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Nama Artikel : Samisake Program is improving the Economic Capabilities of Urban Poor in Bengkulu City, Indonesia
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Samisake Program is improving the Economic Capabilities of Urban Poor in Bengkulu City, Indonesia
Samisake Program: Mayor Policy to improve Economic Capabilities Urban Poor in Bengkulu City, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The Samisake program, initiated by the Mayor of Bengkulu, Indonesia to alleviate the poverty of urban communities, is an acronym for “Satu Milyar Satu Kelurahan,” which means one billion one village. This research proves that the Samisake program can improve the economy of the urban poor in Bengkulu City, Indonesia. The results are incredible; 70.13% managed to create a new business, only 10.02 % misused the loan for consumptive needs and 19.85 % deliberately did not repay the loan. The results showed that the Samisake program helped improve the lives of the urban poor. From the existing data, those who were initially unemployed now earn around US$138 per month. At the same time, those who already own a business experienced a 25%–30% increase in turnover per month. When viewed from the data, the money in circulation amounted to Rp 12 billion (US$ 827.587) in 2018, Rp 13 billion (US$ 896.552) in 2019, about Rp 12 billion (US$ 827.587) in 2020, and Rp 14 billion (965.517) in 2021. Samisake's total funds amounted to 51 billion. The percentage of those unemployed decreased by 3.65%
from 2018 to 2021.
Keywords: government policy, economic capabilities, urban poor, poverty alleviation Introduction
Poverty is a complex problem, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Some approaches to community participation and the desire to address multi- dimensional poverty (Zou et al. 2019; Ramos-Mejía, Franco-Garcia, and Jauregui-Becker 2018) include enhancing technology, popularising concepts, and growing characteristic and profitable industries to help poverty areas increase their regional power (Chien, Chau, and Zhang 2020; Singh and Chudasama 2020; Tasos et al. 2020). Poverty is a multi-factor derived from two factors, internal and external. In China, there are also two, namely realizing dual goals of protection of ecosystem services and poverty alleviation, so the establishment of "Ecological Function Conservation Areas" (EFSA)( Zheng et al., 2019).
The internal factors that cause poverty are still low education, low quality of society, lack of assets or business capital, and health issues, while external factors are the environmental impacts seen from an economic point of view, namely limited ownership of productive tools and lack of technology and leadership (Kimengsi and Ngala 2018;
Mata et al. 1967; Odunola and Akinyode 2019; Martínez, Zuluaga, and Estrada 2019). It can also be that due to poverty, though people want to do business, they do not have the capital. Like China, the PAR program is essentially the optimization or reorganization of regional human-land area systems that have far-reaching impacts and effects. In other words, PAR is devoted to realizing the local village's sustainable social and economic development (Zou et al. 2019). This condition is illustrated by the still high number of
poor people, open unemployment, and Indonesia's low human development index (Njoya and Seetaram 2018). The quality of human resources is characterized by the Human Development Index (HDI). Human resource development can be done by training the unemployed to start livelihood activities (Hasan and Sharma 2018; Mainali et al. 2018;
Olajide, Agunbiade, and Bishi 2018). For this reason, government policies must solve the problem of unemployment (Khadzhyradieva, Hrechko, and Smalskys 2019; Labunska et al. 2019; Sagarik 2019).
In Bengkulu City, Indonesia, Samisake is a poverty alleviation program targeting the city, in which the government lends funds to start a business or develop a business that already has been owned. Comparably, scavengers can also earn income from turning waste into something useful that makes money. However, Samisake specifically grows the family’s economy through open businesses.
This is similar to the urban community in Poland. Social networking sites significantly increase Poland's rural and urban-rural GMINAS (Generation, Natives, and Generation, n.d.; Hasan and Sharma 2018). In addition to small businesses, many urban communities do scavenger work too. Many urban communities also utilize the potential of waste to earn income. However, urbanization has reduced rural interest (Dr. K.
