View of STUDY OF EFFECT OF MUSIC ON EEG BRAINWAVE RESPONSE: A REVIEW

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Vol.03, Issue 09, Conference (IC-RASEM) Special Issue 01, September 2018 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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STUDY OF EFFECT OF MUSIC ON EEG BRAINWAVE RESPONSE: A REVIEW

1Deepak Chauhan, ²Ramavtar Jaswal, ³Nikhil Marriwala

1Mtech Student Uiet kuk, Krukshetra

2Assisistant Professor EE, Uiet kuk, Krukshetra ³Assisistant Professor ECE, Uiet kuk, Krukshetra dcmathana91@gmail.com, Ramavtarjaswal@gmail.com,

Nikhilmariwala@gmail.com

Abstract - Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology is a powerful communication tool between users and systems. It does not require any external devices or muscle intervention to issue commands and complete the interaction. The research community has initially developed BCIs with biomedical applications in mind, leading to the generation of assistive devices. They have facilitated restoring the movement ability for physically challenged or locked-in users and replacing lost motor functionality. In several previous studies the main focus is over normal individual by exploring the use of BCI as novel input device and thus investigate about generating the hand free applications. The main question of this work knows what type of music like Hindi, Punjabi and English have effect on brain. If it does yes, it can be further argued that the altered states of consciousness produced by music or meditation are similar, and thus music may help to meditate because it helps activating important brain areas for meditation.

Key Words: EEG, Brain Waves, Alpha , Beta , Gamma.

1. INTRODUCTION

BCI technology is a advanced and powerful communication toll among the user and system. BCI technology did not need any external device or muscle function to perform the command and for the completion of interaction [1]. Initially the research community develop the BCI method for the biomedical application in mid which will cause the generation of assistive devices. This technology involves the restoring of movement ability for the locked in user or physically challenged users by using the lost motor functionality. The future scopes of brain computer interface technology encourage the research community to study about the participation of BCI technology for the life of non-paralyzed normal persons by medical application. And the scope of this technology is further increased by using them in non-medical applications instead of medical application. In several previous studies the main focus is over normal individual by exploring the use of BCI as novel input device and thus investigate about generating the hand free applications. but the use of BCI for healthy user like its applications in nonmedical use is still under development and have some doubts. The issue of ITR of BRIs and its affect over decreasing the commands provided by the user is the main issue. This has been stated that this issue will restrict the BRI use for the .

locked in person as such kind of person did not able to commute with the normal way of communication and even for the preset human computer interfaces.

The electrical signals are travelled throughout the brain to become what you hear, see or observe. We can measure these activities of electrical signals by using the sensitive electrodes which are attach to the scalp. The interesting example of this is that when we hold the tuning fork which is tune from the frequency of a G note. Now strike the tuning fork over the guitar and place it to nearby to the guitar and you will observe that the G string of guitar will start vibrating. Thus this shows that the guitar is entrained on tuning fork frequency.

How this is related with the brain activity?

Actually this is very much related with the brain when you realize that the brain pulsing with electrical impulses.

We can measure the electrical activities within the brain by using EEG [7], and this will measure the electrical current frequency. The frequency thus measured by the EEG is in Hertz (Hz). Not here the most interesting thing is that- the predominant frequency at which your brain resonates at any instance is associate with the state of mind. The state of mind here refers to the situation like relaxed, frightened, stressed or sleepy which can be observe from the brainwave frequencies at that moment. Yogis spend

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2 several years in meditation to achieve the deep state of meditation. The main method which they use to get the deep state of meditation is that they spend time for the dedicated practice for many hours daily. Thu this approach will quiet their mind and will coaxing their brain to several states. In present world there are only few peoples which tell their spouse or children’s that they are going for mediation for three hours, so please don’t make noise. In practice we can get the advantage of brainwave entertainment by listening the brainwave music. This music will provide you the same state in just some sessions. This perceptual entertainment is generally available in two forms.

The rest of research paper is design as follows. The overall previous work is described in Section II. Section III describes problem formulation.

performance parameter describe in section IV. Finally, Section V describes the conclusion of paper.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

This section will provide the brief description and highlights the contribution, remarks and factors of the work done by the researchers. Many attempts have been made in the past to achieve the maximum accuracy of video signals.

vanErp J, Lotte F, Tangermann 2012 [1] Brain-computer interaction has already moved from assistive care to applications such as gaming.

