THE COMPARISON OF ANIMAL IDIOM EXPRESSIONS
IN ENGLISH INDONESIAN, AND UZBEK LANGUAGES BASED ON
ANTHROPOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE
arranged by
Svetlana Gerasimova
ABSTRACT
This study observes connotations of animal idioms and their significance in English, Indonesian and Uzbek. This study attempts to find answers on: the connotation of animal idioms shared by two or all of the languages (English, Indonesian, and Uzbek), the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal idioms in those languages, and the implications for successfully translating English, Indonesian, and Uzbek idiom expressions both in particular and in general. This is a descriptive qualitative study. Employing anthropolinguistic perspectives, this study uses Leech’s framework to find the connotation meanings of animal idioms from the contexts. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the connotation of words found in the three languages consists of positive and negative connotations, depending on the culture where the idioms belong. These positive and negative connotations occur both for idioms which are partially shared and shared by all of the three languages. Meanwhile, employing Baker’s theory of translation strategy, this study uses three strategies to translate idioms in the source language to the target language; translation by using an idiom with similar form and meaning in the target language, translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, and translation by paraphrase. To make a good translation of animal idioms of these three languages, the researcher must consider historical events, cultural background, connotative meanings and other factors.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the attempts to find answers on: 1) the connotation of animal idioms shared by two or all of the languages (English, Indonesian, and Uzbek), 2) the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal idioms in those languages, 3) the implications for successfully translating English, Indonesian, and Uzbek idiom expressions both in particular and in general. It elaborates the design of this study.
3.1 Research Design
The design of this research is qualitative, in which an attempt has been done to describe English, Indonesian and Uzbek animal idioms, in order to give clear explanation about the use and correct structure in idiom translations.
This nature of the research is in line with the characters of qualitative research as stated by McMillan and Schumacher (1997). They identify that the qualitative research as a naturalistic inquiry, the use of non-interfering data-collection strategies to discover the natural flow of events and processes and how participants interpret
them. And according to them most qualitative research describes and analyses people’s individual and collective social actions, beliefs, thoughts and perceptions. This inductive process will generate a descriptive synthesis of the data.
1.1.1 Data Source
[image:3.612.109.536.226.523.2]As an illustration of theanimal idioms shared: by all three languages (English, Indonesian and Uzbek) and partially shared by two (English - Indonesian) or (English – Uzbek) are given in the following table:
Table 3.1 Animal idioms shared by all and partially
Indonesia English Uzbek
Complete AnjingdanKucing (hidup seperti anjing dan kucing)
Cat and dog (to fight like cat and dog)
It mushuk (It
mushukdek yashamoq)
Incomplete Serigala (serigala berbulu domba)
Wolf ( A wolve in a
sheep clothing =
someone who hides .malicious intent under the guise of kindliness)
-Incomplete - Rabbit ( kill two birds
with one stone) = to
solve two problems at one time with a single action
Quyon ( bir o’q bilan
ikki quyonni
o’ldirmoq)
3.1.2 Method and technique of Data Collection
The data come from many sources. The Engish animal idioms have been collected from a number of reference books, like Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs (Spears, 2005), English Idioms Fifth Edition (Seidl-McMordie, 1988),
Indonesian Idioms and Expressions Colloquial Indonesian at work (Torchia, 2007),
and Uzbek idioms from Uzbek Phraseological Explanation Dictionary (Rahmatullayev, 1978) and Uzbek Explanation Dictionary (Marufov, 1981). These books contain a large number of animal idioms. The Internet was also used as a source of data.
As for the data, the writer chose about more hundred animal idioms from English, Indonesian, and Uzbek dictionaries of idioms. After reading the material, the writer picked out all the idiomatic expressions containing animals for the analysis. The animal idioms were selected according to the following criteria: a) that each animal idiom could be found in at least two or three reference books used, showing that they are fairly common in those languages, b) that an equivalent idiom could be found in English, Indonesian or Uzbek, c) the idioms selected displayed a variety of animals. Finally this study is restricted to the analysis of 26 English animal idioms, 16 Indonesia animal idioms, and 16 Uzbek animal idioms that have similar and different connotation for the investigation.
The data are specifically related to the meanings of animal idioms used in the selection. The steps of data collections are as follows:
a) Download the texts from the internet, which contains the animal idioms, in order to find the idioms with contexts.
b) Read carefully, repeatedly and intensively to find the main connotation and to understand the meaning behind each context.
3.1.3 Method and technique of Data Analysis
These idioms are carefully considered and classified according to the names of animals. The procedures for analysis are taken as follows:
a. Describing and analyzing the connotation of English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal idioms in the contexts.
b. Comparing and contrasting the connotation of English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal Idioms.
c. Find the implications for translating English, Indonesian and Uzbek animal idiom expressions both in particular and in general.