Somasekhar, 2020; Le Guilloux et al., 2018). Like, for example, the Government of India is fulfilling economic development through a sustainable system (Hasan and Sharma 2018). Poverty results in low purchasing power and a healthy lifestyle (Gao and Erokhin 2020; Adunea et al. 2019; Babajide et al. 2020). Tackling poverty is an effort that receives special attention from many parties. For example, sorting waste to get income from the financial ability to sort out waste that can be utilized becomes income (Galster et al. 2019;
Osei and Zhuang 2020)
Likewise, in South Africa, the lives and empowerment of rural poor communities with particular attention to traditional community groups regardless of caste. This condition is an environmental comfort in urban communities (Omotayo et al. 2020). If the relationship between poverty and inequality in Mexico causes delinquency, it could be criminal (Cortez and Eternod 2021). Poverty is a difficult problem to solve. To completely solve it, it is necessary to study the characteristics, cultures, customs, and even mindsets of people. The government always tries to solve the problem of poverty because it is concerned with the community's right to a decent life. However, poverty alleviation for urban areas has not been precisely identified, and the distribution of land to communities is not an effective way of solving the problem. (Min et al. 2021). Therefore, poverty alleviation policies for the city's poor need careful and targeted planning.
Conversely, in welfare settings, people rely on legitimate states and regulated labor and financial markets that provide all the minimum conditions citizens need to remain in a family and society (Ramos-Mejía, Franco-Garcia, and Jauregui-Becker 2018).
Poverty is considered a consequence of conditions that affect the policies of poverty alleviation (Galster et al. 2019). Therefore, poverty alleviation seems confusing in developing countries (Weru et al. 2018). Although the Indonesian government has launched various poverty alleviation programs, it has not produced encouraging news.
The data collected for this study aims to understand the social and economic conditions to provide information on policy alternatives to poverty alleviation (Martínez, Zuluaga, and Estrada 2019).
Various poverty alleviation programs are considered not to be enjoyed thoroughly by the community because the number of poor people is still significant. This poverty measure can be used at the national and regional levels to compare countries with various characteristics, such as regions and ethnic groups. However, the Samisake program has a unique character because it alleviates poverty in urban communities that are not necessarily poor, with the desire to improve the family economy to survive.
Most mentally poor people still want to receive help from the rich rather than solve their problems by working hard. Although these methods help capture certain aspects of poverty, they are criticized for not being enough to present the various dimensions of deprivation (Omotayo et al. 2020). Various poverty alleviation programs are always the wrong target, so distribution does not reach the desired party.
The Bengkulu City Government has a poverty alleviation program under the Samisake Revolving Fund Program (one billion one village). Therefore, Samisake's rolling program to the poor requires rigor in making it happen. For example, in developing countries, loans to the poor are not used to do business or improve their business but instead are used to renovate homes (Putri et al. 2018). Especially during the Covid-19 pandemic from the beginning of 2020 to October 2021, the distribution of programs must be with program needs. All programs are directed at low- and middle-income countries (Lau et al. 2020).
Research Methods
This study uses the qualitatively descriptive method. Informants who are the subject of research are people who get revolving funds with criteria following the necessary provisions, such as opening a new business or developing an existing business.
In principle, revolving funds are given for business purposes, not consumption.
To know that revolving fund management is effective, the aspects of research used as guidelines are the accuracy of goals, benefits, and time, that is the precision of purpose with benchmarks to increase beneficiary income and new jobs, the accuracy of targets with benchmarks of capital provision for new businesses and improvements for existing businesses and timely returns measuring punctuality, following the agreed time and imposition of sanctions or fines for those not on time. The research informants were taken from 15 villages owned by Bengkulu, with two people from each village.
Technical data were extracted by analyzing secondary data in the form of records owned by the implementation unit of the Samisake UPTD program. Data were obtained in the form of records on initial capital, annually starting in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021.
Several times forum group discussions were conducted to solve unknown problems. The technique triangulates data by collecting preliminary data, analyzing it, and searching for other data when it does not answer what is desired. Finally, it can be known about the data needed, then analyzed in-depth to conclude. Finally, it also provides recommendations for the follow-up of the study.
Discussion Of Theory
Poverty alleviation programs are local government policies in developing countries. We are just watching to get the program to run correctly (Odunola and Akinyode 2019). The government as a public servant needs to make the right policies to tackle poverty (Vogel 2020; Eissa 2020; Li, Li, and Kou 2022; Min et al. 2021; Voorn, Borst, and Blom 2020). There are still marginalized poor people in the city, so it is necessary to consider and allocate government finances to them (Weru et al. 2018;
Ingrams et al. 2020). Public policies are essential for determining the right program (Shalbolova et al. 2021; Nurlinah and Haryanto 2020).
