View of ANALYTICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN AKIKPISHTI AND AKIKBHASMA

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Vol.03, Issue 09, Conference (IC-RASEM) Special Issue 01, September 2018 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

ANALYTICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN AKIKPISHTI AND AKIKBHASMA

Dr. Vandana S Yeragi

¹

, Dr. Aakash H Maske

²

1

Dr. Vandana S Yeragi, Assistant Professor, Shanti Ayurvedic Medical College, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2

.Dr. Aakash H Maske, Senior Medical Reviewer, IQVIA, Mumbai, India.

Email id:

¹

vandanakurle@gmail.com

Abstract: Akik is a drug which is usually used for Daiva-vyapashraya, Yuktivyapashraya as well as Satwavajaya chikitsa. Being a gem, it is used in ornamental as well as astrological purposes since ages. Akik has been mentioned in almost 5-6 rasa granthas, viz Siddha Bhaishaj Manimala, Rasamritam, Rastantrasar & Siddhaprayog sangraha as well as in Ayurved Prakash.Though there has not been any direct reference to Akik in medicinal forms during the vedic or the samhita period, it has been observed to be used widely in recent times.In Yukti-vyapashraya chikitsa, it is used in two forms viz: bhasma and pishti.

However, acharyas gave importance to pishti as Akik or any gemstone when subjected to agni, loses its qualities. As Akik possesses qualities like sheeta virya, ruksha, vrishya, hridya, netrya, rasayana, dadhyakar, raktastambhi, medhya and netrya, it can be widely utilized in cardiac disorders, eye disorders, dental anomalies, bleeding disorders and as a nervine tonic too.As the drug is already in market and being used in various medicines, there was a need for a retrospective analytical study. Hence, analytical study of Akik pishti and Akik bhasma was conducted with all the available methods, to find out which one would be more potent drug.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Akik :

Akik is a gem that is widely utilized for ornamental purpose. This Akik gem stones were sought at various places and gem shops. Finally, Akik was obtained from Gem market, Zaveri Bazaar, Mumbai. It was then authenticated by the GII (Gemmological Institute of India).

This Akik stone was then subjected for organoleptic and XRF analysis

1.2 The main process in manufacture of AkikPishti:

A) Shodhan Process :-

Elimination of various impurities from raw drug by differentprocesses like levigation,nirvapan, dhawan etc. is known as shodhan.The process used here isNirvapa (Heating and Quenching):The red-hot material (Akik gem stones) is dipped into the prescribed liquid(Gulabjal)

B) Bhavana Process

The process of triturating the gems or mineral drugs in the liquids like juices or decoctions of herbs cow‟s milk, urines or any such specified liquid. Generally the quantity of liquid should be sufficient to immerse the raw material powder. The grinding on rubbing is continued, until the semisolid consistency is achieved.

This makes one „Bhavana‟. Again the liquid is added and ground which

completes the second Bhavana. Number of such Bhavanas and the liquid depends on the specific raw material utilized.

During preparation of Akikpishti and Akikbhasma preparation following experiment were performed-

1. Gulabarkanirmaan 2. Akikshodhana

3. AkikPishti preparation 4. Akikbhasma

1.1.1. Gulab Arkanirmaan Experiment No. 1

Name of the expt.:Gulabarkanirmaan Reference:

AcharyaRaavankrutArkaPrakash 2-28 Materials:

1. Gulabpushpa 2. tap water 16 times.

Apparatus: Arkapatanyantra (ADC Apparatus), weighing machine,water, pressure cooker, plastic pipes, measuring cylinder.

Equipments:

• pH meter

• Picnometer

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1.1.2. Source of collection and authentication of raw material:

The rose flowers (gulabpushpa) were collected from the rose farms and was authenticated by the subjectexperts as rosacentifolia (L).

1.1.3. Method: Arkapatan Procedure:

1. Rose petals are obtained by removing it from its stalk. These petals are subjected to water immersion for almost 6 hours overnight.

2. The water used for immersion is about 16 times that of the raw material.(ArkaPrakash 2-28) 3. This water along with the rose

petals are then kept inside the cooker and subjected to heat.

4. The fumes that emerge out of the heating of water containing rose petals carry the fragrant volatile oils with them.

5. These fumes are carried to the ADC apparatus through the heat sustainable tubes from the vent pipe of pressure cooker to the input pipe of the ADC apparatus.

6. The fumes are converted into liquid state, and is collected in the measuring cylinder.

Precaution:

 Gulabjal should be obtained only half of the quantity of water taken in the cooker.

 The white cotton cloth, gloves, steel containers and plates,measuring cylinder, ADC apparatus are cleaned properly before use.

 While keeping the petals in water overnight it should be covered with a lid so that no contamination takes place. (ArkaPrakash 2-32) Gulabjal thus obtained was sent for analytical testings.

Observation:

 Gulabjala obtained is clear transparent liquid.

 A mild fragrance of Rose essence is observed in the surrounding atmosphere.

Table No 1.1. : Observations of gulabjal.

Dravya Organoleptic characters pH Spec

ific gravi ty Colour Odour Taste Touch

Gulabj

al Transpar

ent Pleasant rose scented

tastele

ss Watery 4.

8 1.00 08

Removal of the petals from the receptacle and peduncle of rose flower.

