa fookg ds le; efgykvksa ds mez ls lacaf/kr i`Fkd v/;;u ugha gSA ;s lHkh rF; e/;izns'k ds vkS|ksfxd ftyk flaxjkSyh esa foLFkkfir ;qok vkfnoklh efgykvkas ds chp iztuu O;ogkj dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

1-2 'kks/k v/;;u dk mn~ns'; ^(Purpose

of research)

1- foLFkkfir vkfnoklh efgykvksa dk ekr` ,o` iztuu LokLF; dk v/;;u djukA

2- dk;Ziz.kkyh

v/;;u {ks= dk p;u (Selection of Area)

orZeku v/;;u esa e/; izns'k ds flaxjkSyh 'kgjh {ks= dk p;u lmÌs'; iw.kZ fof/k ls fd;k x;k Fkk A ifj;kstuk (NCL & NTPC) izHkkfor foLFkkfir vkfnoklh ifjokjksa ds p;u gsrq flaxjkSyh 'kgjh {ks= dks xqPN fun'kZu fo/kh (Cluster Sampling) ds }kjk nks leqgksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS-

 igyk lewg] iquokZl dkWyksfu;k¡ A

 nwljk] vfrØe.khr ;k uhft tehu ij vkokl cuk dj fuokl djus okys foLFkkfir vkfnoklh ifjokj A bu nks iquZokl dkWyksfu;ksa esa ;gk¡ ds ewy fuoklh cSxk leqnk; ds ifjokjksa dh la[;k uX.k; FkhA blfy, bUgsa v/;;u esa 'kkfey djus ds mn~ns'; ls cSxk ckgqY;

rhu okMksZa dk p;u mÌs';iw.kZ fof/k

(Purposive Sampling) ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA nwljs leqg, lkekU; nSo fun'kZu fof/k

(Random Sampling) }kjk nks iquokZl dkWyksfu;k¡ uothou fogkj iquokZl dkWyksuh

(NTPC) uanxkWo iquokZl dkWyksuh ^(NCL), v/;;u {ks= ds :i esa p;u esa fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u dh vof/k (Period of study)

orZeku v/;;u dh dqy vof/k 3 o"kZ FkhA 2-1 fun'kZ p;u (Study Subjects)

foLFkkfir vkfnoklh ifjokjksa dh la[;k ,oa iquokZl ls lEcfU/kr izekf.kd fyf[kr vk¡adM+s ftyk eq[;ky; esa miyC/k ugha FkkA efgyk ,oa cky fodkl inkf/kdkjh rFkk vk¡axuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ ds lg;ksx ls nks iwuokZl dkWyksfu;ksa rFkk rhu okMksZa ds

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3

foLFkkfir vkfnoklh ifjokjksa ds 244 efgykvksa ds fy;k x;k FkkA

2-2 fun'kZ p;u izfØ;k

p;fur v/;;u {ks= a ls lHkh foLFkkfir vkfnoklh ?kjksa ls 18-45 o’kZ vk;q dh dsoy ,d efgyk dk p;u fun'kZ ds :i eas fd;k x;k tks fd %&

 ÁFke& t¨ flaxjkSyh ftys ds ewYk fuoklh gS rFkk budk laca/k foLFkkfir ifjokjksa ls g¨A

 f}rh;&t¨ lajf{kr vkfne leqnk;

ds foLFkkfir cSxk tutkfr dk mfpr Áfrfuf/kRo djrk g¨A

2-3 viotZu ds ekin.M %

 tks iquokZl dkWyksuh esa jg jgh Fkh ysfdu vkfnoklh leqnk; ds lEcfU/kr ugha FkhA

 ,slh vkfnoklh efgyk,¡ tks fd foLFkkfir ifjokj esa izokl dj jgh FkhA

 tks fd u'kk ;k fdlh dkj.ko'k lk{kkRdkj nsus esa vleFkZ FkhA

 ,slh vkfnoklh efgyk,¡ tks foLFkkfir ugha FkhA

2-4 fun'kZ dk vkdkj

dsoy 244 foLFkkfir vkfnoklh efgykvksa

¼15&50 o"kZ LosfPNd½ ftuesa 90 efgYkk,¡

cSxk ] 62 dŸk ] 40 xäM rFkk 52 ifudk leqnk; dh foLFkkfir efgYkkvä dk p;u mÙkjnk=h ds :i esa dh xbZ FkhA