Urbanism of austerity mentions that the impact of urban governance reforms is explored in Athens, and development is proposed based on local conditions (Schillemans and Bjurstrøm 2020; De Graaf 2019). The current technology requires an urban development strategy with the perspective of realizing urban development for the future.
On that basis, the government needs to open opportunities for urban innovation capabilities that include urban poor people innovating for development (Luo, Tang, and Fan 2021; Kimengsi and Ngala 2018). Some approaches to community participation and desire to address multi-dimensional poverty in developing countries. Much poverty alleviation literature posits that poor areas are difficult to optimize; however, it has been assisted by developed regions (Chien, Chau, and Zhang 2020)
Villagers can improve their villages by enhancing their service facilities and also the environment (Min et al. 2021), while in the city, community development depends on the structure of the modern market and its public services (Zhang et al. 2019). Thus, poverty in urban communities certainly has different characteristics. Various policies and politics influence the condition of origin due to the breadth of the network (Vantaggiato 2019), democracy, modernization, and global differences(Provost, 019; Sommer, 2019).
Governments all around the world collaborate on policy differences (Capano, Pritoni, and Vicentini 2020; Bassoli and Marzulli 2021). Policy orientation is based on an internal agenda with a vision and objectives tailored to each country (Fraussen and Halpin 2021;
Bandelow 2021).
In the City of Bengkulu, Indonesia, the mayor's policy created the Samisake program, a form of municipal government stimulus so that the city’s poor receive help in innovating to open new businesses. Urban planning is a part of the government's task to realize equality in other developed cities (Wesely and Allen 2019) such as China, the influence of socialist regimes and the dual system of village cities, poverty alleviation policies carried out by the division of agricultural land, housing of villagers, strict family planning, agricultural production targets, building prosperity (Zou et al. 2019). In Nepal, urban poverty alleviation is not concentrated but is more comprehensive (K.C. 2018).
Brunei separates villages and cities in the context of poverty alleviation, arguing that villages and cities have different cultures and resources (Gweshengwe, Hassan, and Ali Maricar 2020).
The success of the Samisake program is measured by the effectiveness of the implementation of the program. The effectiveness of program management can be measured by the extent to which the goals are implemented and achieved, and refunds are launched at the promised time. The exact size is theoretically different in reality. Some rich people get loans, but poor people do not. That is the finding side. In some cases, the recipients of the revolving funds do not use the funds for the original intention or purpose and instead used them for consumptive needs. Given the massive potential of the productive sector, the realization of the absorption of revolving funds is unfortunate. In South Sumatra, a revolving fund distribution program provides technical guidance for access to revolving funds (Maulida and Arwansyah 2019).
Research Results
Characteristics of Informants
There were 36 informants in this study, which consisted of 1 Head of UPTD, 1 Village Head, 3 managers, 11 beneficiaries for those who were just starting a business, 11 beneficiaries for those who already have a business, and nine community leaders consisting of 5 R.T. Chairmen, 2 R.W. Chairmen, 1 Customary Chairman, and 1 Village Facilitator.
A. Increased Income, Beneficiary Welfare, and Creation of New Jobs
The implementation of the Samisake revolving fund loan management activities aims to provide access to financial services to poor households with micro-loans to improve the community economy and align the community in terms of managing loans and using them correctly. Samisake's role is to build sustainable solutions for loan services. At the village level, revolving loan fund management is oriented toward the learning process to create business and employment opportunities, increasing the collection of the poor and other productive activities. The average new business earns Rp 2,000,000 (US$ 138) per person per month. As for those who already have a business, this Samisake program can increase the turnover between 25% to 30% every month.