Manual removal and collection of petals Petals immersed in water

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ADC (Arka Distillation Condensor ADC Vesselapparatus

1.1.4. Akikshodhan : Experiment no 2 AIM: Akikshodhan.

Ref:AyurvedPrakash.

Materials:

1. AshodhitAkik gem stone.

2. gulabjal equal quantity 3. prince torch for heating.

Equipment:

Kadhai- utensil,spoon,gas,pyrometer, prince torch for heating and holder.

Method:Nirvapan

Ingredients and its Quantity:

Table no 1.2: Ingredients & its quantity table

Sr

no Name of dravya Latin name Quantity 1 Akik Agate (chalcedony) 1000 gm 2 Gulabjal Rosa centifolia (L) 12 Litres

Procedure:

1) Ashodhitakik stones are obtained and tightly hod in a holder.

2) Then these stones are subjected to heat upto 650 °C (A temperature where Akik stones turn red hot) through a Prince torch.

3) This temperature required to obtain red hot Akik stone reduces

considerably as nirvaapan procedures proceeds.

4) These red hot stones are then dropped into the gulabjal (Rose water) which is at room temperature.

5) This process facilitates into making the gemstones more and more fragile.

6) This procedure is repeated for 21 times.

7) Every time new gulabjal is taken for the nirvapan procedure.

8) After drying, it was weighed, stored and used for further procedure.

Precautions:

 Aseptic precautions were taken by wearing gloves, using clean vessels etc.

 Vessel was washed thoroughly before and after the extraction of gulabjal.

 Dhupan of the yantra is done after every extraction of gulabjal.

A sample of shodhitakik was sent for analytical and organoleptic testings.

1.1.5. Procedure no 3:Churnikarana of ShodhitaAkik

Aim: Churnikarana of ShodhitaAkik.

Quantity of ShodhitaAkik : 840 gm Equipment: Khalwayantra (Mortar and pestle) , Earthen crucibles, wired mesh, stainless steel vessel, spoon etc

Procedure:

I. This is an intermediate process between Shodhana& Marana to bring the material in a fine powder state & make the further process easier. There is no direct and clear reference for this.

II. The brittle ShodhitAkik are placed in Khalwayantra& powdered by using khalwayantra.

III. The powder thus obtained is passed through sieve.

IV. The powder thus obtained is collected in earthen crucibles.

Precautions:

 Care is taken to avoid any contamination in the raw material.

 use of gloves while performing the procedures is needed.

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This powdered Akik is further divided into 6 parts of 100 gm each

1.1.6. Akik Pishtinirmaan:

Experiment no 4

AIM: To prepare pishti of Akik.

Ref: Rasatantrasar & siddha prayogsangraha

Materials:

1. AshodhitAkik gem stone.

2. Gulabjal equal quantity

Equipment: Khalwayantra, spoon, measuring cylinder, weighing machine.

Method: Bhawna.

Time taken for practical – 10 days Procedure:

The whole procedure was divided into 3 phases

(I) Purva Karma (II) Pradhana Karma (III) Paschat Karma I) PURVAKARMA

1) It is the preparatory stage for manufacturing of AkikPishti.

2) Here the Akik stones that have attained brittle form due to continuous 21 times of nirvaapan are churned into small particles in kalwayantra.

3) When the ShodhitAkik attains the coarse churna form, it is taken into the khalwayantra for further procedure.

(II) PRADHANA KARMA

In the Pradhana Karma following steps were observed

1. The shodhitAkik in churna form (100 gms) is taken in another khalwayantra. This powder is then spread evenly throughout the inner concavity of khalwayantra.

2. Gulabjal (80 ml) is poured inside the khalwayantra, so much so that it would just wet the entire quantity of the shodhitAkikchurna.

3. This is then triturated firmly and continuously until almost all of the gulabjal is absorbed inside the Akikpishti.

(III) PASCHATA KARMA

1. It includes overnight drying of the Akikpishti.

2. Care is taken to avoid any

foreign particle

contamination in the storage.

3. The next day powder of Akikpishti formed is finer than the coarse powder utilized at the beginning due to continuous mardana process.

This process is repeated for 10 days as per Rastantrasar and siddha prayogsangraha authors.

After 10 bhawnas the final fine powder obtained is called as AkikPishti.

A total of three batches of AkikPishtiis prepared following the similar procedure.A sample from this Akikpishti was sent for analytical and physico chemical analysis.

1.1.7. Akik Bhasmanirmaan:

Experiment no 5

AIM: To prepare bhasma of Akik.

Ref: Ayurvedsarsangraha Materials:

1. ShodhitAkik gem stone powder (100 gm).

2. Gulabjal quantity sufficient.

3. Godugdha (Cow`s milk) quantity sufficient.

Equipments: Khalwayantra, spoon, measuring cylinder, weighing machine putayantra and allied apparatus, mrutikasharaw, manjarpat, multanimati.

Method: Bhawna and gajaputa.

Procedure:

The whole procedure was divided into following procedures

1) Bhawna of Gulabjal 2) Bhawna of Godugdha.

3) Chakrikanirmaan 4) Sharavasamputa.

5) Marana (Gajaputa) 1.1.8. Procedure No 4:

Name of the Procedure:Bhavana of powdered Akik with Gulabjal.

