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“DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX BY USING PHYSIC-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS LAKE IN JABALPUR (M.P.)”
Rrohit Kumar Mishra, Prof. Charan Singh Thakur
Department of Civil Engineering, SRGI, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract - The fresh water is the vital concern for the mankind, since it is directly linked to human welfare. The surface water bodies which are the most important source of water for human activity are unfortunately under several environmental stresses and are being treated ended as a consequence of development activity. Inadequate water supply & unsafe water drinking is one of the main concerns in developing country. WHO (world health organization ) and UNICEF, reports that 783 million people in the world (11%) of total population have no access to safe water ,84% of whom live in rural areas .Jabalpur is known as city of lakes and there were 52 lakes in Jabalpur at past ,out of which 13 lakes are dried up. The lakes of Jabalpur are suffering from pollution so the water is not safe for drinking and other uses. In this research paper the water quality index for five historical lakes Balsagar, Sangram Sagar, Devtal, Supatal, Ganga Sagar, were measured and also find out the pollution level at these lakes. About 187 million people use surface water for drinking purposes ,94% of them are rural area. Water plays an important role in world economy. The water of Supatal Lake is suffering from severe contamination which is due to heavy discharge of pollutants without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
This is leading to the damaging effects not only to the individual species and population but also to natural biological community. The present study was intended to calculate the water quality index (WQI) of five historical urban water body, Jabalpur in order to ascertain the quality of water for consumption, recreational and other purpose. This paper deals with the study on the influence of environmental parameter on the water quality of lakes. There are several way to assess the quality of water as deemed fit for drinking, irrigation, other uses.
The water quality analysis indicating the quality index offers a useful representation of overall quality of water body. It is the process of measuring, collecting, and analyzing relevant parameters on the quality and quantity of water resource for the purpose of better development and management of water resources. A number of parameter affects the quality of water for such purposes the physiochemical parameters are calculated to indentify the quality of water such as temperature, pH, turbidity, Total Alkanity, Hardness, Total dissolve solid(TDS), Electrical conductivity ,chloride, fluoride, Iron and Sulphate.
Keyword: Temperature, pH, turbidity, Total Alkanity, Hardness, Total dissolve solid (TDS), Electrical conductivity, chloride, fluoride, Iron and Sulphate.
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General
Jabalpur is called the city of lake at one time there were 52 lakes in Jabalpur, out of which 13 lakes are dried up. The historical lakes such as Balsagar, Sangram Sagar, devtal, Supatal. Ganga- sagar are situated in Mahakausal region of Jabalpur. Balsagar is situated near Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Medical college Purwa, Sangram sagar is situated Near Bajnamath, Devtal Lake situated in front of bajrang math near Osho Ashram Jabalpur, Garha, Supatal Jabalpur situated infront of madan mahal hills and behind Ramayana temple Garha Jabalpur. Water quality index method uses to calculate the quality index of lake water and to decide the water is appropriate for uses and drinking are not.
Every living organism needs water to
survive. Plants need water to make food.
All animals depend on plants for food either directly or indirectly. Water is essential for the existence of life. Next to air, the other important requirement for the human life to exist is water. It is the natural gift to the human. Water is available in various form river, lakes, streams etc. the importance of water in human life is so much that the development of any country of the world has practically taken places near some source of water supply. It also further be noted that the water is available in solid, liquid, and gaseous form. The occurance of water in all these forms is basically important for human being for comfort, luxury and other necessity of life.
Therefore without water, all life forms will
43 cease to exist. With the ever increasing
population, water is becoming a scarce commodity.
Water is an essential component of the environment and it sustains life on the earth. All organisms depend on water for their survival. Freshwater bodies are important wetlands located in and around human habitations as they are generally semi natural ecosystems constructed by man in landscape suitable for water stagnation . The quality of drinking water is essential for life. Contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, nitrate sand salt have polluted water supplies as a result of inadequate treatment and disposal of waste from humans, livestock, industrial discharges, domestic discharge and extensive use of limited water resources. There are a number of reported cases of typhoid, diarrhoea and other water borne diseases arising from the consumption of contaminated water.