vk¡dM+s laxzg dh izfof/k ,oa midj.k lkexzh ladyu ds fy, izkFkfed lzksr tSls- lk{kkRdkj vuqlwfp] v)Z lajfpr] iwoZ ijh{k.k iz'ukoyh ,voyksdu rFkk nwjHkk"k lk{kkRdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ekr`Ro LokLF;- ekr`Ro LokLF; ls lacaf/kr lwpuk,a¡ tSls- efgykvksa esa izlo {k;] le;

iwoZ izlo] ika¡p o"kksZa ds vUrxZr izlo nkSjku efgyk e`R;q] ifjokj fu;kstu ds izfr /kkj.kk,¡a] ekr`Ro lEcU/kh fu.kZ;] izlo djkus ds LFkku] iks"kkgkj ,oa Qksfyd ,flM ,oa ykSg yo.k dh xksfy;ksa ds miHkksx] uotkr dks izFke Lruiku] ifjokj fu;kstu ds izfr leFkZu vkfn 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA 2-5 vk¡adM+ksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k 'kks/k v/;;u dh mÌs';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq ,df=r vk¡dMk+s dk laf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k ‘SPSS 20’ laLdj.k ¼Verison½ lkWQVos;j dh en~n ls lkj.kh rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA izfr'krrk dh fof/k mu lkjf.k;ksa esa iz;qDr dh xbZ gSA

3- ifj.kke ,oa ppkZ

lkekftd - vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe lkj.kh la[;k&1 foLFkkfir efgykvksa ds chp lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr N =244

vk;q oxZ lewg ¼o"kZ½ la0 %

< 25 91 37-3

26-35 88 36-1

> 35 65 26-6

mitkfr leqnk;

cSxk

Dksy 62 25-4

xkasM 40 16-4

Ifudk 52 21-3

*izfr O;fDr ekfld vk; ¼:0½

< 1500 97 39-8

1500&2100 102 41-8

> 2100 45 18-4

f'k{kk dk Lrj Lo;a dk

vf'kf{kr 205 84-0

IzkFkfed 23 9-4

ek/;fed ¼fefMy½ 16 6-6

**f'k{kk dk Lrj ifr dk Nk= 232

vf'kf{kr 121 52-2

IzkFkfed 57 24-5

ek/;fed ¼fefMy½ 29 12-5

gkbZLdwy 25 10-8

*L=ksr : ifjofrZr Rangarajan Committee, 2014.

**uksV& 12 mÙkjnkf=;k¡ vfookfgr FkhaA

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4

dqy p;fur 244 efgykvksa dh

¼15&50 Ok"kZ½ efgykvksa esa ls lcls vf/kd 37-3 izfr'kr efgyk,¡ 25 ;k 25 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh FkhA lkj.kh la[;k &1) A lcls de dsoy 26-6 izfr'kr efgyk,¡ 35 o"kZ ls vf/kd mez ikb xbZ FkhA lkaf[;dh;

x.kuk ls fofnr gksrk gS fd dqy p;fur mÙkjnkf=;ksa dh vkSlr vk;q muds ekud fopy ds lkFk ¼30-22 + 9-33½ o"kZ ik;k x;k gSA ftldk izlkj de ls de 15 Ok"kZ ls ysdj vf/kdre 50 o"kZ ds e/; gSA

lcls vf/kd 36-9 izfr'kr cSxk tutkfr leqg ,oa lcls de 16-4 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk p;u xksaM tutkfr leqnk;

