ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037
Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE
Vol. 08, Special Issue 04, March 2023 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 38 A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON FOOD AND NUTRITION: A REVIEW
Khimiya Singh
Asstt. Prof. Botany, Department of Botany, S.N. Govt. PG College, Khandwa M.P.
Abstract- The field of nutrition has evolved from one focused primarily on discovery of the identities, metabolic function and requirement for essential nutrients to one focused on the application of that knowledge to the development and implementation of dietary recommendations to promote health and prevent diseases. Human nutrition describe the process whereby cellular organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems and body as a whole obtain and use necessary substances obtained from food (Nutrients) to maintain structural and functional integrity for an understanding of how human obtained utilize food and nutrients from a molecular to societal level and of the factors determining and influencing these processes, the study and practice of human nutrition involves a spectrum of other basic and applied scientific disciplines. Some of them are molecular biology, genetics, bio- chemistry, food science, microbiology, pathology, physiology and immunology etc.
1 INTRODUCTION
People eat food, not nutrition. However, it is the combination and amount of consumed foods that determine health. The material which provides the two requirements of life namely energy and raw material are called nutrients. Nutrition is defined as the science of foods, nutrients and other substances they contain and their actions within the body including ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism and excretion. Nutrients serve as substances and co -factors in all of the metabolic reactions that required for cell growth and maintenance circulating blood supplies, nutrients and oxygen to the interior environment while also removing metabolic waste and toxic compounds for excretion through the skin, kidneys and large intestine.
The nutrient will be able to advise people on what to eat and how much to eat based on their understanding of nutrients and their functions. However, this understanding is insufficient to comprehend and treat global hunger crisis that humanity faces today. The perspective has led to the development of social science discipline to supplement biological science expertise in the fight against global hunger. A number of United Nations entities have sponsored many worldwide programs and agreements to eliminate global under-nutrition, food insecurity, hunger, starving and micro-nutrient deficiencies.
2 BALANCED NUTRITION
Nutrition is best balanced by eating the right amount of large variety of foods. This provides the protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins needed for a healthy body.
The right amount of water and exercise are also critical to good health. The main message of the healthy eating is to focus on diet quality. The type of carbohydrate in the diet is more important than the amount of carbohydrate in the diet, because some sources of carbohydrates like vegetables (other than potatoes), fruits, whole grains and beans are healthier than others.
We should avoid sugary beverages – a major source of calories – usually with little nutritional value – in the American diet.
Whole wheat, barley, wheat berries, oats, brown rice and also the food made with them such as whole wheat pasta – have a milder effect on blood sugar and insulin than white bread, white rice and other refined grains.
Fish, poultry, beans and nuts are all healthy, versatile protein sources – they can be mixed into solid and pair well with vegetables on a plate. Limit red meat and avoid processed meats such as sausages.
In moderation, choose healthy vegetable oil like olive, canola, soya, corn, sunflower, peanut and others & avoid partially hydrogenated oils which contain unhealthy trans-fats.
Remember that low-fat does not mean “healthy”.
Skip sugary drinks, limit milk and dairy products to one to two servings per day and limit juice to a small glass per day.
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037
Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE
Vol. 08, Special Issue 04, March 2023 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 39 3 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Supplements to a well balanced diet are generally not necessary. Excess amount of some supplements may create an unhealthy balance of nutrients. However, modest specialized supplements are desirable in special circumstances.
Vitamin D production by exposure of the skin to the sun is usually adequate. Skin synthesis of Vitamin D may not be adequate with decreased sun exposure, when the skin is covered with sunscreen or clothing, in elderly who often do not produce enough 7 de-hydro- cholesterol, which is necessary for Vitamin D production.
Since in human milk the level of vitamin D is very low, if nourishing infants are not exposed to sunlight, they may be at risk for developing crooked bones and fractures ( rickets ). On the other hand, too much sun exposure increases risk of dehydration, Sunbur n and eventually skin cancer in later life.
Women are particularly susceptible to develop osteoporosis and bone fractures later in life. They should consume adequate calcium, Vitamin D and Vitamin K to maintain bone mineral content thereafter if sufficient amounts are not eaten, then the supplements containing them would be prudent.
4 FOLIC ACID
Birth defect increases if folic acid is low. If sufficient amount of fortified food such as grains and cereals, liver, cowpeas, great northern beans, backend beans, spinach, broccoli, asparagus and green peas, then the supplements are not required. If sufficient amounts are not eaten, then supplements containing them would be prudent.
4.1 Vitamin C
Fresh fruits and vegetables may be hard to find in very cold climates for months at a time. In such cases, Vitamin C supplements would be helpful.
4.2 Vitamin B
Since absorption of Vitamin B decreases with age, the elderly may benefit from a supplement.
Vitamin B12 is not present in plants. Those eating a strict vegetarian diet may need it to receive a supplement.
Supplements are also useful for treating specifically indentified deficiencies, on the other hand, if large doses of Zinc, Copper or other nutrition are taken without any signs of deficiency, they may interfere with the absorption and utilization of critical nutrients such as Iron.
5 CONCLUSION
Here are the nutrition rules to live by:
1. Choose the least processed forms of food, such as fruits, veggies, whole grains and high fiber carbohydrate.
2. Eat fruits or vegetables with each meal. Choose a wide variety of colors for the biggest benefit.
3. Include a lean protein source with each meal.
4. Include healthy, fats in your diet such as olive oil, nuts, natural nut butters, seeds, avocado, fish, flaxseed and flaxseed oil.
5. When you eat within 30 minutes of waking up, you jumpstart your metabolism. This gives you more energy to get your day going.
6. Eat smaller portions more often, spread evenly across the day. No excuses - you should be eating 4-6 meals per day. Aim for all three macro-nutrients (carbs, proteins and fats) every 3 hour for optimal fuelling.
7. Dehydration is equivalent to decreased performance. Drink at least 3 liters of non- caloric beverages (water, green tea) everyday.
8. Have a post workout recovery meal or shake that combines both carbs and protein immediately after your training.
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037
Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE
Vol. 08, Special Issue 04, March 2023 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 40 REFERENCE
1. Human nutrition second edition edited by Michael j. Gibney 2. Susan A Lanhan – new Aledin Cassidy and Hester H. Vorster
3. 2c. 2010 by intellectual reserve, Inc. all rights reserved United States of America.