Different works have been reported by many researchers on water quality assessment. Today, contaminated water kills more people than cancer, AIDS, wars, terrorism or accidents. Physico- chemical properties of the water gets varied season wise and in addition, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, urbanization, domestic sewage, etc in the catchment area result in the deterioration of water quality.
Temperature, turbidity, nutrients, hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen are some of the important factors that play a vital role for the growth of living organisms in the water body. Water quality indicates the relation of all hydrological properties including physical, chemical and biological properties of the water body. Hence, water quality assessment involves analysis of physico- chemical, biological and microbiological parameters that reflects the biotic and abiotic status of ecosystem . Water quality index (WQI) provides a nominal number that represent overall water quality at a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective of water quality index is to turn complex water quality data into detailed information useful for public. WQI indicates the water quality in terms of index number and offers a useful presentation of overall quality of water for public or for any intended use as well as
in the pollution abatement programmes and in water quality management. The present study deals with the assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of water and on the basis of these various parameters, water quality index is determined which revealed in the various Lake in Jabalpur.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction
A review on previous work & research has been carried out on the physico-chemical parameter analysis of water quality at different festivals on rivers in India. A Series of research papers and the results of studies carried on River Narmada were reviewed.
2.2 Research Papers Related to Surface Water Quality During Festivals
According to Sharma et al (2011) During main festive occasions, cases of water borne diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice, typhoid, cholera, and many other types of liver and Gastro Intestinal disorders increase due to burden on civic facilities, on account of enhanced pressure of Tourists/Pilgrims in Haridwar. The pilgrims also bring a lot of offering in the form of flowers, cloths, old icons of Gods and Goddess, besides last remains (ashes) of their loved ones- to dispose in the river . The middle section of Haridwar city turns into a giant cesspool of solid and semi solid waste material, including the night soil, the human faecal matter. During the festive occasions, the residents of this city face the problem of noise pollution due to the use of loudy horns. The study reveals that tourism needs to be sensitive to local cultural norms and beliefs for it to be accepted by local people and to promote a sustainable development. This is possible if all the stakeholders (government, operators and localnpeople) collaborate in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring. The appropriate strategy can minimize the negative cultural impacts and promotes the Eco-Pilgrimage in Haridwar.
According to Telang et al (2009) have done an experimental study on effect of mass bathing on the water quality of Narmada river at district Hoshangabad, (M.P.) India. In the present study the variation in pH values was varied between
44 7.20 to 7.61. They found the decline in
DO due to consumption of oxygen in decomposition of organic matter present in the water due to various religious activates as well as due to mixing of domestic waste. BOD results ranged between < 1 to 20 mg/L at the study site.
Due to mass gathering and improper sanitation facilities, the human excreta and other waste increase the Coliform numbers alarmingly. He concluded that there is need to educated the people through mass awareness programs for bringing the awareness among the common citizens about water pollution and its possible impact on the environment and mankind. Washing of cloths and vehicles, bathing of cattle and other such activities should be stopped at bank of the river to reduce the water pollution.
Mehta (2014) have done study on water quality parameters due to festivals wastes immersion and consequential impacts in different lakes of Jodhpur city.
He stated that with growing magnitude of the religious activities pollution load is bound to be increased in manifolds. The water quality parameters like TSS, TDS, TS, turbidity, conductivity, hardness, DO, BOD, and COD have shown significant increase during and after immersion of idols and then declined in the post immersion period.
3 STUDY AREA
Jabalpur is a district place and city in Madhya Pradesh state of India Public .it is the third largest urban agglomeration in Madhya Pradesh and the 38th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the 2011 census statistic. Rapid industrialization, increase in traffic and growth of population during last decade are main causes of noise pollution in Jabalpur city.
Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of the Jabalpur district (the second most populous district of Madhya Pradesh) and the Jabalpur division.
Historically, a center of the Kalchuri and Gond dynasties, Jabalpur developed a syncretic culture influenced by the intermittent reigns of the Mughal and Maratha. In the early nineteenth century, it was gradually annexed in British India as Jubbulpore and incorporated as a major cantonment town. After the
independence of India, there have been demands for a separate state of Mahakshal with Jabalpur as its capital.
