EVALUATION OF THE UPPER LAKE BHOPAL'S WATER QUALITY: A BASIC REVIEW Research Scholar- Vivek Gautam
Co-Supervisor- Dr. Vikrant Jain
PhD Scholar, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal
Abstract- Surface water like lakes is becoming being defiled by the ever-growing population, urbanization, and modernization. Due to processes like mining, soil leaching, and rock weathering, natural water becomes contaminated. Increased fertilizer use the ensuing leaching to rivers, lakes, and waterways could raise the danger of eutrophication and biodiversity loss. These and other lake problems that lead to nutrient enrichment in the lake, land use change, extending the growing season could all contribute to increased fertilizer use. Around the world, unfavorable algal blooms are growing more frequent in freshwater ecosystems.
Numerous physico-chemicals factors, including temperature, pH, total hardness, alkalinity, BOD, COD, chloride, and nitrate, among other parameters can be used to assess Upper Lake Bhopal's water quality. In summary, it was discovered that the majority of the variables are not at a standard level. As a result, it should be attempted to raise these parameters to the degree of standard in the study.
The authors would concentrate on making an effort to specifically take away the bad smell coming from these aquatic areas.
Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, seasonal variations, water quality, monthly variation, Upper lake Heavy metals, Surface runoff, oxygen that has been dissolved, total alkalinity, total hardness, Sewage discharge, Pollution etc.
1 INTRODUCTION
Lakes are inland water bodies that don't interact directly with the ocean. Physical, biological and chemical characteristics found in these bodies of water make up lake ecosystems.
Either fresh or saltwater may be present in lakes .They could be brief or long-lasting, shallow or deep. All forms of lakes share several biological and biogeochemical processes, and the investigation of these processes is known as "limnology."
The interplay between biological, chemical, and physical processes is frequently either quantitatively or qualitatively at play in lakes, making them excellent settings to learn about ecosystem dynamics. Anywhere around a river basin may have a lake in light of its source? An upstream lake is fed by numerous tiny tributary streams, direct surface rainfall, and groundwater influx rather than a single river. Despite holding 49.8% of liquid surface freshwater, lakes hold 50.01 percent of the entire amount of water on Earth's surface.
Freshwater is required for all kinds of life, and humans life also depends on water sources like lakes and ponds from where they can be used for drinking water, waste management, fish, irrigation and industrial activities etc. To assess the Upper Lake's water quality Bhopal, physico-chemical factors including Temperature, pH, total hardness, alkalinity, BOD, COD, chloride, nitrate, and phosphate were measured. The majority of these were not found to be standard level.
The study would want to call everyone's attention to one issue with this research:
the foul smell that these bodies of water emit. Which, via research, Author’s wants to strive to overcome? For this, aeration systems and chemical treatments can be installed.
Additionally, Plants can be raised on the banks of water bodies to absorb bad odors.
Figure 1 Map of Upper Lake Bhopal 1.1 Objective and Motivation:
To provide a summary of the state of the field to interested scientists, engineers and policy and decision makers.
The author's objective is to remove foul smell coming from near the bank of water bodies.
First, bacteria grow inside the sludge itself and this foul smell of water bodies comes from the decomposition by the bacteria of this sludge material. Therefore, the removal of sludge from the bottom of water bodies will have to be done time to time to break the recycling of bacteria.
Second, some such plants should be planted on the sides of these water bodies which absorb the foul smell. There are many plants that absorb the foul smell, which we can reduce the bad odor coming from the water bodies by planting them on the sides of the water bodies like; Azalea, Ficus, Orchid, Anthurium, Scindapsus, Aloe vera etc.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Many researchers have worked for Evaluation of the Upper Lake Bhopal's water quality.
Few noteworthy contributions areas under:
Virha et. al. [1] stated that the most significant future environmental danger is heavy metal pollution of fresh water. The Upper Lake is a freshwater lake that serves as a significant supply of water for drinking in Bhopal; however it has become contaminated as a result of anthropogenic activity.
Heavy metals and physicochemical characteristics which were evaluated during the experiment to assess the seasonal water quality in 2006 and 2007. Except for DO (6.50- 6.97 mg/L), Free CO2 (0.8-1.6 mg/L), and BOD (5.47-6.85 mg/L), all The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) suggested level for physicochemical characteristics for drinking water standards was not met.
Upadhyay et. al. [2] discussed quality of the water in a limonitic ecosystem is determined by biological, chemical, and physical components. Regarding water quality, temperature, light Absorption and scattering by suspended and dissolved debris, movement, and mixing of nutrients within the lake are all important aspects.
Vyas et. al. [3] stated that the religious activities possess in India a close association
with water bodies most of these aquatic features have now become sinks for waste discharge, resulting in deterioration of their water quality due to the rapid rate of urban expansion. A classic example of an urban water body and a crucial source of potable water for the people of Bhopal is the Upper Lake. The water from Upper Lake did not need to be dealt with before being used for drinking until the middle of the last century. However, due to pollution and other toxins in modern times, the need for its treatment is self -evident.
