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ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN DIFFERENT-GAME POSITION OFSOCCER PLAYERS
Ajit Kumar Yadav1, Dr. Mukul Pant2, Dr. Dinesh Kumar Yadav3
1Physical Education Teacher, M. J. S. Intercollege, Manipuri, U.P.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Physical education, H.N.B.G.U., Srinagar, Garhwal, U.K.
3Associate Professor, Department of Physical education, M.M.H. College, Ghaziabad, U.P.
Abstract - Soccer is a most popular sport in the world. The skills involved in this game are kicking, running, jumping, throwing. (J. P. Thomas 1964). For the purpose of the study total 06 male Soccer players from three different playing positions i.e., Striker, Defender and Goal Keeper of subjects (2 from each playing position) at intercollegiate level of H.N.B.G.U. were selected as subject. The age of subjects ranged from 18-25 years. The purposive sampling technique was used for selection of subjects. The following physiological variables were selected for the purpose of the study, Physiological Variable (heart rate, SPO2, and Vital capacity). Data on all the physiological variables was taken in Chaurash sports complex. All the necessary information pertaining to the requirement of the procedure was imparted to the subjects beforehand. For the specific purpose of the study and to determine the status, descriptive statistics was employed and to find out the difference among them repeated measure ANOVA was employed further LSD was computed.
On the basis of present study, it was concluded that soccer players have more or less similar heart rate characteristics over different playing positions in various phases of game at intercollegiate level.
Keywords: Heart Rate, SPO2, and Vital capacity.
1 INTRODUCTION
Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. A common aspect of this sport is the need for teamwork to complement individual skills. To adapt to game technology development, players must meet the required physical requirements.
Further, Hoff (2005) and Reilly (2005) stated that soccer has a lot of physical contact and many movements and skills are involved, so it requires a high degree of physical exercise such as kicking, short sprinting, throwing, catching, and falling.
Furthermore, Reilly (2005) and Popadic et. al. (2009) reported that the game requires both aerobic and anaerobic fitness, as soccer players need to cover large areas of the ground when attacking and defending. Moreover, Reilly (2005) and Miller (2007) explained that Many accelerations and decelerations combined with many turns put additional strain on the muscles involved.
For the successful resolution of a soccer match, players are placed in certain positions to fulfill specific tasks.
Both the tactic and the position of players on the soccer field are essential for the organization of a soccer match. Previous studies were classified the soccer players
into four categories i.e., attackers, midfielders, defenders, and goalkeepers (Casaju and Aragone, 1997, Malina et. al., 2000, Rienzi et. al., 2000 and WISLOFF et. al., 1998). Further, Davis et. al. (1992) and Di Salvo and Pigozzi (1998) divided defenders into full-backs and center- backs. Furthermore, Cometti, G. et. al.
(2001) reported that the Players of different positions have a very different workload during a game: midfielders run the longest distances (up to 11–11.5 km) compared to forwards or defenders (BANSGBO et. al., 1991 and WISLOFF et.
al., 1998), whereas goalkeepers run around 4 km.
Soccer matches last 90 minutes and the pattern of activity in this time can be expressed as work-rate profiles. These may be determined by methods of motion analysis which give useful pointers to the physiological stresses imposed by match- play. Additionally, Intermittent high- intensity activity patterns during the game require high functionality in both aerobic and anaerobic energy release pathways (Impellizzeri, et. al. 2006 and Venturelli et. al., 2008). Although the physiological demands of soccer may vary
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according to the system of play or tacticsemployed.
Studies reported that the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of elite soccer players ranges between 55–70 ml·kg- 1·min-1 (Appor, 1988, Faina et. al., 1988, Nowacky et. al., 1988 and Puga et. al., 1993), a value which is higher than that of the general population, but lower than that of elite endurance runners (Reilly et.
al., 1997 and Tumilty, 1993). Differences among players according to their different positions have also been reported. Thus, highest oxygen consumption values have been found in midfielders, whereas lowest values have been found in goalkeepers (Davis et. al., 1992 and Wisloff et. al., 1998). However, it is not clear if players are chosen as midfielders due to their high endurance capacity, or rather, if they develop a better VO2max because they play in this position with high demands (Bangsbo and Michalsik, 2002). To identify the effect of heart rate, SPO2 and vital capacity on soccer players of different playing position this study was taken.