Reference: Ayurved sarsangraha Materials:

Akik Powder: 100 gm Gulabjal :75 ml

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Procedure:

 Well powdered ShodithaAkik was taken in a Khalwayantra.

 Gulabjal in sufficient quantity (75 ml) was added.

 Care is taken so that drug gets completely immersed.

 This wet drug is then triturated until the mass attaines a semisolid state.

 Then chakrikas were prepared.

Precautions:

 Care is taken to avoid excess input of the bhawnadravya i.e. Gulabjal in the khalwayantra, which would lead to bacterial or fungal infection due to excess moisture.

 The gulabjal poured inside the khalwayantra should be completely absorbed by the Akikpishti.

 Next day the dry powder is scrubbed off the khalwayantra and triturated into fine powder, before subjecting it to next Bhawna.

1.1.9. Procedure No 5:

Name of the Procedure: Chakrika Nirmana

Reference: Ayurved sarsangraha Materials:

Akik Powder : 112 gm (Weight increased after bhawna)

Gulabjal: 75 ml Procedure:

 The chakrikas were prepared out of Gulabjal Bhavita Akikkalka. Then chakrikas were dried under shade.

 Totally 3 Chakrikas were prepared weighing 37 g each.

 Average weight of each dried chakrika : 35 g

 112 g was taken for bhasmikarana.

Precautions:

 The size of the chakrikas was maintained uniformly and they were dried in Sunlight with a plastic covering on the plate, so as to ensure non contamination of the chakrikas.

1.1.10. Procedure No : 6

Name of the Procedure: Sharav Samputa

Reference :Ayurved sarsangraha Material:

Earthen sharavas –2.

Cotton cloth and Multanimitti.

Scissor. Water.

Procedure:

 Two uniform sized, well burnt and devoid of cracks earthernsharavas were

 purchased from the local market.

 They were kept immersed in water for 12 hours.

 After drying of sharavas, the chakrikas were arranged and kept inside one of the

 sharavas and covered by another.

 In the sharava, 3 chakrikas were kept and sandhibandhana was done.

 Cotton cloth of 4 angula width smeared with multanimitti was used for

 sandhibandhana. Total seven layers of sandhibandhana were done.

Table No 1.3: Seven layers of sandhibandana

Day Time (hr) Layer Day 1 12.00 1^st Day 1 16.30 2^nd Day 2 12.00 3^rd Day 2 16.30 4^th Day 3 12.00 5^th Day 3 16.30 6^th Day 4 12.00 7^th

Precautions:

 The chakrikas were placed and arranged in sharava uniformly.

 The Sandhibandhana was done with seven layers of mud-smeared cloth andeach layer was wrapped after the complete drying of the previous one.

1.1.11 Procedure No : 7

Name of the Procedure: Marana (Gajaputa)

Reference: Ayurved sarsangraha Concept of Maran:

Definition: The process of Levigation of various purified gems and minerals with liquid extracts of medicinal herbs or with products of animal origin and later their exposure to heat is called as „Maran‟ i.e.

Calcination or Incineration.

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Procedures involved in marana:

1. Mardana – Dynamisation of drug 2. Bhavana – to potentiate the drug 3. Putana – Includes chakrikanirman

(Pellet formation), Samputa nirman, puta procedure.

Materials: Samputitasharavas, Cow dung cakes, Pyrometer, Matchbox, camphor balls, dry grass, husk bricks etc.

Procedure:

 This sharavasamputa was subjected to Gajaputa.

 Average weight of single cake was 120 g, 13 cm in diameter, 4 cm thicknes at Center, 2cm at periphery. 2/3^rdpart of the pit was filled with 200 cowdung cakes and sharavasamputa were placed over it.

 The remaining upper 1/3 of the pit was filled with 100 cowdung cakes.

 To facilitate easy catching of the fire, camphor balls along with dry grass and husk bricks were placed on four corners of the puta and cowdung cakes were ignited.

Consequently temperature and time were recorded, before ignition and throughout the process of marana until complete burning of cowdung cakes in puta, with the help of pyrometer at 15 min.

interval. After complete burning, allowed for self cooling.

 Then the SharavaSamputa was taken out, layer of cloth smeared withMultanimitti were scrapped off carefully with knife and two Sharavas wereseparated. The MaritaAkik was collected from Sharava and weighed,powdered and subjected to BhasmaPariksha like rekhapurna,varitara etc.

The procedure of bhawna with gulabjal, chakrikanirmaan, sharavsamputa and marna are repeated for 3 more times.

Each time a sample is taken out for analytical and pharmacological testings

1.2. Fourth puta: Bhawna with Godugdha

Name of the Procedure: Bhavana of powdered Akik with Godugdha.

Reference: Ayurved sarsangraha

Materials:

Akik Powder: 100 gm Godugdha: 60 ml Procedure:

 Well powdered ShodithaAkik was taken in a Khalwayantra.

 Godugdha in Sufficient quantity (75 ml) was added.

 Care is taken so that drug gets completely immersed.

 This wet drug is then triturated until the mass attaines a semisolid state.

 Then chakrikas were prepared.

Precautions:

 Care is taken to avoid excess input of the bhawnadravya i.e.

Godugdha in the khalwayantra, which would lead to bacterial or fungal infection due to excess moisture.

 Godugdha is utilized only after subjecting it to boiling once.

