View of AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES: SIGNIFICANT ISSUE IN INDIA

(1)

ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN No. 2456-1037, IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98, (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) Vol. 05, Issue 03, March 2020, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

101

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES: SIGNIFICANT ISSUE IN INDIA Dr. S. K. Pandey

Senior Scientist& Head, KVK IGNTU Amarkantak, Dist. Anuppur (M.P.)

Abstract: The rural augmentation administrations assume a significant part in the economy and a few projects were carried out by the Government every now and then. A few people likewise attempted augmentation exercises before freedom moreover. The paper follows out the development of expansion administrations in India by partitioning it into prior and then afterward freedom and exercises after 1970.Inspite of these endeavors the exercises are not arriving at rancher which is a significant issue in India.

Keywords: Evolution, Extension, Programs 1 INTRODUCTION

The essential need of an individual is certainly food, for which he needs to depend on horticulture. The horticulture to accomplish its normal development needs to rely upon a few variables which incorporate innovation, research and clearly augmentation. The fundamental capacity of agrarian augmentation is to prepare, educate and guide ranchers. The expansion includes the cognizant utilization of correspondence of data to assist individuals with framing sound sentiments and use sound judgment (Van Den Ban and Hawkins, 1998). The World Development Report (2007) stresses agrarian expansion as significant advancement mediation for expanding the development capability of horticultural area. Expansion works on the speed of innovation move and linkage between the augmentation administration and ranchers are fundamental.

A survey in the World Bank of an enormous arrangement of expansion projects called attention to that exploration augmentation linkages were delicate and neither examination nor augmentation was acceptably mindful of the need to comprehend the imperatives and possibilities of the distinctive cultivating frameworks as a reason for deciding significant innovation and innovation improvement necessities.(

Purcell and Anderson 1997)The investigation on farming data stream in India by Adhiguru et al. (2009) has showed that solitary 40% homestead families access data from either source.

The public expansion framework has been observed to be gotten to by just 5.7 percent families. Just 4.8 percent of the little ranchers approach public expansion laborers when contrasted with 12.4 percent of huge ranchers.

2 EXTENSION ATTEMPTS IN INDIA BEFORE

1947 In 1903, Sir Daniel Hamilton began model towns in Sunder ban, Bengal .The Cooperative Deposit Institute was set up as a piece of this program. The undertaking of this sort was the first drive in quite a while and assisted youthful ranchers with becoming confident. This venture had its end following fifteen years.

The augmentation endeavors were begun in India began after the kickoff of Imperial Research Institute at Pusa, Bihar in 1905.

The program began by Rabindra Nath Tagore in 1921 was called Sriniketan Experiment. Sriniketan Village Welfare Institute was set up and fundamental targets were to build the information on country individuals and to help the provincial individuals in setting up cabin industry. The accomplishment of the undertaking remembers expanded creation and pays for the towns encompassing Sriniketan, however was not passed on to different towns. The Marthandam task of rustic advancement was incited in the town Marthandom by Young Men Christian Association (Y.M.C.A) and Christian Church Association under the initiative of Dr.

Spencer Hatch in 1928. The task was focused on the advancement of soul, brain and body. The task began expansion work in forty towns around Marthandam and was gathered in pay producing exercises. There was achievement in the creation and selling of nectar and some other pay producing exercises. After the demise of its author the task halted.

The Guragoan test was a program begun by F.L Brayne in 1927 and a town guide was presented in every town on work like an expansion specialist. The specialists moved master data on different perspectives going from horticulture to

(2)

102 female instruction. In spite of the fact that it zeroed in on different parts of human existence the venture couldn't prevail after the exchange of its organizer. One more expansion administration called Sevagram was begun under the authority of Mahatma Gandhi in 1933 and beginning was illustrated from All India Spinners Association started in 1920.The program focused on rustic improvement through up liftmen of town individuals.

This undertaking accentuated on monetary equity by decentralized creation and advanced house ventures. Khadi items become better known .It pushed on friendly equity by evacuation of distance and focused on ladies training.

