View of CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

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Vol. 07, Issue 12, December 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 158

CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

P. Swapna

Asst. Prof, Deptt. of H & S, Princeton College of Engineering and Technology for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

K. Nagaraju

Asst. Prof, Deptt. of H & S, Princeton College of Engineering and Technology for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Abstract- The provincial improvement by alludes all the of the transform for enhancing those caliber for life and investment welfare for people existing clinched alongside moderately disengaged Also sparsely populated regions.

Mahatma Gandhi national country vocation assurance go about (MGNREGA) may be acknowledged as a “Silver Bullet” to eradicating provincial destitution unemployment, method for generating interest to profitable Labor power for towns. It gives an elective hotspot of vocation which will have a effect around decreasing migration, confining tyke labour, alleviating poverty, and making towns supporting toward oneself through profitable possessions making for example, such that street construction, cleaning up for water tanks, dirt Also water protection work, and so on. For which it need been recognized Likewise the biggest anti-poverty programme for India. In this paper, In light of the optional data, a endeavor need been made with comprehensively comprehend the improvement exert on modify those provincial an aggregation vocation on the support from claiming Different optional information. Those provincial improvement by alludes all the of the methodology from claiming enhancing those nature from claiming an aggregation and investment welfare of people existing On moderately separated Also sparsely populated regions. Mahatma Gandhi national provincial job surety enactment (MGNREGA) may be viewed as a “Silver Bullet” to eradicating provincial destitution and unemployment, method for generating interest for profitable Labor compel On towns. It gives an elective hotspot for vocation which will need a sway once lessening migration, confining kid labour, alleviating poverty, settling on towns overseeing toward oneself through profitable benefits creation for example, street construction, cleaning up about water tanks, soil water protection work, and so forth. For which it need been acknowledged concerning illustration the biggest anti-poverty programme previously, India. In this paper, dependent upon those optional data, a endeavor need been made to comprehensively get it the improvement exertion with modify the country existence vocation on the foundation for Different optional information.

Keywords: Rural development; Employment Guarantee Act; self-sustaining;

Development projects.

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1. INTRODUCTION

For India, out about aggregate populace of 121 crores, 83. 3 crores live in rustic regions (Census of India, 2011). Thus, About 70 percentage of the India’s populace exists for rustic regions.

These country populaces camwood a chance to be portrayed impostor poverty, low levels about ability Also income, large amount about unemployment, also poor sustenance also wellbeing status.

In place on tackle these particular problems, an number for country advancement programmes would continuously executed with make chances for change of the caliber from claiming life of these provincial kin those haul country advancement will be the in general improvement for rustic regions on move forward those nature of existence from claiming country individuals. Also it is a transform prompting manageable change in the caliber of term of provincial people, particularly poor people (Ramesh, 2012). The provincial developmental programmes proposed to decrease those destitution unemployment, to move forward the wellbeing instructive status will satisfy the essential necessities for example, food, sanctuary clothes of the country populace. Should enhance those states of provincial people, legislature from claiming india propelled A percentage schemes through those arranging requisition for india for example,

such that mahatma Gandhi national country employment assurance enactment (MGNREGA), Rastriya Sama Vikas Yojana (RSVY), Indira Was Yojana (IAY), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), coordinated circuit tribal improvement undertaking (ITDP), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), coordinated youngster advancement administrations (ICDS), improvement of ladies kids done rustic regions (DWCRA), and so on. Constantly on these schemes would meant to decrease those hole between country Also urban people, which might assistance decrease irregular characteristics and accelerate those improvement methodology.

2. MGNREGA: THE HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

In the post-Independence period, the Government wanted to uplift the socio- economic condition (SEC) of their people who mainly depended upon forest products and daily labour. Another important component of the governmental perspective was to settle the rural population as agriculture population. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. The Act has come into force with effect

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from February, 2006 in 200 districts initially and later on, it was extended to all the rural districts of India from the financial year 2008-09.

MGNREGA has come after almost 56 years of experience of other rural employment programmes, which include both Centrally Sponsored Schemes and those launched by State Governments. These comprise the National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) 1980-89; Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) 1983-89;

Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY) 1989-1990; Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) 1993- 99. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) 1999-2002;

Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) 2001; National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) 2004. Among these programmes, the SGRY and NFFWP have been merged with NREGA in 2005.