 Godugdha if not utilized quickly can result into curding, hence care is taken to use it as quick and as fresh as possible.

 Curding of milk if any if observed, should be immediately discarded.

 The Godugdha poured inside the khalwayantra should be completely absorbed by the Akikpishti.

Next day the dry powder is scrubbed off the khalwayantra and triturated into fine powder, before subjecting it to next Bhawna.

The Akik Bhasma thus prepared is then subjected to final analytical and pharmacological tests.

Observation: Churnikaran Of Akik:

a) A slight 0.952381% loss was observed while powdering of Shodhit Akik reducing it from 840 gmto 832 gm.

Akik Pishti :

a) Akik Pishti was prepared according to procedures described in Rasatantra sar & Siddha prayog sangraha. This Kalpana is mainly employed in the cases of Ratna because it‟s been said by R.R.S.

That marana of ratnas is not worthwhile, instead of marana it

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should beused after Shodhana only.

b) So, to bring them at a consistency of fine powder as also enhancing the desired medicinal properties and furthermore preventing the loss of natural properties if any by protecting them from heat, they are subjected to Pishti Kalpana.

c) The procedure of Akik Pishti nirmaan refers to the utilization of Gulab jal as a bhawna dravya.

Overall 10 days of bhawna was administered to Akik, so as to form a fine Pishti.

d) A gradual decrease in the amount of Gulab jal absorbed while bhawna process was observed from maximum of 88 ml to minimum of 75 ml (Table no 24).

e) There was marked increase in the weight of Akik per bhawna the mean total weight increase was 16% which leaded to 48 gm raise in the initial weight of 300 gm used for 3 batches collectively (Table no 25).

f) An ash white colored, tasteless, rose scented, soft and fine powder of Akik Pishti was obtained which passed various organoleptic tests of rekhapurnatva, shlakshnatva, mrudutva, vishistvarnaotpatti, sookshmatva but failed to obtain varitaratva. This may be due to the hygroscopic nature of the Pishti.

g) The analytical testing revealed a mean of 0.86%w/w Loss on drying, 96.6 %w/w Total Ash, 0.66%w/w Acid Insoluble ash, and 9.16 of pH.

h) The XRF analysis reveals mass % Silica in 98.24%, Ca in 0.78 % while Fe to be 0.68% (Table no 28).

Whereas the Particle size ranged up to 9.033 µm.

i) The bhawna by the same material as that for Shodhana of Akik, i.e.

Gulab jal enhances the therapeutic value of Pishti to a considerable extent.

j) As gulabjal bhawna is given to the Pishti, there is increase in the weight of the Pishti. There is marked decrease in the increase in weight of gulabjal per successive batches indicating decrease in the threshold capacity of the Pishti due to repeated bhawna.

k) The pH of Gulab jal being acidic in nature, while that of Akik is alkaline, this facilitates in reaction between the compounds in Akik with that of Gulab jal. Here a continuous trace heat is created by the rubbing of the Khalwayantra`s mortar and pestle.

l) 3 batches of Akik Pishti facilitates standardization, also helping create a S.O.P for Pishti preparation of Akik.

Bhavana:

a) A total of 4 bhawna is given to Akik during its Bhasma formation. The main bhawna dravya are Gulab jal and Godugdha.

b) Bhavana is done 3 times with Gulab jal, which will help in wet grinding of material and at the same time it will form an organic complex with Akik.

c) The wet grinding eliminates the hazards of dust.

d) In practice, observations reveals that finer size can be achieved by wet grinding than by dry grinding.

e) The liquid media also serves as source of trace elements.4 times of Bhavana may help in reduction of particle size of Akik.

f) The fourth bhawna with Gulab jal may add a finishing touch to the end product i.e. Akik Bhasma, thus adding various desirable qualities of milk into the Bhasma.

g) According to various research almost all elements are found in human body in trace levels, but cannot be absorbed in to body in their elemental form, plants are having capacity to transform them in to readily absorbable form, hence bhawna is needed.

Mardana:

a) During rubbing between surfaces of mortar and pestle i.e., surface phenomena, is also called as

“Attrition”.

b) When pressure in the form of attrition is applied the particle surfaces chip out and forms small particles.

c) During this procedure some heat is produced so there may be possibility of occurrence of

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reaction between materials and media.

d) Mardana was done at the rate of 28-32 strokes/min. After some time, massbecame thick, sticky, semisolid and heavy and trituration was done at the rate of 15-18 strokes/min.

Chakrika nirmaan:

a) By making Chakrika it can be easily accommodated a large quantity of drug in a small place sharava and can also gain the advantage of proper drying.

b) This process increases the surface area, which allows maximum as well as uniform heat transmission during marana.

Sharav samputa nirmaan

a) Facilitation of encircled sustained temperature can be obtained.

b) Sharav Samputa is protected by 7 layers of Sandhibandhana which took an average of 4 days. This procedure was carried out simultaneously with the other procedures (Table no 07).

c) It can also prevent the contamination of materials kept inside.

d) The oxidation of materials can be expected to occur.There may be a possibility of alteration of the preparation time of Bhasma by reducing the diffusion of released gases, thus building up the pressure inside the apparatus.

e) A total of 8 Sharav was utilized per batch of Akik Bhasma.

f) The obvious reason for forming this provision is to avoid direct loss of material in the completely burnt fuel.