ls fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr ljdkj us de o`f) -nj] vR;ar fuEu lk{kjrk-nj ds vk/kkj ij cSxk dks lajf{kr vkfne tkfr leqnk; ds vUrXkZr j[kk gS] ¼^Tiwari] 1984½A foLFkkfir vkfnoklh efgykvksa ds 39-8 izfr'kr ifjokj dk izfr O;fDr ekfld vk; 1500 :0 ls de ik;k x;k Fkk] ;kfu yxHkx 40-0 izfr'kr izfr ifjokj xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou ;kiu dj jgs FksaA lokZf/kd 84-0 izfr'kr foLFkkfir efgyk,¡ vf'kf{kr Fkha] tcfd dsoy 16 efgyk,¡ f'kf{kr ikbZ xbZ FkhA blh izdkj vk/ks ls vf/kd 52-2 izfr'kr p;fur efgykvksa ds ifr vf'kf{kr Fks rFkk 47-8 izfr'kr f'kf{kr Fks A dsoy 8-2 izfr'kr gkbZLdwy vkSj Øe'k% izkFkfed] 2-6 izfr'kr b.VjehfM,V rd f'k{kk xzg.k fd;s gq, FksA

fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd p;fur efgykvksa esa izkS<+ voLFkk dh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr vis{kkd`r de ik;k x;kA /;ku nsus ;ksX; rF; ;g Fkk fd eqMokuh MSe ds cSxk leqnk; ifjokjkas esa 40 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q dh ,d Hkh efgyk ugha ns[kh xbZ FkhA ftldk dkj.k dks;yk ds [kknkuksa lehi dk;Z ,oa iznqf"kr okrkoj.k esa vokl LFkku] feykoVh u'kk dk vR;f/kd lsou] chekfj;k¡ vkfn gks ldrk gSA 'kjkc lsou ls efgykvksa dh gksus okyh

ekSrsa iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa 50 ls 100 izfr'kr vf/kd ik;k x;k gS (Paul et al.,

2001⁾ tcfd iznqf"kr okrkoj.k rFkk dks;yk ¶ykbZ ,s'k dk LokLF; ij iMus okys izfrdqy izHkko ds :i esa thou izR;k'kk es adeh ik;h xbZ gS ¼gsuZMkWu]

2015½A vaMeku vkSj fudksckj ds dqN leqnk;ksa dh tula[;k o`f) esa fxjkoV muds vius vfLRkRo dks gh [krjs esa Mky jgh gSA ;g fxjkoV muds iztuu&{kerk ds Lrj esa deh gksus dh otg ls ugha gS cfYd muds mPp e`R;q&nj ds dkj.k gS

(Rao, 2002)A c<+rs vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k iznwf"kr okrkoj.k dk LFkkuh;

fuoklh;ksa ds thou&izR;k'kk] ,oa ekr`&LokF; ij iM+us okys izHkkokas ij 'kks/k dk;Z dh vko';drk gSA

4- vkoklh; fLFkfr

lkj.kh la[;k&2 foLFkkfir vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp vkoklh; fLFkfr *N=232

fuokl LFkku la0 %

vfrØe.k \ futh dh tehu ij

111 45-4 iquokZl d¡kyksuh esa oS/k

\voS/k

115 52-1

vkokl foghu 6 2--5

nqf"kr okrkoj.k dh fLFkfr

gk¡ 182 87-3

ugha 50 12-7

vkokl ds vkl&ikl iznw"k.k ds izdkj

**tSfod nqf"kr okrkoj.k 107 50-1

*** vkSn~;ksfxd nqf"kr okrkoj.k

125 49-9

*uksV& 12 mÙkjnkf=;k¡ vfookfgr FkhaA

**ty teko, ?kkl&Qwl, tkuoj dk ey&ew=A

***vksch ¼[kknku ls fudkyh feV~Vh ls cuk Vhyk½, dks;ys dk /kwy ,oa jk[k jsy dh iVjhA

lokZf/kd 52-1 izfr'kr efgyk,¡

iquokZl dWkyksuh esa oS/k@voS/k :i ls 45-4 izfr'kr dk fuokl ^NCL vfrØe.k@futh tehu ij Fkk rFkk 2-5 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk viuk dksbZ LFkk;h fuokl ugha gSA

