VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 76 BIODIVERSITY OF FLORA AND FAUNA AT GDC CAMPUS DHAR
Dr. Priya Gaur1 and Prof. Sunita Mujalde2
1Guest Faculty, Department of Zoology, Govt. Girls College Dhar (M.P.) 454001
2Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Govt. Girls College Dhar (M.P.) 454001 Abstract - This study aims at identifying all the biodiversity at Govt. Girls Degree College, Dhar (M.P.). This college was established in 1987 and is spread in an area of 16470 m2. It is situated in Dhar city of Madhya Pradesh. The city is bordered in the north by Ratlam, to the east by parts of Indore, in the south by Barwani, and to the west by Jhabua and Alirajpur.
This college aims at providing quality education to girls from nearby tribal areas. The study was conducted for a period of one year January to December 2022. The survey was conducted each week to record all the plant and animal species in the college campus. The line transect method was adopted to fulfill this survey. During this study, authors have observed 46 species of flora and 52 species of fauna. These plants belonged to various grasses and full grown indigenous trees. Interestingly, there are 4 invasive species also.
Fauna included various species of invertebrates and vertebrates like insects, butterflies, reptiles, birds and mammals etc. The authors of the study added that larger areas had more biodiversity and these areas must be kept intact to conserve this biodiversity. This study is the first ever study conducted at this college. This data is very preliminary in nature and needs continuous monitoring.
Keywords: Dhar, Biodiversity, Flora, Invasive, Nature and Fauna 1 INTRODUCTION
At the beginning of 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic broke out, drastically reducing and changing human activities. International travel practically stopped, and people were confined to their houses. Although certain parks, particularly those in metropolitan areas, reported drastically increased utilization, national parks and other protected sites either closed or curtailed visitation. Fieldwork was halted or disturbed as universities and schools closed or switched to online instruction. The preservation of biological diversity and the health of ecological communities are affected by each of these cultural changes (Corlett et al., 2020; Bates et al., 2020; Rutz et al., 2020).
Many employees emphasized that although the pandemic is a tragedy of great consequence, it also presents a chance to learn more about how people and the environment interact. It's crucial to comprehend how the epidemic will affect public perception and policies toward animals, as well as how the interruption of university courses, research projects, and employment will affect research programmes and the careers of students and recent graduates (Corlett et al., 2020; Bates et al., 2020; Rutz et al., 2020). Girls Degree College was selected for the above study with the aim to observe the biodiversity in the college campus.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Area: Govt. Girls College Dhar Campus was selected for the above study. Dhar (22.598°N 75.304°E) is a city located in Dhar district of the Malwa region in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.
Figure 1: Map Showing Dhar district marked in Madhya Pradesh of India.
This Study aims at identifying all the biodiversity at Govt. Girls Degree College, Dhar (M.P.).
This college was established in 1987 and is spread in an area of 16470 m2. It is situated in Dhar city of Madhya Pradesh.
VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 77
Dhar (Coordinates: 22.598°N 75.304°E) is a city located in Dhar district of the Malwa region in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.
This college aims at providing quality education to girls from nearby tribal areas.
The study was conducted for a period of one year January to December 2022 for Flora and for 2 months for fauna (Nov to Dec).
The survey was conducted each week to record all the species in the college campus.
Specimen collection by customary methods.
The line transect method was adopted to fulfill this survey.
Books for Identification of species:
1. Wildlife of Central India by David Raju & S. Ramachandran (2016) 2. The Book of Indian Trees by K. C. Saini (2000).
3. The book of Indian birds by Salim Ali (13th edition) (2003).
4. Common birds of the Indian Subcontinent by Ananda Banerjee (2015).
5. Common Grass of United Provinces by N. L. Bor (1993).
OBSERVATIONS
The following checklist was observed in our study area.
Table 1: Checklist of Floral diversity with respective order and family Angiosperms
S.
No.