Marana:

a) Bhasmikaran or Marana is a procedure adopted to convert the heterogeneous material into homogenous substance and converting it into Nano particles.

b) The puta adopted in the present study was Gaja puta which exerts up about 1000°C. A total of 4 puta was given in the Maran Procedure.

c) During incineration (Putapaka), final change in the physical form

of thematerial takes place, so that its original form is lost forever d) Chemical reaction occurs during

Shodhana in some materials e) Generally, the compound is

formed on the surface of the materials. Heating during incineration causes linear expansion of both the materials and the compound. But the expansion of materials and its compound are different. And this difference in the linear expansion leads to separation of the compound from the materials, causing exposure of the compounds, facilitates further change.

f) Repetition of this process leads to reduction in particle size and fineness of the particles.

g) A dirty white colored, lightly rose scented and coarse powder was obtained after applying 1016°C and above temperature during the initial puta. It took 75 to 90 mins to attain the maximum temperature during puta, which lasted for a maximum of 20 secs.

h) As shown in table no 38, a maximum of 420 minutes of heat was applied to the 1^st Batch in last two putas whereas 390 mins of heat in the initial Putas. With a maximum peak temperature attainment of 1089 °Cduring the last puta, the time allotted for the swang sheeta process was 24 hours.

i) There was marked improvement in the color of the Akik in 4^th puta, where light brown colour was attained from initial color i.e. Dirty white.

j) Organoleptic characters were achieved in full context only during the final puta.

k) During the 2^nd Batch a maximum of 420 mins and a minimum of 390 mins of heat was applied. A peak temperature of 1182 °C was achieved during the 3^rd puta, which lasted for 10 secs. (table no 47).

l) It took a period of 90 mins to attain a maximum peak temperature of 1182 during the 3^rd puta. Here too, a maximum of 24

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hours of Swang sheeta procedure was applied.

m) During the 2^nd Batch the change in colour was obtained in the 3^rd puta itsef, but as it failed in other organoleptic characteristics like rekhapurnatva and varitaratva, it was subjected to final puta in godugha.(table no 48).

n) The 3^rd Batch showed a marked rise in the duration of puta procedure to about 450 mins during the 3^rd puta, whereas it was 405 min, 390 mins and 420 mins during the 1^st, 2^nd and 4^th puta.

But nevertheless, the time taken to attain maximum peak temperature remained at 90 mins for all the puta.

o) A maximum Peak temperature of 1189 °C was observed during 4^th puta, lasting for 12 secs.(table no 56).

p) Table no 58 depicts the per puta weight gain after bhawna which was reduced after the puta procedures considerably as compared to Bhawna weight, but meagerly when compared to the initially taken weight of Akik.

q) All the organoleptic characters were achieved during the final puta in all three batches.(table no 59).

r) The analytical parameters like Loss on drying showed %w/w of 0.92, 1.08 & 1.12 in successive batches to attain an average of 1.04%w/w. the total ash values in

%w/w were 98.21, 97.82 & 98.06 in successive batches, the mean of which was 98.03. the Acid insoluble Ash in %w/w was 0.24, 0.38 & 0.36 respectively in 1^st, 2^nd& 3^rd batch with a mean of 0.326.(table no 60).

s) The pH value showed a slightly alkaline shift than that of pishti, viz 10.20, 10.18 & 10.06 to average 10.14 from 3 batches respectively.

a. Theories applicable in Puta:

Fourier’s principle of thermodynamics:

Heat flow in Puta can be explained by the mechanism of conduction. Heat can be conducted only when there is a temperature gradient, i.e. heat flows from a hot surface to a cold surface. In case of

Putapaka process heat is applied to the Sharav Samputa from all side, and there is a clear temperature gradient between the outer part and inner part of Sharav Samputa.

According to this law, the rate of heat flow through a uniform material is proportional to the area and the temperature drop and inversely proportional to the length of the path of flow. Heat always conducts from warmer objects to cooler objects. The composition of a material affects its conduction rate.

Area (m2) × temperature difference (k) Rate of heat flow ∝Thickness (m)

By this law we can explain the heat flow to the pellets through Sharav in gaja puta. If the Chakrika are flat then length decreases and uniform heat flow can be maintained throughout the sample.

b. Hess’s law of thermodynamics:

Hess's law states that energy changes are state functions. The amount of energy depends only on the states of the reactants and the state of the products, but not on the intermediate steps. Energy (enthalpy) changes in chemical reactions are the same, regardless whether the reactions occur in one or several steps.

The total energy change in a chemical reaction is the sum of the energy changes in its many steps leading to the overall reaction.

Here the preparation of Bhasma is done in several steps. The sum of enthalpy of the entire step gives rise to the enthalpy change required to obtain final product.

Calcination

Calcination is the process of subjecting a substance to the action of heat, but without fusion, for causing some change in its physical or chemical constitution or a process in which a material is heated to a temperature below its melting point to effect a thermal decomposition or a phase transition other than melting. In case of marana we are also heating the materials in a closed Sharav to avoid air entry.

C. Griffith theory:

All solids contain flaws and microscopic cracks. A flaw is any structural weakness that may develop into a crack under strain like heat. The weakest flaw in a particle determines its fracture strength.