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5

lokZf/kd 87-3 izfr'kr vkfnoklh efgykvksa ds vkokl ds vkl&ikl xanxh ikbZ xbZ FkhA xanxh ds Lo:i vuqlkj 50-1 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk vkokl tSfod nqf"kr okrkoj.k vkl&ikl Fkk rFkk 49-9 izfr'kr efgykvksa ds vkokl vkSn~;ksfxd nqf"kr okrkoj.k ds utnhd ik;k x;k FkkA

vr% fo'ys"k.k ls fofnr gksrk gS fd cgqr gh de ifjokj ds vkokl dk fuekZ.k iquokZl dkWyksuh esa A foLFkkfir ifjokjksa dk iquokZl dh izfØ;k yEch Fkh rFkk u;s ls u;s ifjos'k esa lkeatL; dh leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS A Jhyadk ds foLFkkfir eNqvkjksa ds 6 izfr'kr vkcknh 3 o"kksZ ds mijkUr vU;

fj'rsnkjksa ;k vLFkk;h fuokl LFkku ij jg jgs Fks, ¼dqekjklhj] 2009½A bl v/;;u ds vUrxZr 6 vkokl foghu efgykvksa esa nks efgyk, xHkZorh ,oa xHkZikr rFkk nks efgyk,a chekj o fcLrj ij ik;h xbZ FkhA vr% foLFkkiu izfØ;k ds vUrxZr izHkkfor efgykvksa ds 'kkjhfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A yxHkx vk/kh foLFkkfir efgykvksa dk fuokl LFkku vkS|ksfxdh dpjs ds lehi ik;k x;k gS]

tks LokLF; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls gkfudkj gSA dks;yk ¶ykbZ ,s'k esa ijek.kq dpjs ls T;knk jsfM;ks ,fDVo ik;k x;k gS

¼gsehlVsaMy] 2015½ lkFk gh dks;ys ¶ykbZ ,s'k esa fefJr ,yE;qfu;e d.k lk¡l ;k Hkkstu }kjk 'kjhj esa izos'k dj vusd chekfj;ksa dk dkj.k curk gSA yEch vof/k rd inkFkZ d.k }kjk iznqf"kr okrkoj.k esa jgus okyksa dh ân; jksx ds dkj.k thou izR;k'kk es deh vkrh gS ¼^HO,2013½A vr%

iqoZorhZ v/;;u ds ifj.kke dks ns[krs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku 'kks/k v/;;u dh vkfnoklh efgyvksa esa 35 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q dh efgykvkas dk fuEu izfr'kr ¼26%½ ik, tkus ¼lkj.kh la- 1½ dk dkj.k bu efgykvksa dk iznqf"kr okrkoj.k esa fuokl LFkku rFkk dk;Z djuk gks ldrk gSA Hkfo"; esa bl {ks= esa 'kks/k dh vko';drk gSA

5- ifjokfjd i`"BHkwfe

lkj.kh la[;k & 3 foLFkkfir vkfnoklh efgykvksa ds chp ikfjokfjd fLFkfr Nk=

244

oSokfgd Lrj ¼izfLFkfr½ la0 %

vfookfgr 12 4-9

fookfgr 221 90-6

rykd'kqnk\ fo/kok 11 4-5

fookg ds le; vk;q ¼o"kZ½ *Nk= 232

9&12 43 13-1

12&16 189 82-0

vfookfgr 12 4-9

ifjokj esa cPpksa dh la[;k (0-14 vk;q oxZ

dksbZ ugha 22 9-0

1-2 107 43-8

3&4 99 40-6

>4 16 6-6

yM+fd;ksa ds tUe ds izfr fopkj

vPNk 131 43-7

nqHkkZX;iq.kZ 113 46-3

?kjsyw fgalk dk ?kfVr gksuk

gk¡ 171 70-1

Ugha 73 29.9

?kjsyw fgalk gksus ds dkj.k

u'kk 47 27-5

u'kk o iSlk 73 42-7

ikfjokfjd dyg 26 15-1

yM+dh tUe nsus ds dkj.k 25 14-7

efgykvksa ds oSokfgd Lrj ds vUrxZr lokZf/kd 90-6% efgyk,¡ fookfgr FkhA ftuesa 95 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk fookg 12-16 o"kZ ds e/; vk;q rFkk 9 -12 o"kZ dh vk;q esa esa laiUu gqvk FkkA 43-8 izfr'kr efgykvksa ds ifjokj esa dqy ,d ls nks cPps rFkk 40-6 izfr'kr ifjokj esa 3 ls 4 cPps rFkk 9 izfr'kr efgykvksa ds ifjokj esa dksbZ Hkh cPpk ugha FkkA ifjokj esa cPpksa dh vkSlr la[;k 3 ds yxHkx ikbZ xbZ gSA 46-3 izfr'kr efgykvksa us yM+fd;ksa ds tUe dks cgqr gh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ crk;kA tcfd 14-7 izfr'kr foLFkkfir vkfnoklh efgyk ifjokjksa esa ?kjsyq fgalk