Improvements in usability, hardware, signal processing, and system integration should yield applications in other nonmedical areas.

Rao R, 2010 [2] reported on the future of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). BCIs are devices that process a user's brain signals to allow direct communication and interaction with the environment. BCIs bypass the normal neuromuscular output pathways and rely on digital signal processing and machine learning to translate brain signals to action (Figure 1). Historically, BCIs were developed with biomedical applications in mind, such as restoring communication in completely paralyzed individuals and replacing lost motor function.

Bi L, Fan X-A, Liu Y. Eeg 2013 [3] EEG-based brain-controlled mobile robots can serve as powerful aids for

severely disabled people in their daily life, especially to help them move voluntarily.

In this paper, they provide a comprehensive review of the complete systems, key techniques, and evaluation issues of brain-controlled mobile robots along with some insights into related future research and development issues.

Navarro AA, Ceccaroni L, Velickovski F 2011 [4] Ambient intelligence has acquired a relevant presence in assistive technologies.

Context-awareness, the ability to perceive situations and to act providing suitable responses, plays a key role in such presence.

Tan DS, Nijholt 2010 [5]

Advances in cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging technologies have started to provide them with the ability to interface directly with the human brain. This ability is made possible through the use of sensors that can monitor some of the physical processes that occur within the brain that correspond with certain forms of thought. Researchers have used these technologies to build brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), communication systems that do not depend on the brain’s normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. In these systems, users explicitly manipulate their brain activity instead of using motor movements to produce signals that can be used to control computers or communication devices.

Lelievre Y, Washizawa Y, Rutkowski 2013 [6] This paper presents a successful attempt to improve single trial P300 response classification results in a novel moving sound spatial auditory BCI paradigm. We present a novel paradigm, together with a linear support vector machine classifier application, which allows a boost in single trial based spelling accuracy in comparison with classic stepwise linear discriminant analysis methods. The results of the offline classification of the P300 responses of seven subjects support the proposed concept, with a classification improvement of up to 80%, leading, in the best case presented, to an information transfer rate boost of 28.8 bit/min.

Wang W, Degenhart AD 2011 [7]

This study examined the feasibility of decoding semantic information from human cortical activity. FTheir human subjects undergoing presurgical brain

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3 mapping and seizure foci localization participated in this study.

Electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals were recorded while the subjects performed simple language tasks involving semantic information processing, such as a picture naming task where subjects named pictures of objects belonging to different semantic categories.

Brumberg JS, Nieto-Castanon 2010 [8] The possibility of speech processing in the absence of an intelligible acoustic signal has given rise to the idea of a ‘silent speech’ interface, to be used as an aid for the speech-handicapped, or as part of a communications system operating in silence-required or high- background-noise environments.

Vourvopoulos A, Liarokapis 2012 [9] The system is divided in two prototypes based on the headset type used. The first prototype is based on the Neurosky headset and it has been tested with 54 participants in a field study. The second prototype is based on the Emotiv headset including more sensors and accuracy, tested with 31 participants in a lab environment. Evaluation results indicate that robot navigation through commercial BCIs can be effective and natural both in the real and the virtual environment.

Van de Laar B, Gurkok H, Plass- Oude Bos 2013 [10] Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are not only being developed to aid disabled individuals with motor substitution, motor recovery, and novel communication possibilities, but also as a modality for healthy users in entertainment and gaming. This study investigates whether the incorporation of a BCI in the popular game World of Warcraft (WoW) has effects on the user experience.

Prataksita N, Lin Y-T, Chou 2014 [11] Recent advances in brain computer interface (BCI) offers its capabilities to provide a way of communication with non-muscular activity to control computers, robots, and other assistive technologies. This paper exploits the possibility towards a semiautonomous, humanoid robot personal assistant for handicapped subjects.

Brouwer A-M, van Erp J, Heylen2013 [12] While a BCI usually aims to provide an alternative communication channel for disabled

users who have difficulties to move or to speak, they focused on BCIs as a way to retrieve and use information about an individual’s cognitive or affective state without requiring any effort or intention of the user to convey this information.