The act might have been executed in phased way – 130 areas were included on 2007–08.

For its spread over 625 regions crosswise over the country, the lead system of the UPA legislature need the possibility to expand those obtaining force of those provincial poor, decrease trouble relocation and should make handy benefits on provincial India. Also, it might cultivate social Also sex balance similarly as 23 percentage specialists under the plan need aid booked Castes, 17 % planned

Tribes 50 percentage ladies. Over 2010–11, 41 million families were utilized once NREGA worksites.

This enactment might have been presented with an point of enhancing those buying force of those provincial people, essential semi alternately incompetent fill in on people existing clinched alongside provincial India, if alternately not they are The following those neediness offering

(en. Wikipedia.Org./

Mahatma_Gandhi_National_Rural_

Employment).

3. THE PRESENT STUDY

In the present study, the investigator investigated the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in detail with the help of secondary data. The data was collected between May 2013 to December 2013 from Barkatullah university library, daily newspapers, magazines and internet. Two case studies are also cited based on first-hand field work. The present study intends to assess the overall scenario i.e., the pros and cons associated with the scheme with the following objectives:

1. To assess and acquire new insights on development of MGNREGA as well as overall socio-economic impact of different rural development programmes on the lives of the rural people.

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2. To document the improvement or changes brought by MGNREGA in the lives of the rural poor at the household level and village level.

4. MGNREGA: THE PRESENT STATUS

A number of authors have attempted to study the MGNREGA in detail and its related problems.

Dreze (2007) takes a gander in the debasement done country occupation programmes done Orissa (India) entryway this need begun and Johnson had proceeded over an NREGA also. As stated by Mathur (2007), an arrangement for general Also nonstop stream of legitimate data may be essential, concerning illustration contradicted of the irregular reports investigations reliant on the activity about people and Assemblies. With enhance

implementation; the

administration needs should tackle problems, change arrangement directives, and issue operational rules to the district, square town levels. Those legislature must make those lead, be proactive, activate foundations and groups, Also utilize the networking viably.

NREGS includes a few lakhs of administration officials, panchayat functionaries, chosen representatives, Ngos and Group Assemblies. They assume a basic role, be that required little preparation to those challenge.

NREGS indeed may be a project of national criticalness which need been minimized. Same time the service of provincial advancement will be the nodal service toward the center, each pertinent Branch Also ever- enduring obliges constantly included. Ambasta et al. (2008) provided for a number of significant proposals. These incorporated sending from claiming full-time experts committed to MGNREGA in the least levels, particularly in that square level. Escalated consideration endeavors toward fabricating up an enormous unit of fully prepared grass-root laborers are obliged at those Gram panchayat level through an across the country development to ability building, captivating administration and non- government preparation foundations.

Rural development is the need of the hour. It not only constitutes the development of rural regions but also aims at improving the well-being and quality of life to the rural poor through collective process. It is clear from the review that though this programme is meant for improving the life conditions of the people in the rural settings but this programme suffers from a number of shortcomings. Thus, the detailed review of literature clearly indicates that there is a need for extensive anthropological research

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work for understanding the socio- economic impact of MGNREGA programme on rural Indian.

5. OBSERVATIONS FROM THE FIELD

The following case studies are cited based on first-hand field work conducted at Machhar Khani village of Jaipur district in Rajasthan, India and Babachiya village of district in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India.

Case 1: Name: Saima begum Age:

43 She exists Previously, Machhar Khani town of Jaipur region. She is a widow need an child who investigations in the XIIth standard. She says that Agricola worth of effort is accessible best for around 6 months clinched alongside An quite a while than a really not ceaselessly. A portion of the fill in like collecting paddy may be carried by couples (husband wife together) she will be not capable on try to such worth of effort since she is a widow. She then again has the ability will worth of effort under NREGA. She need acted for 30 times to 2007- 2008 Also need utilized those wage she earned on backing her son's instruction. She is euphoric that NREGA compensation need aid paid consistently might want with get An card to her child something like that that he excessively awful could worth of effort.