?kfVr gksus ds dkj.kksa esa yM+dh tUe nsuk otg FkkA

lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku irk pyk fd yxHkx 74% efgyk,¡ ‚cky fookg xSj dkuquh gS**rF; ls voxr gksrs gq, Hkh de

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6

vk;q esa fookg efgyk ekr` LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd gSA voykssdu esa cgqr de vfookfgr yM+fd;k¡ ¼10 o"kZ ls vf/kd½ ns[kh xbZ Fkh ftldk dkj.k bu efgykvksa ds vuqlkj vlqfjf{kr ,oa vLFkk;h fuokl LFkku esa efgykvksas dh futrk dks lqfjf{kr ugha j[k ikuk gks ldrk gSA fo'ks"k :Ik ls detksj] foLFkkfir efgykvksa ;kSu fgalk dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSa (Bose and Manchanda, 1997)A ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dh la[;k nks ls rhu ds e/; ik;k tkuk NksVks ifjokj dk ifjpk;d ugha ekuk tk ldrkA efgykvksa esa izkFkfed rFkk ek/;fed ck¡>iu rFkk yxkrkj xHkkZikr ;k cky&e`R;q ds dkj.k thfor cPPks dh la[;k esa deh n`f"Vxkspj gqvk FkkA tcfd LokLF; losZ{k.k ¼^NFHS-3½ MsVk bafxr djrk gSA Hkkjr esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd oafpr i`"BHkwfe efgykvksa ds chp iztuu nj mPp gS rFkk dqN v/;uksa esa tutkrh;

efgykvksa dk fuEu iztuu Lrj de mez esa fookg] fuEu f'k{kk Lrj] iq= dks ojh;rk rFkk ?kjsyq fgalk gksuk izeq[k dkj.k Fkk a

(D’Souza et al,2013).

lkj.kh la[;k&4 foLFkkfir efgykvksa ds chp iztuu LokLF; dh fLFkfr *Nk= 232

fiNys nks o"kksZa ds nkSjku xHkZikr dh la[;k

'kwU; 117 50.4

1-2 90 38.8

3-4 25 10.8

le; iwoZ izlo dh la[;k

'kwU; 170 73.3

1 37 15.9

2 24 10.4

3 1 0.4

ikap lky ds vUrxZr izlo nkSjkuekr`&e`R;q

gk¡ 20 8.6

Ugha 212 91.4

iks"kkgkj ,oa ykSg yo.k ,oa Qksfyd ,flM xksfy;ksa ds mi;ksx N=115

fu;fer lsou 34 29.6

vfu;fer lsou 81 70.4

ifjokj fu;kstu dk leFkZu

gk¡ 137 61.1

Ugha 95 38.9

ifjokj fu;kstu dks viukuk

gk¡ 32 13.1

Ugha 200 86.9

ekr`Ro laca/kh fu.kZ;

Lo;a@ifr ds enn ls 54 23.3

ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa }kjk 178 76.7 izlo dk LFkku

?kj ij (ifjtu }kjk, Lo;a@ifr ds enn ls)

188 81.0

vLirky esa (MkDVj@ ulZ) 21 9.1

,ue }kjk 23 9.9

*uksV& 12 mÙkjnkf=;k¡ vfookfgr FkhaA v/;;u {ks= ds p;fur efgykvksa ds iztuu LokLF; ds vUrxZr vk/kh vkfnoklh efgykvksa ¼50 izfr'kr½ esa fiNys nks o"kksZa ds nkSjku xHkZikr dh ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ gSA 38-8 izfr'kr efgykvksa esa ,d vkSj nks xHkZikr rFkk 10-8 izfr'kr efgykvksa dks rhu ls pkj ckj xHkZikr dk lkeuk djuk iMk+A tcfd 26 izfr'kr efgykvksa ,d ls nks ckj le; ls iwoZ izlo dk lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA

vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds gkfudkjd jklk;fud ,oa fo"kkDr dpjk Hkfo"; esa efgyk LokLF; ,oa iztuu LokLF; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls [krjukd gS] D;ksafd vkS|ksfxdh dpjs dk mipkj] HkaMkj.k ,oa vif'k"V fuiVkju dh lqfo/kkvksa dh