Usually the surface of particles is

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irregular. The applied force by the form of heat is initially taken on the high portion of the surface. As a result, high stress may be set up locally in the particles.

The bonds at this place become weak, which may be responsible for creating flaws.The particle with the weakest flaw fractures most easily and produced largest possible pieces. This theory can be applied for particle size reduction after each puta

Discussion on analytical review:

The analytical procedures adopted are also reviewed in view of proper interpretation of the procedures and to establish a hypothesis regarding the probable changes and net resultant.

 Determination of loss on drying:

 Determination of Total ash:

Total ash usually consists of carbohydrates, phosphates, silicates and silica.

 Determination of Acid Insoluble ash: Used to determine adhering dirt, silica material and sand.

 Determination of pH value: The pH value of a given sample expresses the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a sample solution.

 Particle size determination:

particle size of the drug affects its absorption and the rate of absorption can be assessed by determining the particle size of the drug.

 X-Ray diffraction: This is the unique technology used to detect the crystalline structure of the minerals. Helps in detection of crystallographic structure as well as the chemical compounds present in the drug.

 SEM -EDX: It is a physical method of analysis which directly analyses almost all chemical elements of the periodic system in the sample.

Helps in detection of major, minor as well as trace elements which are present in the drug.

Table No 1.1. :Organoleptic parameters of Akik Bhasma : (After puta)

Parameters Observations Color Dirty white.

Taste Earth like

Odour Rose scented

Touch Coarse

Lusture Negative Appearance Powder Rekhapoornata Negative Varitara Negative

Table No 1.2. : Temperature pattern during Gaja puta

1.1. Observations and Results:

(after puta)

 After complete self-cooling, sharavas were observed for any cracks or shape

 changes before taking out.

 Colour of the Chakrika after incineration = Dirty white.

 Weight of Chakrika before puta : 109 gm.

 Weight after puta: 97 gm.

 Loss after puta: 12 gm.

 Temperature initially was- 29°C.

 Max. peak temperature recorded was 1146°C.

 The total time duration required for burning of Gaja puta was 7 hours 30 mins and total time required for complete self-cooling (swanga sheeta) was 24 hours.

 As it also passed rekhapurnatva test partially &varitaratva test was not observed, this Bhasma was subjected to fourth Gaja puta.

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Table no 1.7: Descriptive data \ statistics of Akik Bhasma 3^rdBatch:

A detailed data recording the observations while preparation can be tabulated as below:

Table no 1.8. :Organoleptic characteristics of Akik Bhasma. (Batch 3)

Organoleptic characteristics of Akik Bhasma. (Batch 3)

Parameters Puta I Puta II Puta III Puta IV

Colour Dirty white Dirty white Dirty white Light brown

Taste Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless

Touch Coarse Coarse Soft & fine Soft & fine

Odour Rose scented Rose scented Rose scented Rose and milk scented

Rekhapurnatva -ve -ve -ve +ve

Varitaratva -ve -ve -ve +ve

Shlakshnatva -ve +ve +ve +ve

Mudutva -ve -ve +ve +ve

Vishistavarnotpa

tti +ve +ve +ve +ve

Sookshmatva -ve -ve -ve +ve

Dantagreakachik

achitva -ve -ve -ve +ve

The color for the Akik bhasma changed from dirty white to light brown during the 4^th puta. Taste was tasteless, Touch changed from course to soft and fine during the third puta and remained consistent post the 4^th puta. Odour was rose scented for first 3 putas and had a tinge of milk scent post the 4^th puta,

probably due to the bhavna dravyas used.

Rekhapurnatva, varitaratva, sookshmatva and dantagreakachikachitva was obtained during the 4^th puta. Shlakshnatva and mrudutva was obtained from 3^rd puta, while, Akik Bhasma was having vishistavarnotpattitva since the first puta.

Table no 1.9. : Weight analysis of Akik Bhasma.

1^ST PUTA 2^ND PUTA 3^RD PUTA 4^TH PUTA BATCH

BATCH 1 100 gms 98 gms 97 gms 95 gms

WEIGHT GAIN AFTER

BHAWNA 112 gms 109 gms 106 gms 110 gms WEIGHT AFTER PUTA 98 gms 97 gms 95 gms 95 gms

BHAWNA 111 gms 110 gms 108 gms 112 gms WEIGHT AFTER PUTA 97 gms 96 gms 95 gms 94 gms

BHAWNA 114 gms 112 gms 109 gms 111 gms WEIGHT LOST AFTER

PUTA 99 gms 99 gms 97 gms 96 gms

1^st puta 2^nd puta 3^rd puta 4^th puta Atmospheric Temperature 32 °C 33 °C 29 °C 35 °C Duration of Temperature

Recorded 405 mins 390 mins 450 mins 420 mins

Maximum peak

Temperature

1101 °C 1156°C 1146 °C 1189 °C Peak strike temp. stay time 14 secs 10 secs 15 secs 12 secs Time taken for base to peak

Temperature 90 mins 90 mins 90 mins 90 mins

Time taken of peak to base 315 mins 300 mins 360 mins 330 mins

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The total weight difference in the entire process is about ± 1%.