Tan D, Nijholt 2010 [13]

Advances in cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging technologies have started to provide them with the ability to interface directly with the human brain. This ability is made possible through the use of sensors that can monitor some of the physical processes that occur within the brain that correspond with certain forms of thought.

Fukushima M, Inoue A 2010 [14]

Researches of measuring and evaluating human emotions have evolved every day.

While a variety of measurement methods exist the method of collecting the emotional evaluation data with the

highest accuracy is using fMRI . 3. PROBLEM FORMULATION

The main question of this work is: What type of music like folk, Rock or Pop have effect on brain. If yes, it can be further argued that the altered states of consciousness produced by music or meditation are similar, and thus music may help to meditate because it helps activating important brain areas for meditation. To answer the previously stated question this chapter is divided into two subtopics, which are music, meditation and active brain areas, and music, meditation and longterm-effects on particular brain areas. Provided that both topics lead to similiar results for music and meditation, it is pretty possible that altered states of consciousness, which are produced by music or meditation, are similar. This could shed first light to the question, whether music could have an effect on meditation. What else could be relevant concerning this topic? In case the same brain areas are active while practicing music and while meditating, it would not only provide evidence that music and meditation could induce the same altered states of consciousness.

Moreover it would indicate which brain areas are generally the key to an altered state of consciousness. If same brain areas are active while being in an altered state of consciousness reached by different ways (music and meditation), there must be important and relevant

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4 brain areas for reaching such a state.

Once we identify them, we can also identify ways to enable an easier access to such a state. Changed states of consciousness are often related to healing, enhancing power or relaxing Thus such a finding could be used to help people in many ways.

4. EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON HUMAN BRAIN FROM NEURO-PHYSICS APPROACH

The human brain, which is one of the most complex organicsystems, involves billions of interacting physiological and chemical processes that give rise to experimentally observed Neuro-electrical activity, which is called an electroencephalogram (EEG). Music can be regarded as input to the brain system which influences the human mentality along with time. Since music cognition has many emotional aspects, it is expected that EEG recorded during music listening may reflect the electrical activities of brain regions related to those emotional aspects. The resultsmight reflect the level of consciousness and the brain's activated area during music listening. It is anticipated that this approach will provide a new perspective on cognitive musicology.

Music is widely accepted to produce changes in affective (emotional) states in the listener. However, the exact nature of the emotional response to music is an open question and it is not immediately clear that induced emotional responses to music would have the same neural correlates as those observed in response to emotions induced by other modalities. However, although there is an emerging picture of the relationship between induced emotions and brain activity, there is a need for further refinement and exploration of neural correlates of emotional responses induced by music.

Music in India has great potential in this study because Indian music is melodic and has somewhat different pitch perception mechanisms. Western classical music which is based on harmonic relation [3] between notes versus the melodic mode (raaga) structures in the Indian Classical Music System (ICM) within the rhythmic cycle music may demand qualitatively different cognitive engagement.

The analysis of EEG data to determine the relation between the brain state condition in the presence of ICM and its absence would therefore be an interesting study. How rhythm, pitch, loudness etc. interrelate to influence our appreciation of the emotional content of music might be another important area of study. This might decipher a technique to monitor the course of activation in the time domain in a three-dimensional state space, revealing patterns of global dynamical states of the brain. It might also be interesting to see whether the arousal activities remain after removal of music stimuli.

5. CONCLUSION

Researchers have consistently found slowed electroencephalograph (EEG) brain wave activity (delta, theta and alpha. Each individual's emotional response to their chosen music may play a fundamental part in the response of their brain wave activity. It is likely that people are more engaged by music of their given choice for example (Folk, Rock, Pop, etc) rather than music arbitrarily played to them.

Engagement in a task is likely to be reflected in the decrease in alpha and beta wave activity. The folk it showed most optimal activity in almost all age ranges showing alertness and engagement because of optimal Alpha and Beta Waves.

The decrease in beta activity was an unexpected result in this research. A decrease in the level of beta activity has been observed to occur with increased cognitive activity and an increase to decreased levels of arousal . This would indicate that the subjects were engaged in the task and differentiates this study from other findings from mostly resting EEG paradigms in which significantly higher beta activity is found in subjects with schizophrenia .

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