3.1 Water Sampling
Location of sampling points were selected during field visits of the site. The present study was conducted at six important sites namely Balsagar, Supatal, Devtal, Gangasagar, Sangramsagar which were renamed as S – 1, S – 2, S – 3, S – 4, and S-5 respectively for limnological purpose.
(Table) These study areas are situated in Jabalpur.
Sample Station Name Sample Station Number
Balsagar lake S – 1
Sangram sagar S – 2
Supatal lake S – 3
Devtal lake S – 4
Ganga sagar lake S – 5
3.2 Temprature
Chemical and biochemical reactions are greatly affected by temperature. Increase in temperature of water increases the rate of chemical reactions in water on one hand and, decreases the solubility of gases in the water on the other. Hence, measurable variations in the temperature of water affect the aquatic life. The temperature of the lakes water found to be within 18-22 C
3.3 pH
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of natural water is between 6 and 8.
Variations in pH values are mainly due to hydrolysis of salts of strong bases and weak acids or vice versa and also due to the dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide, ammonia etc.
The pH of Supatal lake is 9.0, pH of Balsagar and Devtal are 8.0, pH of Ganga sagar and Sangram sagar were found to be well within the prescribed standard range.
3.4 Total Alkanity
Alkalinity of water is described as its quantitative capacity to neutralize acids.
Compounds like bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides in water decreases the H+
ions and increases the pH of the water.
Alkalinity in streams is due to breakdown and dissolution of rocks and soils, plant activities and industrial wastewater discharges are also responsible for
45 alkalinity. Balsagar, Sangram sagar ,
Devtal, Supatal showed very high alkalinity according to WHO standards, on the higher side which could be alarming.
3.5 Total Hardness
Hardness in water is an important parameter as it affects the day to day human life and also the industries to a great extent. The presence of calcium and magnesium in the form of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates produces hardness in the water. Hardness is expressed in terms of CaCO3 equivalents.
Hardness was reported to be very high in all five according to the WHO standards but was within the tolerance limits of ISI standards. The hardness of Supatal lake was 200 mg/l and hardness of Ganga sagar lake was 180 mg/l, hardness of devtal was 100 mg/l, Balsagar and Sangram sagar having the value 156 mg/l
& 92 mg/l.
3.6 Total dissolved solid (T.D.S.)
Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. TDS values ranged within 500 to 600 mg/lt. The T.D.S. value of the lakes were such as – the TDS of Supatal, Ganga sagar, Balsagar, Sangram sagar were maximum.
3.7 Electrical Conductivity (E.C.) Conductivity of water is defined as the capacity of water to conduct electrical current. Conductivity in water is affected by temperature, mobility of the ions and presence of electrolytes in the form of dissolved inorganic solids such as chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and aluminium ions. The Electrical Conductivity in all lakes were found to be within the tolerance limits of the standard values.
3.8 Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended solids that are usually invisible to the naked eye. It is an aggregate optical property of the water and does not identify individual substances; it just says something is
there. It is an aggregate optical property of the water and does not identify individual substances; it just says something is there. The turbidity is maximum at ganga sagar and supatal lake.
3.9 Chloride and Sulphate
Almost all natural water contains chloride and sulphate ions. Their concentrations vary considerably according to the mineral content of the Earth in any given area. In small amount they are not significant. In large concentrations they present problem. Usually chloride concentration is low. Sulphates can be more troublesome because they generally occur in great concentrations. Low to moderate concentrations of both chloride and sulphate ions add palatability to water. In fact, they are desirable for this reason. Excessive concentrations of either, of course, can make water unpleasant to drink.
3.10 Fluoride
Fluoride is the simplest anion of fluorine.
Its salts and minerals are important chemical reagent. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion. Fluoride ions occur on earth in several minerals, particularly fluorite, but are only present in trace quantities in water. Fluoride contributes a distinctive bitter taste. It contributes no color to fluoride salts. In study it varies in the range of 0.26 to 1.30 mg/l. The fluoride is maximum at Supatal and Ganga sagar.
