GALAXY INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL (GIIRJ) ISSN (E): 2347-6915 Vol. 11, Issue 04, April (2023)
671 NEW ECONOMIC WORDS IN UZBEK AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Nurmanova Salomat Tursinbayevna Tashkent State Agrarian University
Teacher of the Department of "Uzbek Language and Literature"
ABSTRACT
The article discusses new words and terms related to the economy in the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages.
Keywords: economy, dictionary, term, lexeme, terminology, language, word formation.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that each language gradually develops based on its internal laws as it acquires its own vocabulary. Also, in accordance with the changes in the society, it is observed that the linguistic units of the people who have their own language are transferred to another as a result of political, spiritual, cultural and economic relations with other peoples. This condition is classified in the sources as a native layer and a native layer group.
A large part of the Uzbek and Karakalpak language vocabulary is all-Turkic lexemes, and there are specific signs of distinguishing them from lexemes of the acquired layer.
In the 1930s and 1940s and the first half of the 1950s, the Uzbek economic terminology began to be formed based on the language of economic textbooks and manuals translated from Russian. At the same time, some shortcomings and defects in the terminology of this field were corrected in accordance with the above-mentioned stability. From the second half of the 1950s, a new era began in the development of economic terminology. This period is characterized by the strengthening of the work of economists on the regulation of economics, the activation of the Uzbek word-making tools, the creation of new terms and their introduction into consumption. Of course, this development process has its own reasons. In particular, in the field of economics, it has become an important task to train local personnel who can independently create textbooks, manuals and dictionaries on the basis of their native language, and who can deal with the regulation of field terms. Thanks to such measures, an opportunity was created to regulate economics and economics terminology and to improve the quality of economics education in Uzbekistan.
In general, economic words and terms are lexemes created over long periods of time. It is known that the economy plays an important role in any society. Therefore, the words and terms related to the economy should be clear, concise and logically based. The issue of nationality and internationality in Uzbek economic terminology is a complex issue, because it is not sufficiently resolved not only in Uzbek but also in other languages. It is known that the acceptance of the term into the language is a complicated process. Because the sound system and grammatical structure of the Uzbek language is very different from the language in which the term is used.
At the same time, the incoming word or term may not be used in another language in its exact meaning. Sometimes, in the course of the introduction of the term, the meaning changes. It is known that terms differ according to a number of features when they pass from one language to another.
GALAXY INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL (GIIRJ) ISSN (E): 2347-6915 Vol. 11, Issue 04, April (2023)
672 After independence, a legal and conscious way was chosen to acquire economic words from the Russian language. Before independence, Russian and Uzbek versions of many economic words were used in parallel:
Tax – nalog
Economics - ekonomika Percent – protsent
After independence, a unique way was followed in the economic terminology of the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. It consists of:
1. Russian international economic terms are used in Uzbek and Karakalpak without translation: currency, dollar, credit, banknote, letter of credit, leasing, forfeiting, Libor, etc.
2. Some of the Russian international economic terms were translated or their Uzbek alternatives were used: questionnaire-survey, deficit-shortage, businessman-businessman, license-permit, capital-fund, reformation.
In general, many aspects should be taken into account when adopting international economic words into Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. When an economic term enters the Uzbek language, it is necessary to pay attention to its following aspects: the compatibility of the term with the sound system of the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages; whether it has an Uzbek or Karakalpak alternative; to the necessity of copying or translation; to the meaning of the economic term; to its simplicity and fluency; to the essence and convenience.
During the transition to a market economy in our country, many new terms (neologisms) are entering our language. A certain part of them is nationalized based on the capabilities of our mother tongue, and a certain part is used as an international adaptation. The following cases can be observed in the use of economic terms in the Uzbek language:
1. Many terms have been nationalized based on the capabilities of our language. In this case, a group of terms is given with ready-made alternatives in the Uzbek language, a certain part is translated and used, and a part is created based on the rules of the Uzbek language. For example: auction-auction, broker-broker, merchant-trader, commission-broker, commission- brokerage, economy-economy, check or bearer-white check, impersonal check, shareholder- shareholder, businessman-businessman, etc. When thinking about borrowed words, it is gratifying that international words used in various fields are becoming widely adopted in many languages in terms of convenience for the speakers of different languages.
The linguist scientist Sh.Rakhmatullayev acknowledges the superiority of the external source over the internal source for the Uzbek language: "Generally, in recent times, in the process of enriching the vocabulary, assimilation is becoming more important than creating words.
Because assimilation is an easy way to create words. The rapid development of the society requires constant attention in language practice. This is the main reason for the increase in acquisition among languages”. Another way is to adapt the international terms used in most countries of the world to the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. It should be noted here that it is difficult to find an Uzbek or Karakalpak alternative to all the new terms. Therefore, most of them are used in their original form in the languages of most countries of the world, and this use is convenient for the exchange of information among businessmen of the world. For example: corruption, credit, export, grant, auditor, avizo, currency, leasing, manager, license, businessman, non-resident. Although there are many words that have been adopted into the
GALAXY INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL (GIIRJ) ISSN (E): 2347-6915 Vol. 11, Issue 04, April (2023)
673 Uzbek and Karakalpak languages through the Russian language, they can be divided into Russian acquisitions and non-Russian acquisitions. After the years of independence, as a result of the development and renewal of various spheres of our language in society, it is worth emphasizing the acquisition of words from Western languages. In particular, there are certain concepts that reflect nanotechnology, innovative and modern pedagogical technologies used in many fields, which are being used day by day along with the name of a certain scientific language.
As we know, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese languages have a leading position as world languages, and working documents of the UN are kept in these languages.
The role of English words that have been assimilated into our language and are currently being actively considered in the vocabulary of the Uzbek language is of particular importance.
Currently, such words, in addition to being assimilated into another language, are also playing an active role as a base for word formation in a short period of time.
3. Certain terms were used differently in different alternatives. For example, the term
"акционерная обшества" in Russian is used in Uzbek as a “joint-stock” company, the term
"barter" is in the variants of exchange of goods, balance, barter, the term "broker" is a conciliator, broker, mediator variants, and the term "dumping" is used in variants such as dumping, cheap selling, price selection, selling goods abroad at a very low price. Of course, such differences confuse experts in the field and make it difficult to exchange information. Therefore, achieving the main principle in terminology - "one term for one concept" remains the most urgent issue. When observing the meanings of the words such as provider, summit, image, rating, management, manager among the words of English origin in the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language, it can be observed that the meaning changes associated with the assimilation of such words are recorded in our dictionaries.
As a conclusion, it can be said that the changes in the semantic structure of the words that have been adopted into our language from the English language have also been different.
Accordingly, they can be classified and studied as appropriations that have preserved their meaning, appropriations that have undergone linguistic phenomena such as expansion of word meanings, narrowing of word meanings, acquisition of new meanings.
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