View of DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND THE TRIBAL

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Vol. 06, Issue 03, March 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 140 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND THE TRIBAL

Dr. S. S. Choudhary

Supervisor, Retd. Professor& Head, Dept. of Business Administration Udaipur H.R.

Government P.G. College, Salumber, Udaipur (Raj.) Sanjay Tanwar

Research Scholar, Dept. of Business Administration Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Abstract: According to 1991 census 67.76% of persons belong to Scheduled Tribe (ST) in differensia and Union Territories excluding Assam, Jammu and Kashmir. These constitute 8.08% of the total population. The percentage of Scheduled Tribe population has marginally increased from 7.83% in 1981 to 7.95% in 1991. The Scheduled Tube population has increased by 25.67% during the decade of 1981-1991. The growth rate is high in comparison to the total population of the country (23.79%). This chapter gives an irsight into the policies, plans and programmes for tribal development in India.

1 INTRODUCTION

Out of the total Scheduled Tribe population of 67.76 million, about 49% of the Scheduled Tribe population lives in three states viz., Madhya Pradesh (27.73%), Maharashtra (1 0.80%) and Orissa (1 03 8%), while Hariyana, Punjab, Chandigrah, Delhi, Pondicherry have not a single Scheduled tribe.

About 93 % of the Scheduled Tribe population is rural based. Out of the major 15 States, only three states, víz, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu 46 had more than 10% of the Scheduled The population residing in rural areas, the respective percentages being 14.94.

12.47 and 12.0 1. The percentage shares of Scheduled Tribe population in the total population of the following states are Andide Pradesh (7.6%), Assam (3.4%), Bihar (7.0%), Gujarat (8. 1%). Kerala (3.5%). Madhya Pradesh (4.07 Orissa (S.

1%), Rajasthan (4.6%), Utter Pradesh (5.9%) and West Bengal (5.2%).

1.1 Approaches for Tribal Development In a democratic state, one group of people should not remain outside the mainstream Tribal’s have to be involved in all the matters concerning their country.

After independence, development started and broadly three different approaches were advanced (1). Isolationist (2) lationist (3). Integrationist.' The first approach was a legacy of the Britin described as "leave them untouched.

British took deliberate efforts not to develop communication in the tribal areas. Tribuls were kept away from the rest of the population. Verrier Elwin (1934) supported the establishment of a sort of "National park' or 'specimens in a

human Zool of the tribals and advised that their contact with the outside should be reduced to the minimum. But this approach was not followed for long.

The 'assimilationist' approach is the approach which paved the way for the tribal people to mingle with the neighbouring non-tribals. In India, the process of assimilation took place in different parts of the country, resulting in the gradual acceptance of Hindu culture by the tribals. The main criticism against this. Approach was that this tried to change the tribals by imposing the non- tribal customs and traditions. The Advocates of this view supported a direct assimilation without waiting for a slow and long-drawn change over. The approach is also considered to be a failure.

The past experience of the policies of isolation and assimilation, forced the planners to take the middle way between the two, which is called the integrationist approach. This approach was mainly the brain child of Jawaharlal Nehru. The policy of integration consists of two types of measures for tribal development.(D) Protective (2) Promotional measures.

The former consists of land polices, forest policies and the policies to protect tribal culture and traditions, while the latter is the same as development and welfare programmes undertaken by the government through plans) and other voluntary agencies to make the tribal life better through the integrationist approach. P.D Kulkarni states that "the policy of protection and development is undoubtedly same in itself, but it remains to be seen whether development is

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Vol. 06, Issue 03, March 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 141 possible without upsetting the harmony

that exists in the placid tribal life"

The constitution of India initiated the tribal welfare programmes by incorporating important provisions. These provisions not only put an end to the policy of indifference which had been followed during the pre-independence period, but also gave testimony to tribal welfare programmes, making them a constitutional obligation for the future governments of the country.

2 PROGRAMMES AND IMPORTANT ASPECTS RELATED TO SCHEDULED TRIBES

2.1 Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)

Since the beginning of the Planning process, efforts have been made to ensure that the tribal people were included in the growth process. However, the strategy changed with each Five Year Plan as new lessons were learnt from various developmental efforts. The first Five Year Plan emphasized the provision of additional financial resources through a community development approach to address the problems of tribal people rather than evolving a clear cut tribal development strategy. Towards the end of the Plan (1954), 43 Special Multipurpose Tribal Development Projects (MTDPs) were created. These MTDPs could not fully serve the interest of the tribal people since the schemes were numerous and of a Blocks, where the locks (TDBS). By the general nature.

This approach continued during the second FIVE T IL m e for tribal development was evolved by converting the Clot munity Development Blocks D irition of tribal population was 66 and above, into Tribal Development Blocks CTDBA end of the fourth Five Year Plant, the number of Tribal Development Blocks in the country rose to see strategy of development through Tribal Development Blocks had its limitations as well as it address the course of the tribal population of the country living outside the Tribal Development which comprised more than 60% of the total tribal population. During the 5th Five Year Plan Derin exercise of identification of tribal majority blocks was undertaken. These were later constituled into ITDA-TTDP, in the country.