Parashar et. al.[4] discussed Water body pollution is one of the issues that environmentalists are most concerned about. Modern agricultural methods, urbanization, and industrialization all have a direct effect on water resources. The Bhopal Upper Lake and Kolar reservoir, kolar both are significant sources of fresh water for the city of Bhopal.
To determine the drinking water quality, the physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, BOD, COD, chloride, nitrate, and phosphate were examined. Which do not meet the standard level criteria?
Parashar et. al. [5] stated the water Suitable for human consumption should not contain pathogenic agent and harmful chemicals, pleasant to taste and usable for domestic purpose. The Upper Lake of Bhopal (M.P.) was chosen as the study location, and the drinkable water quality of the lake was assessed using measurements of temperature, pH, DO, total hardness, total alkalinity, and turbidity. Extent of pollution that has occurred due to urbanization, anthropogenic activities; increased human changes made to the water bodies have been ascertained. Which couldn't be located to be of quality desired standard.
Bajpai et. al. [6] mentioned that the water's condition had improved significantly over the last decade (i.e.1994-2004). This is due to the conservation and management efforts of the Bhoj Wetland Project. The total influence of all of these operations may be observed in the raising of lake water quality. Catchment area treatment, installation of floating fountains, construction of Retghat-lalghati link road, Buffer zone creation, weed eradication and solid waste management, and biological weed control through aquaculture, and public participation and awareness are the main activities, which improved the standard of the water.
Iqbal et. al. [7] carried out a bacteriological investigation from the lake water was conducted in order to analyze the water quality of Bhopal's upper lake after methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal, India. A variety of sampling locations on the lake's surface were used to collect the water samples. The study found that coliform bacteria levels rise to 24000/mL at the start of summer and drop to a minimum (120/mL) during the monsoon season, compared to the WHO's recommended limit of 100/mL for drinking water.
According to the data acquired, the Upper Lake's water quality has deteriorated and is gradually becoming unsafe for drinking in the habitat.
Singh and Shrivastava [8] discussed that for the months of March to May 2007, monthly changes in Temperature, transparency, conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, and total suspended particles were among the physico-chemical characteristics investigated; total alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, chloride, total hardness etc.were all measured in the lake's surface water. Physicochemical parameters fluctuations were found over the research period. Still according to studies, the water in this lake is acceptable for both residential and for drinking.
Kumar and Chaudhary [9] stated that The Bhoj wetland, which includes Bhopal's upper and lower lakes, is facing serious environmental issues such as changing land use patterns around lakes, polluted land and macrophyte development, and eutrophication due to organic enrichment such as phosphate and nitrate from agricultural land. It provides about half of Bhopal's drinking water. The preservation of the Bhopal lakes has gotten a lot of attention.
Apart from de-weeding, aquaculture, and the installation of floating fountains, these Operations include dredging and de-silting, treatment of catchment areas, sewage treatment plans, and solid waste management. Even so, a general lack of biodiversity was found.
Vyas and Bhat [10] stated that the current study focused on qualitative investigation of benthic diversity on Bhopal's Upper Lake, during the examination, 38 species were discovered, belonging to 20 different families. The entire benthic community was estimated to be 1782 individuals per square meter.
The results show that the aquatic body serves as a cradle for benthic organisms, particularly in shallower regions where macrophytes are abundant. From a habitat standpoint, the bottom should contain mud, sand, rocks, stones, macrophytes, and solid organic waste to which benthic organisms could grow.
Vyas et. al.[11] stated that the lake water was used to submerge the statues of Lord Ganesh and Durga during the Ganesh Ustav and Navratris festivals is a crucial cause of contamination and sedimentation. Lakes of Bhopal, Upper and Lower are exemplary examples city water bodies, from where the primary supply of drinkable water for Bhopal people.
Water contamination is caused by idol immersion that is unique to India because of its big Hindu population. Idol is constructed of clay but non-biodegradable thermocol and pigments containing hazardous metals are also utilized. Immersion activities degrade water adequacy and cause silt formation.
Consequently, turbidity, overall hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease have all were investigated which were absent to be of standard level.
Talwar et. al. [12] remarked that the water is nature's most valuable gift and a vital natural resource for the survival of every living thing. The management of this is thus critical. The purpose of this study was to identify being surrounded by a few heavy metals, such as lead, chromium, copper, and mercury, in Upper Lake, Bhopal samples. The samples were examined throughout both pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Consequently, the findings, a general increase in concentration were seen after the monsoon season as a result of surface runoff entering the lake water during the period of rain.
Magarde et. al.[13] carried out a study of the Upper Lake's limnology with the evaluating the water's quality data from four distinct sites at the top and bottom levels of the Bhopal Upper Lake in 2008.The Limnological features of the water samples collected were studied. Temperature, pH, conductivity, total solids dissolved in water, total hardness dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, total alkalinity, Data from these analyses were statistically evaluated to ascertain the link between several water quality measures, including chloride, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite. Based on the findings, selected parameters couldn't be found to be of standard level.