Table no 1.10 :Organoleptic characters of Akik Bhasma

Organoleptic characters of Akik Bhasma

Parameters Batch I Batch II Batch III Colour Light brown Light brown Light brown

Taste Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless

Touch Soft & fine Soft & fine Soft & fine Odour Not specific Not specific Not specific

Rekhapurnatva +ve +ve +ve

Varitaratva +ve +ve +ve

Shlakshnatva +ve +ve +ve

Mudutva +ve +ve +ve

vishistavarnotpatti +ve +ve +ve

Sookshmatva +ve +ve +ve

Dantagreakachikachitva +ve +ve +ve

Table no 1.11..:Analytical analysis of Akik Bhasma

Akik Bhasma batches

Parameters I II III Average

Loss on drying

%w/w 0.92 1.08 1.12 1.04

Total ash %w/w 98.21 97.82 98.06 98.03 Acid insoluble ash

%w/w 0.24 0.38 0.36 0.326

pH 10.20 10.18 10.06 10.14

Table no 1.12 : Comparative analysis of Akik Pishti and Akik Bhasma Organoleptic parameters:

Parameters Shodhit Akik Akik Pishti Akik Bhasma

Batch1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Batch1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Colour Faint red,

whitish pink. Ash

white Ash

white Light

brown Light brown Light brown Taste Tasteless. Tasteles

s

Tasteles s

Tasteless Tasteless Tasteless Touch Rough &

coarse. Soft &

fine Soft &

fine Soft & fine Soft & fine Odour Rose scented. Rose

scented Rose

scented Not

specific Not specific Not specific Rekhapurnat

va -ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Varitaratva -ve -ve -ve -ve +ve +ve +ve

Shlakshnatva -ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Mudutva -ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

The most crucial difference between Akik Pishti and Akik Bhasma is varitaratva.

This was absent in the Akik Pishti, more commonly due to hygroscopic nature of the Pishti and due to its particle size.

XRF Comparative Analysis

The XRF analysis of Akik Pishti as well as Akik Bhasma was conducted, this showed a common of silica, calcium and iron present in all athe samples. The values of all these samples are as follows:

Table no 1.13. : Xrf Comparative Analysis:

Elements Raw Akik

(mass %) Akik pishti

(mass %) %loss

Gain Akik bhasma

(mass %) %loss Gain

Si 99.68 98.24 -1.46 99.02 -0.66

Ca 0.11 0.78 +85.89 0.26 +57.69

Fe 0.20 0.66 +69.69 0.72 +72.22

A comparative analysis of all three batches of Akik Pishti and Akik Bhasma shows following results:

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Table no 1.14 : Analytical analysis of Akik Pishti and Akik Bhasma

Akik Pishti batches Akik Bhasma batches

Parameters I II III Mean I II III Mean

Loss on drying

%w/w 0.88 0.96 0.76 0.86 0.92 1.08 1.12 1.04

Total ash %w/w 96 97.61 98.21 96.6 98.21 97.82 98.06 98.03 Acid insoluble

ash %w/w 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.066 0.24 0.38 0.36 0.326

pH 9.21 9.18 9.10 9.16 10.20 10.18 10.06 10.14

Table no 1.15 : Difference observed in parameters.

PARAMETERS DIFFERENCE

OBSERVED

% DIFFERENCE

Loss on drying % w/w 0.18 17.30

Total ash % w/w 1.43 1.45

Acic insoluble ash % w/w 0.26 79.75

pH 0.98 0.09

Table no 1.16 : Particle size analysis of Akik pishti

Akik pishti Akik Bhasma

Size range µm Average Size range µm Average

Batch 1 5-10 µm 7.5 µm 30-50 µm 40 µm

Batch 2 5-15 µm 10 µm 40-60 µm 50 µm

Batch 3 5-15µm 10 µm 40-70 µm 55 µm

Mean 9.033 µm 48.33 µm

Thus it can be concluded that the Bhasma procedure can enhance the potency of the drug, by decreasing the particle size.

Table no 1.17 : EDXS analysis of Akik Pishti shows:

Element (keV) mass% Error% Mol% Compoun

d mass% Cation K

O 49.98

Al K 1.486 1.84 0.46 2.11 Al2O3 3.48 0.52 3.1208

Si K 1.739 40.49 0.51 89.29 SiO2 86.61 11.07 80.0370

Ca K 3.690 1.10 0.51 1.70 CaO 1.54 0.21 2.7077

Fe K 6.398 3.52 1.00 3.91 FeO 4.53 0.48 7.7315

Cu K 8.040 3.06 2.01 2.99 CuO 3.83 0.37 6.4030

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 12.66

Table no 1.18 : EDXS analysis of Akik Bhasma shows:

Element (keV) mass% Error% Mol% Compound mass% Cation K

O 51.84

Si K 1.739 44.70 0.56 96.55 SiO2 95.63 11.79 92.6837

Fe K 6.398 1.05 1.05 1.41 FeO 1.35 0.14 2.2823

Cu K 8.040 2.42 2.42 2.31 CuO 3..2 0.28 5.0340

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 12.21

2. SUMMARY

From this study following conclusion can be drawn.

 Akik has been included in Ratna varga in Siddha Bhaishaj Manimala, it was the only ratna to be described after discussion of Ratna guna by the author. There are no direct mentions of Akik in older classical texts.

 The drugs Akik Pishti and Akik Bhasma are explained in

Rasatantrasar; Siddha prayog Sangraha and Ayurved sar sangraha respectively.