The Bengkulu City Government’s assistance to increase income and community welfare is the primary goal of Samisake's revolving fund program. The existence of assistance provided by the Bengkulu City Government through the Samisake revolving fund program becomes a breath of fresh air for the community to invest their business capital with low loan interest of 0.5% per month. For example, Cempaka Permai village is one of the villages whose inhabitants have diverse livelihoods but 60% of them either trade or have a business and live in city housing. As for the type of business carried out by borrowers at home. At least this program aims to alleviate poverty. For this reason, you can see the following picture: (figure 1)
0 5 10 15 20 25
2018 2019 2020 2021
Open Unemployment Rate Bengkulu City 2018 - 2021
Unemployment New Business Developing Business
Figure 1. Open Unemployment Rate Bengkulu City 2018–2021 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2021
From the chart, we can see that unemployment declined and stabilized from 2018 to 2021. For example, figure 1 shows that unemployment has fallen by 3.65%. In Bengkulu City, 20,000 people were unemployed in 2018, 14,000 in 2019, while in 2020, it decreased to 4,000, and finally, in 2021, it decreased to 4,000.
B. Provision of Capital for New Ventures and Capital Increase for Existing Businesses.
The results showed that the provision of new business capital and existing businesses was made as needed, meaning that aspects of target accuracy in this study can already be proven from interviews with several related informants. With Samisake revolving around fund management programs, many new businesses are popping up or trimming.
The Samisake program’s flow begins with the following steps: 1) The formation of cooperatives in each village, 2) Each village selects a Village Facilitator, 3) Each cooperative member gets a loan after being analyzed by the Village Facilitator, 4) The Village level Samisake team coordinated with each member who gets a loan, 5) Members pay the loan to Team Samisake. Revolving funds, amounting to 13.6 billion with debtors of as many as 9294 customers, were passed by the Cooperative in 2014. Furthermore, it increased to 190 billion in December 2021. 71 cooperatives were formed until 2021.
Program participants are combined in Independent Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The SMEs have as many as 412 pieces, absorbing 47,535 people. The UPTD Samisake data in Bengkulu city shows that the number of borrowers amounted to 10,361 people, with employment of 12,754. The business development amounted to 9,477, and the formation of a new business was 943. The following table shows the data on the allocation of Samisake funds and the number of SMEs: (table 1)
Samisake Program Fund Allocation 2018 - 2021
Distribution 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total
Allocation of Funds
Rp 14 billion (USD 965.517)
Rp 19 Billion (USD 1.310.345)
Rp 8 Billion (USD 551.724)
Rp 9 Billion (USD 620.689)
Rp 50 Billion (USD 3.448.276)
SMEs 34 75 11 22 142
Table 1. Samisake Program Fund Allocation 2018–2021.
Table 1 shows the allocation of Samisake funds for Rp 50 billion (USD 3.44.276) spread over 142 SMEs. In 2020, the funds relocated by the Bengkulu city government amounted to Rp 8 billion (USD 551.724) because of the situation of the Covid-19 pandemic. This can be seen in the following graph: (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Allocation of Funds and Number of SMEs 2018–2021
From the graph, it can be seen that in 2019 from the allocation of funds amounting to Rp 19 billion (USD 1.310.345), 75 SMEs were formed, in 2020, Rp 8 billion (USD 551.724) was distributed to 11 SMEs, while in 2021, Rp 9 billion (USD 620.689) was distributed to 22 SMEs. When considering the borrowers who opened new businesses, there was a steep increase in 2019 since 2018. However, in 2020, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, there was a drop, which rose again in 2021. While those who already had businesses experienced a decline before the pandemic and even during the pandemic in 2019 and 2020; nevertheless, in 2021 it increased again.
C. Repayment of loans according to the agreed time and the imposition of sanctions or fines for those in arrears.
As referred to in paragraph (3), installment payments are addressed to UPTD Samisake revolving fund accounts at designated banks. Any late payment of installments is subject to a fine by the rules. The mayor's regulations are governed by the Samisake refund mechanism mentioned in paragraph (1) and the late fine as mentioned in paragraph (3) is stipulated by the mayor's regulations. In general, in the case of the revolving funds of loans made by the Bengkulu City Government, 70.13% successfully followed expectations, namely used for new business capital or the development of existing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2018 2019 2020 2021
Allocation of Funds and Number SMEs 2018 - 2021
Fund SMEs
businesses. However, some recipients of revolving funds are not on target. For example, 10.02% are already rich, and funds loans are rolling out. In addition, the recipient of revolving funds is not on time in paying installments, and some are 19,85 %, even tending to be deliberately unwilling to pay because they assume that the money lent is grant money that does not need to be returned. In China, the policy of microcredit poverty alleviation was carried out in recent years, and the results showed a positive influence on increasing the income of poor households (Yu et al. 2020). This program is almost the same as Samisake in Bengkulu.