Singh and Samantha [14] stated the current investigation was done to evaluate the Upper Lake in Bhopal's water quality. Samples of water were taken from the Upper Lake's surface between March 2019 and February 2020 to cover the summer, monsoon, and winter seasons.
Standard methods were used to gauge the degree of degradation in water quality using Physico-chemical factors like dissolved oxygen (DO2), total alkalinity, Hardness in total, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness, turbidity, pH, and temperature. The findings revealed that physico-chemical characteristics vary slightly across three seasons, with the majority of parameters.
Dixit et. al. [15] indicated that the domestic trash, sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural effluent damage the majority of aquatic bodies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a water quality testing artificial aeration cum ozonizer installed at Lower Lake in Bhopal. pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and other physico-chemical parameters nitrate, phosphate, and bacteriological status were investigated to gauge how much the Lower Lake's water quality has deteriorated and to assess the dual aeration system's performance.
Tripathi and Singh [16] stated that environmentalists have raised grave alarm over the lake's worsening water quality in recent years. Traditional lake water quality monitoring methods lack geographical information regarding contamination levels around the lake. For improved management and control, spatial information about that lake desirable.
The IRS-1C remote sensing data from LISS III has been integrated into a GIS framework to analyze and construct a pollution zone map in this paper of the Upper Lake.
Magarde et. al. [17] discussed A huge lake in India is the Upper Lake of Bhopal and an important source of water for citizens of Bhopal. Water quality was assessed using In the current study, variables included temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, pH, hardness (Carbonate & Bicarbonate), alkalinity, BOD, COD, DO, and heavy and dangerous metals. According to the report, Upper Lake's water is partially polluted and
requires appropriate majors to clean it up.
Rao et. al. [18] investigated that the goal of this study was to employ a method of spatial simulation to investigate lake morphology, develop a examine the relationship between suspended sediment and data from remote sensing satellites, create a revised elevation-capacity curve, and produce an elevation-water spread area curve and estimate suspended sediment load employing a Geographic Information System, in the lake and ground truth.
The study region was the Bhopal Upper Lake, The Global Positioning System (GPS) gadget was used to collect and locate water samples at various points within the lake. The suspended sediment content in these samples was determined in the laboratory.
Shrivastava and Joshi [19] stated that Water from the Upper Lake is crucial for Bhopal, but its quality has degraded over time owing to trash and sewage imports.
The purpose of this study was to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of water samples collected during the summer season from the Prempura site of Bhopal's Upper Lake (2005). The standard desirable limit for each parameter in drinking water was compared to each parameter by several agencies to assess water quality.
Upadhyay et. al. [20] discussed the various natural and constructed lakes, marshes, and reservoirs can be found inside the city borders of India's largest cities, numerous Due to rising anthropogenic influences and widespread urbanization, water bodies are gradually deteriorating. The principal water supply in Bhopal is the Upper Lake.
The major goal of this study was find out how much organic contamination, the lake's level of nutrient concentration, and the findings revealed that all of the important parameters that influence lake chemistry are above the legal limits and eutrophication threshold. It might be determined from the Palmer Index and Trophic State Index.
Singh and Samartha [21] stated that upper Lake is a man-made lake that is also referred to as Bhoj Tal or Bada Talab. Upper Lake receives household discharge, resulting in a huge amount of fertilizer inputs and the greatest concentrations of phosphate and nitrogen, indicating that the water is eutrophic. The purpose the purpose of this study was to establish seasonal abundance of particular zooplankton in Upper Lake, Bhopal. Pre- monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon zooplankton abundances were investigated.
3 CONCLUSION
Numerous distinct parameters have been seen to grow throughout the summer and to decrease due to toxins found in the lake, during the wet season. Therefore, these kinds of changes would have an influence on the aquatic ecosystem because a boost in nutrition would cause eutrophication, which lowers the degree of oxygen in the water. The organic material cannot be biodegraded by helpful bacteria or insects silt at lake bed level without constant access to bottom-level oxygen. Before adding any foreign item into the water body, filtration processes should be used as purification techniques. A few contaminants are discharged into the lake.
To raise the standard of such water, appropriate bioremediation methods should also be applied. Lake water is more impacted in the summer than it is wintertime. This might be because the cold reduces microbial activity, which keeps the DO level in a fairly good range throughout the duration of the winter. Upper Lake Bhopal's water quality can be evaluated using a variety of physico-chemical variables, such as among other things, these include temperature, pH, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, BOD, COD, chloride, and nitrate. In conclusion, it was found that the bulk of the parameters were not in permissible limit.
It should therefore be tried to elevate these parameters to the standard level in the study and also to take away the bad odor coming from certain aquatic areas will require more work.
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