 The Gulab jal with almost same pH and Specific gravity also with similar Organoleptic characters ensured that all the 5 batches of Gulab jal utilized were of the same standards.

 The shodhan procedures of nirvaapan by Gulab jal for 21 times of Akik showed a sharp

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decrease in the hardness from 07 to powder form. Also, reduction of color intensity and amount of Gulab jal utilized in nirvaapan procedure shows reaction during the Shodhana procedure with Gulab jal, also enhancing the desired efficacy of Akik.

 Organoleptic parameters of Akik Pishti differs from that of Akik Bhasma in terms of Varitaratva, which may be due to the hygroscopic nature of the Akik Pishti as well as bigger particle size than Akik Bhasma.

 Pharmaceutically it is better to prepare Akik Pishti instead of Akik Bhasma, because of its cost- effective nature whereas the percentage of Bhasma obtained is considerably low than Pishti.

 The methods applied for shodhan, maran and Pishti of Akik in this study may be considered as standard method.

 Analytical data pertaining to Akik Pishti and Akik Bhasma batches reveals reproducibility in the methods applied.

 The pH value of Gulab jal shows it to be strongly acidic, whereas Godugdha too is slightly acidic in nature, this facilitates the desired reaction with the alkaline Akik Pishti and Bhasma churna during the bhawna process. The micro heat produced due to continuous trituration acted as a catalyst for the reaction.

 Last bhawna of Godugdha may be applied as they enrich the

rasayana and medhya

characteristics of the Bhasma.

This is also the main difference between Pishti and Bhasma besides heat application in Bhasma.

 Analytically due to smaller particle size, Akik Pishti may act as a better medicine due to the larger surface area possessed than the Akik Bhasma.

3. LIMITATIONS

 It was a time bound research work.

 No specific author has suggested the rasa and vipaka of the Akik

ratna. Whereas, analytical study alone, proves to be handicapped while discussing the Akik`s rasa and vipaka in absence of any clinical and preclinical study on the matter.

 Specific instrumentation and technological accreditation was taken from outsidelaboratories

 Instrumental and investigatory facilities were minimum.

 There was lack of advanced and sophisticated instruments for pharmaceuticalstudy.

4. SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUD

 Comparative Clinical study of Akik Bhasma and Akik Pishtican be studied.

 Various other experimental studies, with the collaboration of experimental pharmacology can be undertaken such as hemostatic, hridya, netrya, medhya, dadhyakar (strengthening teeth) and rasayana, etc. to prove its efficacy.

 Preparation of Akik Pishti and Akik Bhasma by different pharmaceutical procedures.

 A concrete establishment of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the preparation of Akik Bhasma and Akik Pishti, with more extensive study and through various procedures adopted from different references could be done.

 A comparative analytical and pharmacological study of Akik Bhasma prepared by ayurvedic method and Kustha Aqiq prepared by the unani method could be done to establish the similarity and differences between the two systems of medicines.

 Antimicrobial susceptibility study of Akik Bhasma and pishti could be tried for.

 A clinical or preclinical study on vrishya property of Akik Pishti when mixed with Swarna Bhasma could be undertaken.

REFERENCES:

1. Shri Madhava, Ayurveda prakasha, Edited by Gulrajsharma Mishra, 3^rd edition, chapter 5, Ratnopratna Adhyay page 469.

2. Sri. R. Kaladhara Bhatta, Siddha Bhaishaj Manimala of Mahakavi Sri Krishnaram

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Vol.03, Issue 09, Conference (IC-RASEM) Special Issue 01, September 2018 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE Bhatta. Chaukhamba Krushnadas

Academy, 4^th edition Chapter 2, Page 91 3. Rasatanrasaar & Siddhaprayog

Sangraha,Part II (Edition 2006), page 37, 44, 102.

4. Dr. Damodar Joshi, Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya ,Rasamritam , 1st Edition , Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan Published1998 Page 103.

5. Vaidya Ram Narayan Sharma, Ayurved Sar Sangraha, Sri Baidyanatb Ayurved Bhawan Pvt ltd.,Nagpur, year 2000, page 93 6. Shri Badrinath Shastri, Ratna Dhatu

Vigyan, uparatna prakaran.

7. Hakim Mohm.Fazlullah, Makhzanul Mufradat, Siddiq bool depot, lucknow, 1^st edition, Page no- 152.

8. Hakim Sayyed Zillur Rahman, Kitabul Murakkabat, Publication division, A.M.U.

Aligarh, Year 1991, 2^nd Edition, Page no- 135.

9. Hakim Mohammed Said, Pharmacopeia of Eastern Medicine, Sri Satguru Publication, Division of Indian Books Centre, Delhi.

Reprint 2^nd Edition, 1997, Page no- 230.

10. Ziya-Ad-Din, Abdullah Ibn al Baytar; Al Jami Li Mufradat Al Adviya Wal Aghziya;

Urdu Translation; VolumeIII; 1999- 1^st Edition,CCRUM; Page no 287-288.

11. Anonymus; Qurabdeen-E-Sarkari; 2006-2^nd Edition;Reprint CCRUM, Delhi; Page no 101.

12. Hakim Mohammed Kabiruddin; Kitab-al- Taklis; 1^st Edition; Page no 162,163 & 164.