The utilization of Samisake Loans in the last four years is shown in the following table: (table 2).
Table 2 shows that 70.13% of the allocated funds are used to grow the business you already own. There are 19.85% of lousy characters who failed to return the loan funds. The remaining 10.02% used the loan for consumption purposes, not for business, as can be seen in the following figure: (Figure 3)
Figure 3. Use of Samisake Funds
The picture shows that the Samisake program's benefits follow the program's objective, which is to improve the poor's economic capabilities in urban areas. The statistical figure of 70.13 means the goal of urban poor people getting jobs by opening new businesses or developing their existing businesses is achieved. Although 10.02% do not use loan funds for businesses, it is a small category. Instead, funds are borrowed for consumption purposes such as buying household appliances or spending on daily fulfillment. The remaining 19.85% belong to the category of borrowers with flawed
70.13 10.02
19.85
Use of Samisake Funds 2018 - 2021
Business Consumtif No Pay
characters, who do not have the desire to change their fate and are just waiting for free help.
Conclusion
Samisake's revolving fund program in Bengkulu City increases community interest and ignites a passion for business in the community. With Samisake's revolving fund loan, the debtors began to open their businesses, and those who already had businesses expanded them because of the capital borrowed. This rolling program is helpful even to those who need that initial push to try something.
With these revolving funds, communities with small stalls can turn into large shops. As the businesses grow, they will recruit people to help serve more buyers. Thus, Samisake can also create new jobs. According to the rules, the intended loan target is a community that is just starting a business or one that already has a business and uses the revolving loans to add capital. As revolving refunds can be loaned back to others, the pattern becomes a spinning wheel in improving the economy of the urban poor.
The Samisake program is a poverty alleviation program for urban communities in Bengkulu City, Indonesia, which provides initial capital for the urban poor to be independent and transform themselves into income people. However, for the program to be on target, it needs to be controlled and supervised by the fund owner. With the Samisake program policy, the city community can live on the income they earn and use it to meet their needs.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the Bengkulu city government for agreeing to be the object of research. I would also like to STIA Bengkulu who is dedicated to conducting in-depth research on this poverty alleviation program. This article is one of the original articles about the poverty alleviation program conducted in Bengkulu City, Indonesia.
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REVISI ARTIKEL -02
Pencantuman Footnote, dan Format Kutipan
Samisake Program is improving the Economic Capabilities of Urban Poor in Bengkulu City, Indonesia
Doctor Sugeng Suharto, at Bengkulu University, Indonesia E-mail: sugengsuharto@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The Samisake program, initiated by the Mayor of Bengkulu, Indonesia to alleviate the poverty of urban communities, is an acronym for “Satu Milyar Satu Kelurahan,” which means one billion one village. This research proves that the Samisake program can improve the economy of the urban poor in Bengkulu City, Indonesia. The results are incredible; 70.13% managed to create a new business, only 10.02 % misused the loan for consumptive needs and 19.85 % deliberately did not repay the loan. The results showed that the Samisake program helped improve the lives of the urban poor. From the existing data, those who were initially unemployed now earn around US$138 per month. At the same time, those who already own a business experienced a 25%–30% increase in turnover per month. When viewed from the data, the money in circulation amounted to Rp 12 billion (US$ 827.587) in 2018, Rp 13 billion (US$ 896.552) in 2019, about Rp 12 billion (US$ 827.587) in 2020, and Rp 14 billion (965.517) in 2021. Samisake's total funds amounted to 51 billion. The percentage of those unemployed decreased by 3.65%
from 2018 to 2021.