3 EXTENSION AFTER 1947

The Etawah Pilot project which was brought about by Albert Mayer in 1947 and was dispatched by Government of Uttarpradesh. This venture was educative and augmentation laborers were cordial to the townspeople. The example was taken on for other comparative tasks. Nilokheri try began in 1948was one more famous augmentation endeavor began by S.K Dey which drew cross country consideration.

It was begun among Pakistani exiles and objective was independence. The entire investigation was considered fruitful. The Grow More Food Campaign (GMFC) was India's originally pre-arranged endeavor to expand food creation. This prepared for inception of Community Development Program in 1952.The program was focused on the general advancement of rustic individuals by boosting their certainty. S.K Dewy then, at that point serve for local area improvement and Panchayati Raj expressed that war started on October 2, 1952 against neediness, illness and obliviousness after the presentation of Community Development Program. The program underlined weight on perspectives, for example, rustic labor program, well development program, applied nourishment program, farming creation and minor water system. Taylor et al. (1965) indicated explanations behind the disappointment of the program as the trouble to enlist and prepare enough people to assume every single fundamental part, to satisfactorily staff the numerous neighborhoods program had been under activity. They recommended cure as the fortifying of its work at town level. To make Community

Development Program more broad National Extension Service was dispatched on 2 October 1953.

In the Pre-serious improvement stage endeavors were to be made to make individuals mindful of significance of agribusiness and to make interest for the advancement work .In the Intensive advancement stage adequate assets were saved for consumption during three years, so that each square advancement might be set up. Assets were distributed for the exhibit of horticulture in each square .In the Post-serious advancement stage the development of the workplaces and home was finished. The time frame somewhere in the range of 1950's and 60's were portrayed by regulation of numerous public expansion administrations and the attention was on intelligent correspondence and local area advancement and augmentation specialists were stacked with parcel of liabilities and farming administrations were multifunctional. (Anand Ajaya Sekharam et al. 2008) The Intensive Agricultural District Program (IADP) was begun in 1960 to increment farming creation. It was presented in seven areas of the country. Energized by the achievement of Intensive Agriculture District Program, the Center Government presented Intensive Agriculture Area Program in 114 locale of country in 1964- 65. It was urged to secure and to develop the chose crops on square, region and state level. The High Yielding Variety Program (HYVP) has been started in the year1966 and government required a concentrated work to expand the creation of certain harvests which brought about first Green Revolution.

4 EXTENSION AFTER1970’s

The coordinated provincial advancement draws near and the rise of Training and Visit (T&V) augmentation frameworks was during 1970's.The T&V framework was presented as a world bank financed project in 1974.Benor and Baxter (1984) expressed the critical element of T&V framework as demonstrable skill. The expansion administration works under single line of order. The Village Extension Worker (VEW) visits ranchers consistently. The Subject Matter Specialists held normal studios and they introduced their ideas to Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs) and Village

(3)

103 Extension Workers (VEWs). Normal and nonstop preparing are led under the framework to the expansion staff. There was a powerful customary contact of expansion laborers with ranchers under T&V framework and studios were coordinated to further develop creation.

Gershon Feder and Roger Slade (1986) have dissected some critical theories about the impacts of T&V augmentation.

The outcomes, in light of information from India, show that T&V enormously builds the quantity of contacts among ranchers and expansion laborers, and the extent of ranchers arrived at expands the more extended the T&V framework works.

Expansion specialists were observed to be a significant wellspring of information about new cultivating rehearses, especially when these practices are mind boggling and costly. The paper shows that T&V prompted critical expansions in yields of a significant harvest in one region covered by a nitty gritty investigation. The standards of the T& V framework were basic and there was viable linkage among examination and expansion.

The bad mark of T& V framework was that program was staff escalated and with the exception of harvest creation practically any remaining ranchers stay immaculate. The T& V framework underscored on innovation and very little on augmentation strategies. The absence of satisfactory connection between contact ranchers and different ranchers additionally represented an issue.