¼Pollution Control Board, Annual Report 2012-2013½A mÙkj izns'k ds lksuHknz ls fy;s x;s is;ty uewuksa esa ejdjh 0-001 ppm rFkk ¶yksjkbZM 1-0 ppm dh laLrqfrr ek=k ls 26 rFkk 2-1 xquk xquk vf/kd ik;h xbZ Fkh, (Pandey and Pandey, 2013) tcfd flaxjkSyh ftyk ds dbZ efgykvksa ds cky] uk[kwu] Ropk es ikjk /kkrq dh mifLFkfr mPPk ek=k 79 ^{mg L}ⁱ¹

Fkk, (Sahu et al.] 2012½ A dks;yk rFkk vksch ¼vf/kHkkj½ dk /kqy fo’kkDr inkFkksZ dk ogu djrk gS] ¼nkl 2015½ rFkk mMh+lk ds dks;ys [kku ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr dk;Zjr iq:"k Jfedksa ds dks;ys ds /kqy ds laidZ esa vkus okys Jfedksa esa fod`r 'kqØk.kq dh la[;k fu;af=r leqg ds Jfedksa dh rqyuk esa 6-11 xquk vf/kd Fkk rFkk

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7 teratozoospermic lwpdkad esa lkFkZd fxjkoV ¼^P<0.05½ ns[kh xbZ, ¼feRry rFkk egkuank] 2015½A Lons'kh izns'kksa esa fo"kkDr vof'k"V <saj ds dkj.k dbZ Lons'kh efgykvksa ds chp xHkZikr ,oa dSalj tSls vU; fcekfj;ksa ls lacaf/kr ekeys rsth ls c<+rs ns[ks tk jgs gS] (Stavenhagen, 2007)A orZeku v/;;u esa cSxk ,oa dksy lkeqnkf;d ds efgyk ,oa iq:"kksa }kjk feykoVh 'kjkc dk vR;f/kd lsou ,oa vkS|ksfxd jklk;fud fo"kkDr vof'k"V

¼vksch] dks;yk dk /kwy] ejdjh ] [kk|kUu ls fudyus okys nwf"kr ikuh, vkfn½ ds lehi jgus okyh efgykvksa ¼50 izfr'kr]

lkj.kh la0 2½ esa mPPk xHkkZikr nj ¼50 izfr'kr½] le; iwoZ izlo ¼26 izfr'kr½ ,oa izkFkfed ;k ek/;fed ck¡>iu ¼9 izfr'kr]

lkj.kh la0 3½ n`f"Vxkspj gksuk] u'kk laca/kh cqjh vknrsa ]iznqf"kr okrkoj.k fuokl ,oa dk;Z LFky dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA

mM+hlk esa xjhch] lk{kjrk vkSj e`R;qnj bu rhu ladsrdksa ds chp ldkjkRed laca/k ik;k x;k] Basu ¼2000½A orZeku 'kks/k v/;;u esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk leFkZu djus okyh efgykvksa ¼61-1 izfr'kr½ ,oa viukus okyh efgykvksa ¼13 izfr'kr½ ds chp vR;f/kd vUrj ns[kk x;k gSA ifjokj fu;kstu dk leFkZu djus okyh efgyk,a ¼61-1 izfr'kr½ iquokZl dkyksuh ;k 'kgj ds lehi fuokl dj jgh Fkh vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr FkhA ekr`Ro laca/kh fu.kZ; esa ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa dh iz/kkurk