This study applies the brief descriptions of connotations from Leech (1974). The first step reminds to find the connotations of animal idioms from five concepts in English, Indonesian and Uzbek. After discussing the connotation meanings of animal idioms have been found the similarities and differences between those languages.
The analyses of English idioms found also include the analysis of the idiom translations. As the translations of idioms are done not between two, but among three languages, finding the right translations was very challenging, although not
impossible. The translation strategies were found in books mentioned above. The types of translation strategies also categorized based on the theory proposed by Nida
(1964) as the main theory proposed by Baker (1992) and Newmark (1988) as the supporting theory.
The particular method of an idiom translation is the main criterion of comparing the animal idioms (Baker, 1992):
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form 3. Translation by paraphrase
3.2 Closing
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
This study examines the connotation of animal idioms and their translations in three languages: English, Indonesian and Uzbek. The conclusion of the research is made on the basis of analysis that has been presented in the previous chapters. The main objects of the analysis and comparisons are: the differences and similarities of connotation meanings and translation strategy of animal idioms in the three languages. The comparisons were made in anthropolinguistic aspects in order to answer research questions.
5.1Conclusions
This study examines three research problems as followings: 1) What are the connotation of animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek? 2) For idioms shared by all and partially, what are the similarities and differences of the
connotation of animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek? 3) What are the implications for successfully translating their idioms into the target languages?
According to the analysis in the previous chapter, for each language, there are 26 animals idioms analyzed. Based on the sequence of the idioms, the animals used in English idioms are dog & cat, lamb, wolf & sheep, pig, bird, bloodsucker/leech, bug, horse, crocodile, frog, puppy, scapegoat, pig, cat, dog & lion, hog, dog, cat & mouse,
cats, fly, chicken, cat & pigeon, mule, pigs, cow, and birds. Of these 26 idioms, 6
idioms are completely; 10 partially (only found in English & Indonesian) and 10 partially also (only found in English and Uzbek)
Uzbek are derogatory, commendatory and neutral types. Commendatory is the positive connotation; meanwhile, derogatory is the negative connotation. Mixed connotation means that in some countries, the connotative meaning of an animal is different; for example, dog in English culture is commendatory. However, in Indonesian and Uzbek, dog is derogatory because there is a bad connotation entailed to it, both according to religion lesson or Islamic lesson.
Derogatory connotations are found in 27 animals (9 is completely or shared,
18 is partially for English and Indonesian, and for English and Uzbek). In the meantime, commendatory connotations are found in 10 animals (10 is completely or shared, 13 is partially for English and Indonesian, and for English and Uzbek). Finally, there are sixneutral connotation meanings and they are completely found in the three languages.
The similarities and differences of the connotation of 26 animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek language were based on 26 animals that have
connotation in each country where the language belongs.
Based on the sequence of the idioms, the animal used in Indonesian idioms
are anjing & kucing, kerbau, serigala & domba, kerbau, burung, lintah, ayam, kuda, buaya, katak, monyet, kambing hitam, kucing, ayam, semut & gajah, and anjing.
Based on the sequence of the idioms also, the animals used in Uzbek idioms
are it, mushuk, qoy, qo’y, cho’chqa, qush, zuluk, it, sichqon & mushuk, it & mushuk,
chumoli & pashsha, tovuq, echki/qo’y/bo’ri, eshshak, tuya,sigir, quyon & qush.
Each animal in each language has different connotation meanings. The reasons for differences are geographical environment, historical events, manners and customs. Cultural characteristics and geographical environment are related closely. The differences in culture are caused by geographical environment also.
constitutes meaning of general historical events or its implied meaning.
In the meantime, the translation strategies explained in this study are translation by using an idiom with similar form and meaning in the target
language, translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form,
and translation by paraphrase just as proposed by Baker (1992).
5.2Suggestions
When we compare and contrast the animal idioms found in English, Indonesian, and Uzbek language, we can see how the idioms in this three languages reflect unique cultural characteristics of the three ethnics. Although there are equivalent phrases or sentences among these three languages, it is relatively few. This is because that each country has different connotative meaning also about an animal.
By comparing English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal idioms, connotative meaning and cultural metaphors in these three different countries also differ. That is why; to translate animal idioms of each country, then, a translator must consider
many factors, in order to be able to create an accurate translation, by collecting cultural knowledge among English, Indonesian, and Uzbek animal idioms and trying
to comprehend their connotative meanings. The last but not least, for those about to conduct the same research problem, this study can hopefully be as one of reliable reference.
5.3Closing
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