The present Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) strategy was initially developed by an Expert Committee up by the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare in 1972 under the Chairmanship of Prof. S.C.

Dube for the rapid socio-economic development of trībal people and was adopted for the first time in the Fifth Five Year Pian. The TSP strategy, with some modifications, continues till this day and the salient features with respect to TSP for States, are given below:

i. The funds provided under the Tribal Sub Plan of the State have to be at least equal in proportion to the ST population of each State or UT:

ii. Tribals and tribal areas of a State or UT are given benefits under the TSP, in addition to what percolates from the overall Plan of a State/UT:

iii. He Sub-Plan should:

a. Identify the problems and need of tribal people and critical gaps in their development.

b. Identity all available resources for TSP

c. Prepare a broad policy framework for development,

d. Prepare a detailed department wise plan

e. Define a suitable administrative strategy for its implementation.

f. Specify the mechanism for monitoring and evaluation.

(iv) The TSP strategy has been in operation in 22 States and 2 UTs.

However, funds meant for are being provided for in the budget of Ministry of Home Affairs since 2003-04 and therefore, Ministry of Tribal Affairs is not concerned in the administration of TSP funds in the

UTs.

(v) TSP concept is not applicable to the tribal majority States of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghan Mizorati and Nagaland and in the UTs of Lakshadweep and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Where represent more than 60% of the population.

3 RECENT INITIATIVES OF MINISTRY OF TRIBAL AFFAIRS

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs Committed to Overall Development of the People Belonging to Scheduled Tribes and to Project the Rights tf Such People and Preserve and Promote Tribal Culture and Heritage has Recently Taken up a Number of New Initiatives Towards their

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Vol. 06, Issue 03, March 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 142 Development Strengthening of

Institutions.

The capacity of tribal people to harness the fruits of development and to access various schemes for delivery of public goods and services has remained limited. The Integrated Tribal Development Agencies were the Institutions assigned with the role to facilitate such access. But over the years, several schemes- specific bodies ar District level became stronger whereas ITDA/ ITDP's have become weak or non- existent in most of the states. Similarly.

Tribal Research Institutes have become weak in many states. This has reduced knowledge support to persons in charge of tribal development. Urban areas have seen increasing number of tribal people but there is no agency to look after their special problems. During the year 2014- 15, the Ministry has taken up strengthening of these institutions on priority and also to create new ones so that they can deliver goods and services more effectively. Under the existing schemes of SCA to Tribal Sub-Plan, Grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution and the scheme of "Grant-in- Aid to Tribal Research Institutes', the guidelines have been revised so that these institutions may be equipped with proper infrastructure, manpower and flexibility.

In order to improve literacy amongst STs, Ministry of Tribal Affairs has taken following initiatives during the last one year:

 Campaign for 100% physical enrolment

 Special focus on low literacy tribes and districts for all interventions

 Constructions of Residential Schools

& Hostels and upgrade existing facilities

 Development of Primers in Tribal languages along with regional languages

 Academic sessions to be in sync with Tribal Festivals

 Schools Management committee to engage requisite teachers.

3.1 Umbrella scheme for Education of ST Children

The following schemes for education have been merged into the umbrella scheme:

• Establishing and strengthening of Ashram Schools.

• Establishing and strengthening of Hostels.

• Vocational training in tribal areas.

• Post-Matric Scholarship.

• Pre-Matric Scholarship.

The needs vary from State to State and this new scheme gives flexibility to on This year bulk of the grants have gone for scholarships.

REFERENCES

1. Singh.K.S. (1982) Transformation of Tr-bal Society: Integrat-on Vs Assimilation Economic and Weekly Vol XVI No.33 Aug 14'P. 13 12- 20 2.

2. Singh K.S. OP. Cited P. 1219

3. Bhowmik, Sharit (1981) Class formation in the planration system. People's Publishing House New Delhi, 1'-3- 13.

4. Singh OP. cited P. 1320

5. Singh K.S (1970) The Mahatma and the Adivasis. Man in India vol 50. No.1 January - March 1970.

6. Elwin Verier (1959) A Philosophy of NEPH 2""dn. Sh-lose P.

7. Mathur P.R.G. (1977) Tribal situation in Kerala. Kerala Historical Society Trivandrum P. 68-85

8. Singh KS OP Cited 0. 1321 9. Ibid

10. Governnlent of India (1961) National Committec on I)svclopnicnt ol' Backward Areas. Kcpon P.14

11. Gover-iment of Kerala (1978) A-inual Tribal sub Piilll ofke-nla (107s79) (revised) Trivandrum. 1-28,