Keywords: government policy, economic capabilities, urban poor, poverty alleviation
Introduction
Poverty is a complex problem, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Some approaches to community participation and the desire to address multi- dimensional poverty 1 include enhancing technology, popularising concepts, and growing characteristic and profitable industries to help poverty areas increase their regional power 2. Poverty is a multi-factor derived from two factors, internal and external. In China, there are also two, namely realizing dual goals of protection of ecosystem services and poverty alleviation, so the establishment of "Ecological Function Conservation
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2Fengsheng Chien, Ka Yin Chau, and Yun Qian Zhang, ‘Research on the Coordinated
Development of Environmental Protection and Industry in Poverty Alleviation under Uncertainty’, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja , 0.0 (2020), 1–18
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Areas" (EFSA)3. The internal factors that cause poverty are still low education, low quality of society, lack of assets or business capital, and health issues, while external factors are the environmental impacts seen from an economic point of view, namely limited ownership of productive tools and lack of technology and leadership 4. It can also be that due to poverty, though people want to do business, they do not have the capital.
Like China, the PAR program is essentially the optimization or reorganization of regional human-land area systems that have far-reaching impacts and effects. In other words, PAR is devoted to realizing the local village's sustainable social and economic development 5. This condition is illustrated by the still high number of poor people, open unemployment, and Indonesia's low human development index 6. The quality of human resources is characterized by the Human Development Index (HDI). Human resource development can be done by training the unemployed to start livelihood activities 7. For this reason, government policies must solve the problem of unemployment 8.
In Bengkulu City, Indonesia, Samisake is a poverty alleviation program targeting the city, in which the government lends funds to start a business or develop a business
3 ( Zheng et al., 2019)
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that already has been owned. Comparably, scavengers can also earn income from turning waste into something useful that makes money. However, Samisake specifically grows the family’s economy through open businesses.
This is similar to the urban community in Poland. Social networking sites significantly increase Poland's rural and urban-rural GMINAS 9. In addition to small businesses, many urban communities do scavenger work too. Many urban communities also utilize the potential of waste to earn income. However, urbanization has reduced rural interest 10. Like, for example, the Government of India is fulfilling economic development through a sustainable system 11. Poverty results in low purchasing power and a healthy lifestyle 12. Tackling poverty is an effort that receives special attention from many parties. For example, sorting waste to get income from the financial ability to sort out waste that can be utilized becomes income 13
Likewise, in South Africa, the lives and empowerment of rural poor communities with particular attention to traditional community groups regardless of caste. This condition is an environmental comfort in urban communities 14. If the relationship between poverty and inequality in Mexico causes delinquency, it could be criminal 15. Poverty is a difficult problem to solve. To completely solve it, it is necessary to study the characteristics, cultures, customs, and even mindsets of people. The government always tries to solve the problem of poverty because it is concerned with the community's right to a decent life. However, poverty alleviation for urban areas has not been precisely identified, and the distribution of land to communities is not an effective way of solving the problem. 16. Therefore, poverty alleviation policies for the city's poor need careful and targeted planning.
9 Younger Generation, Digital Natives, and Y Generation, ‘GOVERNANCE IN OFFICIAL WEBSITES OF GMINAS .’, 140–54 <https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2019-0-5-140- 154.ommunication>; Hasan and Sharma.
10 (Dr. K. Somasekhar, 2020; Le Guilloux et al., 2018)
11 Hasan and Sharma.
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<https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815x.000046>; Abiola Babajide and others, ‘Financial Stability and Entrepreneurship Development in Sub-Sahara Africa: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals’, Cogent Social Sciences, 6.1 (2020) <https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1798330>.
13 George C. Galster and others, ‘Benefit–Cost Analysis of an Innovative Program for Self- Sufficiency and Homeownership’, Evaluation Review, 43.1–2 (2019), 3–40
<https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X19846697>; Charles Dwumfour Osei and Jincai Zhuang, ‘Rural Poverty Alleviation Strategies and Social Capital Link: The Mediation Role of Women
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<https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020925504>.
14 Abiodun Olusola Omotayo and others, ‘What Drives Households’ Payment for Waste Disposal and Recycling Behaviours? Empirical Evidence from South Africa’s General Household Survey’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17.19 (2020), 1–22
<https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197188>.
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<https://doi.org/10.29265/gypp.v30i1.812>.
16 Min Min and others, ‘Research on Targeted Land Poverty Alleviation Patterns Based on the Precise Identification of Dominant Factors of Rural Poverty: A Case Study of Siyang County,
Conversely, in welfare settings, people rely on legitimate states and regulated labor and financial markets that provide all the minimum conditions citizens need to remain in a family and society 17. Poverty is considered a consequence of conditions that affect the policies of poverty alleviation 18. Therefore, poverty alleviation seems confusing in developing countries 19. Although the Indonesian government has launched various poverty alleviation programs, it has not produced encouraging news. The data collected for this study aims to understand the social and economic conditions to provide information on policy alternatives to poverty alleviation 20.