Case 2: Name: Neha Kumari Age:

37 She lives in Babachiya village of

district in Bhopal. She has BPL card and her family used to stay in a kacca house. Recently she and her husband built a brick house for them. She came to know about the provisions under the NREGA through a public announcement in the village. She decided to work under NREGA. Last year she and her husband worked under NREGA for 100 days and earned a good amount of money at the rate of Rs. 60/- per day. As the small amount of land they have is enough to fulfill their basic food necessities. Finally, they decided to spend money earned by NREGA to build a pacca house for them.

Thus, it is clear from the cited cases that MGNREGA is a very important rural development programme in India as it helps the rural poor to earn their livelihood.

This programme can go in a long way to improve the socio-economic status of the rural poor.

6. CONCLUSION

Around 70 per cent of the Indian population is living in rural areas.

People in rural areas should have same QOL as is enjoyed by people living in sub-urban and urban areas. , the cascading effects of poverty, unemployment, poor and inadequate infrastructure in rural areas on urban centers is leading to socio-economic tensions manifesting in economic deprivation and urban poverty.

Mahatma Gandhi national provincial work assurance

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demonstration (MGNREGA) is viewed as Likewise An “Silver Bullet” for eradicating provincial neediness unemployment, by method for generating interest to profitable Labor compel to Indian towns. It gives a elective sourball for vocation which will need an sway with respect to diminishing migration, confining kid labour, alleviating poverty, and settling on towns self- manage through profitable holdings making for example, way construction, cleaning dependent upon about water tanks, soil water protection work, and so forth throughout this way, observing and stock arrangement of all instrumentation may be echo. For which it need been acknowledged concerning illustration the biggest anti-poverty programme in the planet. Since the plan will be setting off to make set up for an undefined time about time, is, no doubt extended As far as extension geological coverage, there need aid huge numbers tests like non- homogeneity On its effectiveness, district particular disparities Also results and so forth throughout this way, observing and stock arrangement of all instrumentation may be echo.

It will be precisely because of this reason; few Ngos have officially carried exactly surveys.

However, they are low recurrence restricted with particular case alternately two districts, additional vitally cantered around systemic

defects, as opposed testing the sway about their programmes once beneficiaries. There may be a need should do an in- profundity survey of these country improvement programmes for two separate methodologies i. e,

(i) All India studies by capturing signals from all corners of the country, taking into account all the regions, and

(ii) Comprehensive coverage of all the objectives and clauses preserved in the MGNREGA in a broad manner. Thus, there is also a need to critically examine the implementation process of this programme and its impact on livelihood of the rural people. It can be concluded that the success of this Act depends upon its proper implementation and in this scenario, the community participation is very important to make this programme more effective.

REFERENCES

1. Ambasta, P., Shankar, P.S.V., & Shah, M. (2008). Two years of MGNREGA:

The road ahead. Economic and Political Weekly, February 2008.

2. Dey, S., & Bedi, A. (2010). The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in Birbhum.

Economic and Political Weekly, XLV (41), 19-25.

3. Dreze J. (2007). MGNREGA:

Dismantling the contractor raj. The Hindu, 20th November, 2007.

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Vol. 07, Issue 12, December 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 164 4. Khera, R. (2008). Empowerment

Guarantee Act. Economic and Political Weekly, August 2008.

5. Mathur L. (2007). Employment guarantee: Progress so far. Economic and Political Weekly, December 2007.

6. Mathur, L. (2009). Silent but successful initiative. The Hindu, 1st March, 2009.

7. Mehrotra, S. (2008). NREG two years on: Where do we go from here?

Economic and Political Weekly, August 2008.

8. Roy, D. S., & Samanta, D. (2010).

Good Governance and Employment Generation through NREGA: A case study of Gram Panchayat in West Bengal. Presented at Conference on

"Infrastructure, Finance and Governance: Push for Growth, Organized by Ministry of Rural Development, GOI.

9. Shah, M. (2004). National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: A Historic opportunity. Economic and Political Weekly, XXX (39), 5287-5291.

WEB REFERENCES

1. http://www.nrega.ac.in 2. http://www.gov.in 3. http://www.nrega.net

4. http://www.nrega.nic.in/guideline s.htm.