1.1 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study was to compare the selected physiological variables i.e., heart rate, SPO2 and Vital capacity between male soccer players intercollegiate players at different playing positions of H. N. B. .U . Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand.
1.2 Hypothesis
It was hypothesized that, there will be no significant difference on selected physiological variables i.e., heart rate, SPO2, and Vital capacity between male
soccer players intercollegiate players at different playing positions of H.N.B.G.U.
Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand.
1.3 Procedure and Methodology
For the purpose of the study total 06 male at intercollegiate soccer players from three different playing positions i.e., goal keeper, defender and striker (N=02 from each position) from Birla Campus, H.N.B.G.U. University Srinagar were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged between 18-25 years. The purposive sampling technique was used for selection of subjects in the aspects of the physiological measurements.
1.4 Selection of Variables
For the purpose of the study Heart Rate, SPO2, Vital capacity were the selected physiological variables.
1.5 Data Collection
The data on all the physiological variables were taken in Chaurash sports complex.
All the necessary information pertaining to the requirement of the procedure was imparted to the subjects beforehand.
2 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
The collected data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. To analyse the various physiological variables, mean and standard deviation determined under descriptive statistics and to determine the differences between the groups one way ANOVA was applied.
For each significant F-value post-hoc (LSD) was used to compare the mean differences. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level.
Table – 1
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Table-1. Exhibits mean and standarddeviation of pre-match heart rate (Pre) of striker (81.0 + 10.60), mean and standard deviation of defender (Pre) (91.00 + 6.76), mean and standard deviation of goalkeeper (Pre) (75.00 + 7.94). Further, table reveals mean and standard deviation of During match heart rate of striker (142.00 + 32.52), mean and standard deviation of defender (135.00 + 15.55), mean and standard deviation of goalkeeper (125.50 + 14.84).
Furthermore, table also shows the mean and standard deviation of Post- match heart rate of striker (152.00 + 24.74), mean and standard deviation of defender (150.00 + 4.24), mean and standard deviation of goalkeeper (125.50 + 17.67).
Further the graphical representation of mean and standard deviation of pre match, during match and post-match heart rate, among striker, defender and goalkeeper were represented in figure-1, 2, and 3.
Table- 2 Mauchley’s Test of Sphericity of Soccer Players on Heart Rate
Table-2 indicates that the assumption of sphericity is fulfilled because Mauchley’s test is insignificant at 0.05 level in case of heart rate variable.
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Table-3 F-Table for Testing Significance Within-Subjects Effects for Soccer Players onHeart Rate
Table 3 shows that after applying Greenhouse-Geisser correction, there is a significant difference in case of heart rate variable in soccer players during different phases as F value 59.21, p-value (0.000) is significant at 0.05 level of significance.
3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This study was conducted to compare the heart rate variables of soccer players i.e., striker, defender and goalkeeper among male intercollegiate players of H.N.B.G.U.
university Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand during Pre, During and Post phases of match. The descriptive statistic of table-1 exhibits that the strikers have higher mean value than defender and goal keeper on their physiological variables i.e., heart rate during the game in comparison to pre and post-match situation. Further, assumption of sphericity is fulfilled because Mauchley’s test is insignificant at 0.05 level in case of heart rate variable. Further, after applying Greenhouse-Geisser correction, there is a significant difference in case of heart rate variable in soccer players during different phases as F value 59.21, p-value (0.000) at 0.05 level of significance among intercollegiate level players of H.N.B.G.U.
University from table-3. This significant difference in heart rate variable may be due to the reason that heart rate is affected by the body fatigue and intensity of work. In all the three monitored phases i.e. pre, during and post, during phase is the phase of competition where the intensity of game goes high, so player at different playing positions need to give their best at those positions. Further, due
the different role on the field and different training means to execute that role could be another reason behind this significant difference. Apart from this the striker plays at a prime position where they accelerate and deaccelerate themselves according to the situation and ball position than defender and goal keeper.
To match these demands they need to train accordingly that could be the possible reason behind this significant difference. The similar finding was also reported by Kumar & Gangey (2020), Nathial (2017) and Mazic et. Al. (2015).
4 CONCLUSION
On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that soccer striker, defender and goal keeper of H.N.B.G.U. university, Srinagar, Uttarakhand have more or less similar heart rate characteristics during different phases of game at intercollegiate level.
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