Various poverty alleviation programs are considered not to be enjoyed thoroughly by the community because the number of poor people is still significant. This poverty measure can be used at the national and regional levels to compare countries with various characteristics, such as regions and ethnic groups. However, the Samisake program has a unique character because it alleviates poverty in urban communities that are not necessarily poor, with the desire to improve the family economy to survive.
Most mentally poor people still want to receive help from the rich rather than solve their problems by working hard. Although these methods help capture certain aspects of poverty, they are criticized for not being enough to present the various dimensions of deprivation 21. Various poverty alleviation programs are always the wrong target, so distribution does not reach the desired party.
The Bengkulu City Government has a poverty alleviation program under the Samisake Revolving Fund Program (one billion one village). Therefore, Samisake's rolling program to the poor requires rigor in making it happen. For example, in developing countries, loans to the poor are not used to do business or improve their business but instead are used to renovate homes 22. Especially during the Covid-19 pandemic from the beginning of 2020 to October 2021, the distribution of programs must be with program needs 23 All programs are directed at low- and middle-income countries
24.
Research Methods
Jiangsu Province, China’, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23.9 (2021), 12791–813
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01185-z>.
17 Ramos-Mejía, Franco-Garcia, and Jauregui-Becker.
18 Galster and others.
19 Jane Weru and others, ‘The Akiba Mashinani Trust, Kenya: A Local Fund’s Role in Urban Development’, Environment and Urbanization, (2018), 53–66
<https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247817750963>.
20 Martínez, Zuluaga, and Estrada.
21 Omotayo and others.
22 Eka Intan Kumala Putri and others, ‘Strategi Adaptasi Sosial Ekonomi Dan Ekologi
Rumahtangga Petani Di Daerak Ekspansi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit (Studi Kasus Di Dua Desa Kalimantan Tengah)’, Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, (2018), 105–11
<http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/sodality/article/view/23226>.
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24 Lincoln Leehang Lau and others, ‘Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of COVID-19 among Income-Poor Households in the Philippines: A Cross-Sectional Study’, Journal of Global Health, 10.1 (2020) <https://doi.org/10.7189/JOGH.10.011007>.
This study uses the qualitatively descriptive method. Informants who are the subject of research are people who get revolving funds with criteria following the necessary provisions, such as opening a new business or developing an existing business.
In principle, revolving funds are given for business purposes, not consumption.
To know that revolving fund management is effective, the aspects of research used as guidelines are the accuracy of goals, benefits, and time, that is the precision of purpose with benchmarks to increase beneficiary income and new jobs, the accuracy of targets with benchmarks of capital provision for new businesses and improvements for existing businesses and timely returns measuring punctuality, following the agreed time and imposition of sanctions or fines for those not on time. The research informants were taken from 15 villages owned by Bengkulu, with two people from each village.
Technical data were extracted by analyzing secondary data in the form of records owned by the implementation unit of the Samisake UPTD program. Data were obtained in the form of records on initial capital, annually starting in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021.
Several times forum group discussions were conducted to solve unknown problems. The technique triangulates data by collecting preliminary data, analyzing it, and searching for other data when it does not answer what is desired. Finally, it can be known about the data needed, then analyzed in-depth to conclude. Finally, it also provides recommendations for the follow-up of the study.
Discussion Of Theory
Poverty alleviation programs are local government policies in developing countries. We are just watching to get the program to run correctly 25. The government as a public servant needs to make the right policies to tackle poverty 26. There are still marginalized poor people in the city, so it is necessary to consider and allocate government finances to them 27. Public policies are essential for determining the right program 28.