3.11 Nitrate
Most natural water are deficient in nitrate having a concentration usually below 5 mg/L, but certain polluted surface water and ground water may have substantially higher quantities. The nitrate has gained major significance because of its implication in infant methae- moglobinaemia, a diseases characterized by bluish coloration of skin. In these diseases, the normal hemoglobin is converted into met hemoglobin due to formation of ferric ions in the harem, and loses its capacity to carry oxygen.
3.12 IRON
While a low level of iron isn’t harmful in and of itself, iron in drinking water is
46 classified as a secondary contaminant
according to the EPA. This is because iron often carries with it bacteria that feed off the iron to survive. These small organisms can be harmful when digested. In addition, if your iron levels are too high, serious health effects can develop, including iron overload. Iron overload is caused by a mutation in the gene that digests iron; this mutation affects around
one million people in the United States.
Iron overload can lead to homochromatic is, which can lead to liver, heart and pancreatic damage, as well as diabetes.
Early symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and joint pain. Excessive iron is never recommended for digestion; it can lead to stomach problems, nausea, vomiting, and other issues.
Water Quality Index (WQI) Status of Water Quality Water Quality Index
Level Water Quality Status
0-25 Excellent water quality
26-50 Good water quality
51-75 Poor water
76-100 Very poor water quality
>100 Unsuitable for drinking/unfit for use Water Quality Index of Lakes
NAME OF LAKE W.Q.I. VALUE W.Q.I. STATUS BALSAGAR 123.711 unfit for use/polluted SANGRAM SAGAR 126.441 unfit for use /polluted SUPATAL LAKE 149.581 unfit for use /polluted DEVTAL LAKE 123.011 unfit for use /polluted GANGA SAGAR 148.61 unfit for use /polluted
COMPARING THE RESULTS OF LAKES ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
47
48 4 CONCLUSION
4.1 General
In the present study the water sample was collected from different locations of lakes from Jabalpur and lab experiments were done in the Shri Ram Engineering College Jabalpur and Lalpur Filtration Plant Jabalpur. On the laboratory work data interpretation was done and finally conclusion is derived with some recommendation.
It is evident from the data analysis that the worship remains is being done at important Ghats and due to bathing in lakes, idol immersion, Jaware visarjan, floating oil lamps, through some materials like food, waste or leaves, immersion of or coloured painted idols and decorative materials in the lakes for spiritualistic reasons have polluted the water of the study areas. In the present study it was found that rise in physico- chemical characteristics of a few of the lakes water samples crossed the maximum permissible limit.
Studies carried out in present investigation revealed that one of the most important causes of water pollution is unplanned urban development without adequate attention to suitable management of sewage and waste material. Lake Conservation Authority of Madhya Pradesh has done a survey to measure the quality of water of some lakes of Jabalpur and it is observed that almost all the lakes of Jabalpur are affected with pollution. Ganga-sagar, Supatal, Balsagar and Sangram sagar are polluted with high TDS and this is because of pollutants which comes with the effluents from nearby drains, water is highly turbid in maximum lakes and value of turbidity exceed the permissible limits at Ganga-sagar. Alkanity is exceeds the permissible limit at Balsagar, devtal, and Sangram sagar, although it is within permissible limit and pH range of 6.5 to 8.5 is normally accepted as per guideline suggested by WHO. In this study pH values were found in the range of 7.5 to 9.0 in the water samples. This shows that pH was observed to be slightly alkaline in nature in all the lakes of Jabalpur city.
The present study shows that the Water quality index (W.Q.I.) of lakes of Jabalpur
exceeds 100 this water is not suitable for drinking and other purposes and the water of these lakes are suffering from pollution. Supatal Lake of Jabalpur is highly polluted due to the sewage water which is coming from the neighboring areas.
Ganga sager lake is also much polluted due to the sewage waste coming from the surrounding area and due to residential waste.
On the basis of results of research civil engineering structure which control the pollution in lake. To control the pollution in lake through major sewers by Intercept and treat all sewage at Intersection of lake by volume. Divert some and Intercept the others. Treat remaining sewage at intersection of lake.
Install sewage treatment network upstream at sources and Intercept for final Treatment at Lake. And to control pollution in lake through minor drains by Connect to main sewers as per gradient or lift stations.
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