¼76 izfrk'r½] vf'k{kk ,oea cky fookg ¼84 izfr'kr vkSj 95 izfr'kr½ lkFk gh cgqr de efgykvksa ¼19 izfr'kr½ }kjk laLFkkxr izlo lsok rFkk ¼29 izfr'kr½ xHkkZoLFkk ,oa izloksijkUr ljdkj }kjk vfrfjDr iks"kkgkj Qksfyd ,flM ,oa ykSg yo.k dh xksfy;ksa dk fu;fer lsou ¼lkj.kh la[;k&4½ fd;k tkuk fuEu iztuu LokLF; dk dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA iqjkuh ekU;rkvksa@fo'okl tSls vf/kd larkuksRifÙk ¼ cPpksa dh mPPk tUe o e`R;q nj ds dkj.k ½ ] xHkZ fujks/k

dk ikjaifjd rjhds] vk/kqfud LokLF;&iz.kkyh ds izfr mnklh] tcfd lk{kjRdkj esa efgykvksa us LokLFkdfEkZ;ksa dk misf{kr O;ogkj, efgyk dfeZ;ks adh deh]

ljdkj }kjk forfjr iks"kkgkj ,oa xksfy;ksa ls tqM+h Hkzked lwpukvksa dks cfg"dkj dk dkj.k cryk;kA foLFkkiutfur dkjdksa esa yxkrkj foLFkkiu rFkk vlqjf{kr fuokl LFkku ds dkj.k yM+fd;ksa dk de mez esa fookg rFkk ikSf"Vd vkgkj] rFkk nSfud vkgkj vko`fÙk esa deh] >ksykNki MkDVj ls bykt] dqiks"k.k, vk¡xuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ (AWW) ds chp lkeUo; u gksuk vkfn Kkr dkjd Hkh buesas gksus okys mPp xHkkZikr ,oa le;iwoZ izlo dk dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA ik/kh ,oa feJk] ¼2000½ us Hkh mM+hlk ds vuqlwfpr tutkfr leqnk; dh efgykvksa esa xHkkZikr nj mPp dk dkj.k xHkZorh ekrk ds Hkkstu esa iks"kd rRoksa dh deh FkkA

6- fu"d"kZ

vr% fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd izLrqr v/;;u dh efgykvksa ,oa iq:"k dk fo"kkDr vof'k"V <saj ds lehi fuokl LFkku ,oa iznwf"kr okrkoj.k esa dk;Z vkfn dk muds iztuu LokLF; ij udkjkRed izHkko dh laHkkouk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA efgyk ekr`Ro ns[kHkky rFkk foLFkkiu ,oa iquokZl nksuksa ,d yEch izfØ;k gS] tks efgyk LokLF; 'kkjhfjd]

ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed] LokLF;

gkfudkjd izHkko Mkyrh gSA tc Hkh ,d ifjokj vius ikjEifjd fuokl LFkku ls cyiwoZd gVk;k tkrk gS ml nkSjku bl ckr dh vkdyu ugha dh tkrh gS fd izHkkfor efgyk lnL; fdl 'kkjhfjd voLFkk ls xqtj jgh gSA vkfnoklh efgyk iztuu LokLFk ,d laosnu'khy eqn~nk gSA u, lkaLd`frd] lkekftd lajpuk] i;kZoj.k ds chp efgyk izlo LokLF; ns[kHkky vfHkO;fDRk vkSj izFkkvksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA bldh vkdyu Hkwfe& vf/kxzg.k ,oa iquokZl izfØ;k ds varxZr ewY;kadu ds

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8

izko/kku gksuh pkfg,A lkFk gh fuEu vkgkj ,oa iks"k.k Lrj okys oafpr foLFkkfir lewgksa ds,fuokl LFkku ds lkFk ds vkl&ikl vkS|ksfxd vof'k"V inkFkksZa dk efgyk LokLF; ¼iztuu ,oa ekr` LokLF;½ ij iM+us okys izHkko ij 'kks/k dh 'kh?kz vko';drk gSA

lanHkZ xzUFk

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fLFkfr vkSj lkoZtfud Lok:i ns[k&Hkky lqfo/kk % dsl LVMh esa vfHkXE;rk vkSj mi;ksfxrk] uod`".k pkS/kjh v/;;u fodkl dsUnz Hkqous'oj] 2000A

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