Poverty is the difficulty of the population meeting its basic needs which is usually below the average ability of others. Most poverty is related to unemployment 29. The Poor are people who have an average monthly per capita expenditure below the poverty line,
25 Odunola and Akinyode.
26 Morgan D. Vogel, ‘When Service Calls: Public Service Motivation and Calling as
Complementary Concepts for Public Service’, International Public Management Journal, 0.0 (2020), 1–19 <https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2020.1838014>; Noura Abdel Maksoud Eissa,
‘Egypt within the Sustainable Development Goals One and Two of the United Nations: Overview and Recommendations Thereof’, Research in World Economy, (2020), 420–32
<https://doi.org/10.5430/RWE.V11N5P420>; Wenjia Li, Ziwei Li, and Huaiyun Kou, ‘Design for Poverty Alleviation and Craft Revitalization in Rural China from an Actor-Network Perspective:
The Case of Bamboo-Weaving in Shengzhou’, Heritage Science, (2022), 1–16
<https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00637-7>; Min and others; Bart Voorn, Rick T. Borst, and Rutger Blom, ‘Business Techniques as an Explanation of the Autonomy-Performance Link in Corporatized Entities: Evidence from Dutch Municipally Owned Corporations’, International Public Management Journal, 0.0 (2020), 1–17 <https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2020.1802632>.
27 Weru and others; Alex Ingrams and others, ‘Stages and Determinants of E-Government Development: A Twelve-Year Longitudinal Study of Global Cities’, International Public Management Journal, (2020), 731–69 <https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2018.1467987>.
28 Urpash Zh Shalbolova and others, ‘Public-Private Partnership in the Housing and Communal Services and University Housing Infrastructure of Kazakhstan’, Public Policy and Administration, (2021), 585–97 <https://doi.org/10.13165/VPA-21-20-5-03>; Nurlinah and Haryanto, ‘Institutional Mechanisms and Civic Forum in Coastal Village Governance in Indonesia’, Public Policy and Administration, (2020), 76–85 <https://doi.org/10.5755/J01.PPAA.19.3.27832>.
29 Sagarik.
including urban poverty. Therefore it is necessary to monitor at all times the unemployment rate30.
Poverty is seen as the inability from the economic side to meet the basic needs of food and not food as measured in terms of expenditure. Urban poverty needs to be solved by the policies of regional heads 31. Residents of marginalized cities need the government's full attention 32.
A person belongs to the absolute poor if his income is below the poverty line and is not enough to determine the basic needs of his life 33. This concept is intended to determine the minimum level of income sufficient to meet the physical needs for food, clothing, and housing to guarantee survival 34. The main difficulty in the concept of absolute poverty is to determine the composition and level of minimum needs because these two things are not only influenced by customs, but also the climate, the level of progress of a country, and other economic factors 35. However, to be able to live a decent life, a person needs goods and services to meet his physical and social needs 36.
Furthermore, a person belongs to the relative poor if he has been able to meet the basic needs of his life, but is still much inferior to the situation of the surrounding community 37. Based on this concept, the poverty line will change if people's living levels change so this concept of poverty is dynamic or will always exist 38. Therefore, poverty can be from the aspect of social inequality which means that the greater the inequality between the level of livelihood of the upper and lower classes, the greater the number of people who can be categorized as always poor 39. A person belongs to the culturally poor class if the attitude of the person or group of people does not want to try to improve their level of life even if there is an effort from other parties whom 5 help him in other words a
30 لصا یناخ میرک دیحو؛یدادح دیحو, ‘No Title 1386 ’,اهرمیلپ رد یروانف دربراک رب ییا همدقم.
31 Glyn Williams and others, ‘Planning a “slum Free’’ Trivandrum: Housing Upgrade and the Rescaling of Urban Governance in India”’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37.2 (2019), 256–76 <https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654418784305>.
32 Weru and others; Olajide, Agunbiade, and Bishi.
33 Osei and Zhuang.
34 Andrei V. Lunochkin and Ekaterina L. Furman, ‘Stalingrad on the Eve of Industrialization: Social and Cultural Development and Improvement’, Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo
Universiteta, Seriia 4: Istoriia, Regionovedenie, Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia, (2020), 6–20
<https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.1>.
35 Arif Masrur and others, ‘Space-Time Patterns, Change, and Propagation of COVID-19 Risk Relative to the Intervention Scenarios in Bangladesh’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020 <https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.20154757>.
36 Riyanti Djalante and others, ‘Review and Analysis of Current Responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020’, Progress in Disaster Science, 6 (2020)
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