(Barman et.al, 2014).The most lamentable piece of this experience to report was the gradualness of the Bank to concede that the model was improper for the circumstances of a considerable lot of its customer nations. With the proceeded with budgetary emergency of non- industrial nations and dispersed ranchers the framework couldn't acquire the outcomes it anticipated. The Krishi Vigyan Kendras was set up in 1974 to give order of giving preparing to cultivate men, ranch ladies, and homestead youth as per the suggestions of Mohan Singh Mehta Committee. Albeit the accentuation was at first given to human asset improvement they additionally take an interest in the exchange of innovation.

The KVK's are likewise called Farmer Poly methods since this foundation helps ranchers through on-ranch trainings,

forefront showings and so forth The KVK's are locale level establishments run by State Agricultural Universities, Indian Council For Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Non-Government Organizations (NGO's).Every year lakh of ranchers are prepared at KVK's in spaces of harvest cultivation, cultivation, animal farming and preparing, fisheries and occupations prompting independent work. Coaches' Training Centers (TTCs) are subject explicit preparing foundations to prepare KVK researchers and topic trained professionals. The expansion during 1980' had offered accentuation to cultivating framework way to deal with exploration and augmentation (FSRE) .The age of area explicit innovation was energized through a superior communication among ranchers and researchers. The National Agriculture Extension Project was additionally begun in 1983to Bridge the hole among exploration and augmentation. In 1999 Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) was set up under Innovation in Technology Dissemination (ITD) part of National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP).

All members like Department of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Kvk's, and portrayal of ranchers associations, NGO's are connected in the program. The errors in the execution of ATMA provoked government to give new rules in June 2010. "Notwithstanding the assortment of rural expansion moves toward that work in equal and in some cases copy each other, most of ranchers in India don't approach any wellspring of data" (Glendenning, et al 2010).In India various associations are working in augmentation. India took on a technique of augmentation pluralism as the quantity of ranchers should be covered by the expansion associations are extremely huge. The National Agricultural Research System (NARS) of the nation involving ICAR, SAUs has created immense measure of data to the ranchers.

Regardless of these endeavors part of issues are there. Feder et al. (2001) had recognized nonexclusive issues in-worked in expansion capacities. The World Bank in 1997 pushed for institutional pluralism to react to the necessities of ranchers.

Expanding private area interest and number of participatory methodologies including rancher gatherings, ladies

(4)

104 bunches and so forth are required. Data Communication Technology (ICT) can be utilized for making expansion compelling.

Through Cyber Extension enormous measure of data can be given to ranchers about crops, protection, climate conditions and so on a co-ordinate exertion from the piece of government both Central and State Government is expected to make augmentation viable.

Expansion should arrive at normal ranchers and innovation move should happen through dissemination of advancement. Then, at that point just the significance of expansion will be genuinely in activity.

REFERENCES

1. Adhiguru, P. and Birthal, P S. and Ganesh, K B. (2009) Strengthening Pluralistic Agricultural Information Delivery Systems in India. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 22 (1). pp. 71-79

2. Barman Utpal, Kumar Rajendra, Mishra Prasanta and Borua Sajib. (2014) a Text Book Of Agricultural Extension Agribios, Jodhpur 3. Benor, D and Baxter, M (1984) Training and

Visit Extension .The World Bank, Washington 4. Feder Gershon .Willet Anthony. And Zijp Willem. (1999) Generic Challenges to Agricultural Extensionand Some Ingredients for Solution .The World Bank Rural Development Department

5. Glendenning, Suresh Babu, Asenso- Okere (2010) Review of Agricultural Extension in India IFPRI Working Paper, Rome

6. Purcell Anderson, Jock. R, Dennis. L (1997) Agricultural Extension and Research:

Achievements and Problems in National system .World Bank, Washington

7. Mondal Sagar. (2015) Agricultural Extension.

Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana

8. Taylor, C.C., Ensminger, D. Johnson, H.

Wand Joyce, J (1965).India’s Roots of Democracy. Orient Longmans, Bombay.

9. Van den Ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S (2002) Agricultural Extension.CBS Publishers, New Delhi. World Development Report (2007) World Bank, Cape Town 2007.