Common Names Scientific Names Order Family 1 Allamanda Allamanda cathartica Gentianales Apocynaceae 2 Kaaju (Cashew tree) Anacardium
occidentale Sapindales Anacardiaceae 3 Custard apple Annona reticulata. Magnoliales Annonaceae 4 Sugar
apple(Ramfal) Annona squamosa Magnoliales Annonaceae 5 Jackfruit Artocarpus heteropllus Rosales Moraceae 6 Neem Tree Azadirachta indica Sapindales Meliaceae 7 Kachnar (orchid
tree) Bauhinia variegata Fabales Fabaceae
8 Bougainvillea Bougainvillea spectabilis
Caryophyllales Nyctaginaceae
9 Papaya Carica papaya Brassicales Caricaceae
10 Amaltas Cassia fistula Fabales Fabaceae
11 Sheoak tree Casuarina equisetifolia Fagales Casuarinaceae 12 Night blooming
Jasmine Cestrum nocturnum Solanales Solanaceae
13 Sevanti Chrysanthenum
indicum Arterales Asteraceae
14 Mosambi (Sweet
Lemon) Citrus limetta Sapindales Rutaceae
15 Nimbu (Lemon) Citrus limon Sapindales Rutaceae
16 Madhumalti
(Rangoon Creeper) Combretum indicum Myrtales Combretaceae
17 Scutch grass Cynodon dactylon Poales Poaceae
18 Dactyloctenium Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Poales Poaceae
19 Dichanthium Dichanthium
annulatum Poales Poaceae
20 Fig (Anjeer) Ficus carica Rosales Moraceae
21 Rubber Fig Ficus elastica Rosales Moraceae
22 Hibiscus Hibiscus syriacus Malvales Malvaceae
23 Chameli (Jasmine) Jasminum officinale Lamiales Oleaceae 24 Mogra (Arabian
Jasmine) Jasminum sambac Lamiales Oleaceae
25 Mango Mangifera indica Sapindales Anacardiaceae
26 Sapodilla (Chiku) Manilkara zapota Ericales Sapotaceae
VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 78
27 Garlic creeper Mansoa alliacea Lamiales Bignoniaceae 28 Currry Plant Murraya koenigii Sapindales Rutaceae 29 Madhu Kamini Murraya paniculata Sapindales Rutaceae
30 Banana Musa acuminata Zingiberales Musaceae
31 Oleander (Kaner) Nerium oleander Gentianales Apocynaceae 32 Night Jasmine
(Parijat) Nyctanthes arbortristis Lamiales Oleaceae
33 Tulsi Ocimum tenuiflorum Lamiales Lamiaceae
34 Amla (Indian
gooseberry) Phyllanthus emblica Malpighiales Phyllanthaceae 35 Frangipani Plumeria obtusa Gentianales Apocynaceae
36 Almond Prunus amygdalus Rosales Rosaceae
37 Guava Psidium guajava Myrtales Myrtaceae
38 Rose Rosa rubiginosa Rosales Rosaceae
39 Ashoka tree Saraca asoca Fabales Fabaceae
40 Setaria Setaria pumila Poales Poaceae
41 Jamun Syzygium cumini Myrtales Myrtaceae
42 Chandani Tabernaemontana
divaricata Gentianales Apocynaceae Gymnosperms
S.No. Common Names Scientific Names Order Family 1 Cupressus Cupressus sempervirens Cupressales Cupressaceae
2 Cycas Cycas circinalis Cycadales Cycadaceae
3 Pine Pinus roxburghii Pinales Pinaceae
4 Thuja Thuja standishii Cupressales Cupressaceae
Figure 2 Plate showing images of biodiversity FLORA AND FAUNA
Ficus elastica Bauhinia variegata Merops orientalis Cinnyris asiaticus
Table 2 Checklist of Faunal diversity with respective order and family S.No. Order English Name Scientific Name
1 Accipitriformes Shikra Accipiter badius
2 Accipitriformes Black Kite Milvus migrans
3 Anura Indian Bullfrog Haplobatrachus tigerinus
4 Bucerotiformes Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris 5 Caprimulgiformes Common Swift Apus apus
6 Charadriiformes Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 7 Columbiformes Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis
8 Columbiformes Rock Pigeon Columba livia
9 Columbiformes Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis
VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 79 10 Coraciiformes White-throated
Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 11 Coraciiformes Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis
12 Cuculiformes Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus
13 Ephemeroptera May-fly Caenis sps. Caenis sps.
14 Haplotaxida Common Earthworm Pheretima posthuma
15 Hemiptera Lantern Bug Zanna affinis
16 Hymenoptera Honey bee Apis indica
17 Hymenoptera Weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina
18 Lepidoptera Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus 19 Lepidoptera Common Jezebel Delias eucharis
20 Lepidoptera Blue Pansy Junonia orithiya
21 Lepidoptera Grey Pansy Junonia atlites
22 Lepidoptera Small grass yellow Eurema brigitta 23 Lepidoptera Spot swordtail Graphium nomius
24 Lepidoptera Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias
25 Mantodea Praying Mantis Sphodromantis viridis 26 Odonata Common Club-Tail Ictinigomphus rapax
27 Odonata Granite Ghost Bradinopyga geminata
28 Odonata Yellow Bush-Dart Copera marginipes
29 Odonata Asiatic blood tail Lathrecista asiatica 30 Odonata Common clubtail Ictinogomphus rapax 31 Odonata Common hook tail Paragomphus lineatus 32 Odonata Coral tailed cloud wing Tholymis tillarga
33 Odonata Ditch jewel Brachythemis contaminata
34 Passeriformes Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 35 Passeriformes Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 36 Passeriformes Dusky Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne concolor 37 Passeriformes Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda
38 Passeriformes House Crow Corvus splendens
39 Passeriformes Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis 40 Passeriformes Jungle Babbler Argya striata 41 Passeriformes Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus 42 Passeriformes House Sparrow Passer domesticus 43 Passeriformes Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius 44 Pelecaniformes Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 45 Pelecaniformes Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 46 Phasmida Indian Walking Stick Carausius morosus
47 Piciformes Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon haemacephalus 48 Psittaciformes Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri
49 Rodentia Little Indian Field Mouse Mus booduga 50 Rodentia Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 51 Squamata Common Garden Lizard Calotos versicolor
52 Strigiformes Spotted Owlet Athene brama
3 RESULTS
During this study we have observed 46 different species of flora from one year study and 52 species of fauna from two month study. These plant species belonged to 20 different orders of Angiosperms. Out of which order Sapindales was dominant in our study area with 7 species in its category. Animals observed belonged to different phylums. Authors have observed various arthropods, annelida, several reptiles, birds and mammals also. Order Passeriformws was dominant in our study. List of recorded Angiosperms, Gymnosperm and Animals is mentioned in Table 1-3 and order wise percent composition is shown in figure 2 and 3.
In our study there were invasive species also like Parthenium hysterophorus (Gajar Ghas) and Lantana camara (West Indian Lantana).
VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 80
Figure 2: Order wise percentage composition of Flora recorded
Figure 3 Order wise percentage composition of Fauna recorded
4 CONCLUSION
The above study showed that the above mentioned study site is rich in flora and fauna diversity and has various patches which are very dense in flora and fauna. Sapindales and Passeriformes order were dominant in our study. This college campus has slight dissimilarity in composition of plants and animals.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very grateful to Dr. Sushil Phadke, Principal Govt. Girls College Dhar (M.P.) for immense help and support for conducting this study. Author acknowledges the help received from and other scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from which the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
REFERENCES
1. Ali, S. (2003). The Book of Indian birds. 13th Edn. BNHS. Oxford University Press. pp 1-402.
2. Banerjee, A. (2015). Common birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Rupa and co. pp.1-116.
3. Bates, A.E., Primack, R.B., Duarte, C.M., PAN-Environment Working Group, 2021. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment. Biol. Conserv., 109175
VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 81 4. Bor, N. L.(1993). Common Grass of United Provinces.
5. Corlett, R.A., Primack, R.B., Devictor, V., Maas, B., Goswami, V.R., Bates, A.E., Koh, L.P., Regan, T.J., Loyola, R., Pakeman, R.J., Cumming, G.S., Pidgeon, A., Johns, D., Roth, R., 2020. Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biol. Conserv. 246, 108571.
6. Raju, D. and Ramachandran, S. (2016). Photographic field guide Wildlife of Central India. Notion Press, Chennai, pp. 1-300.
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8. Saini, K. C. (2000). The Book of Indian Trees
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10. Sharma, P.D. (2015). Ecology and evolution. Rastogi Publication.
11. Sinha, B. K. and Shukla, B.K. (2007). Synoptic flora of Khargone district Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Economic Taxonomic Botany India. 31(2).
