A REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Miss K Shobha
Asst. Prof., Civil Engg., Princeton Institute of Engg. and Technology for Womens, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Mr. B Nithesh Ikeshwaak
Asst. Prof., Civil Engg., Princeton Institute of Engg. and Technology for Womens, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Abstract – Concrete is an important building material that is used in a variety of applications, including infrastructure and industry. This is partly because concrete is made from natural materials found all over the world, and it is a versatile material that allows for architectural freedom. According to Bjorn Lomborg (2001), concrete is used more than any other man-made material on the planet. Every year, more than a tonne of concrete is produced for every human on the planet, making concrete the world's second most consumed substance after water [Sara Hart, 2008].
Keywords: Geopolymer concreter, RHA.
1 INTRODUCTION
Geopolymer concrete is a novel construction material that is made from inorganic molecules reacting chemically. Fly Ash, a by-product of coal used in thermal power plants, is widely available around the world. Fly ash is high in silica, and when alumina reacts with an alkaline solution, an aluminosilicate gel forms, which serves as the concrete's binding material. It's a great alternative to the existing plain cement concrete in construction.
Geopolymer concrete must be made without the use of any cement.
Pavements, retaining walls, water tanks, and precast bridge decks have all been built with this concrete. Geopolymer concrete has been used in a variety of applications, including earth-retaining and water- containment structures.
2 CONTRIBUTION OF
RESEARCHERS IN FIELD OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Hemn Qader Ahmed et. al (2019) present research to determine the flexural quality and behaviour of geopolymer concrete and standard Portland solid beams reinforced with carbon fiber-strengthened polymer beams. As a result, consider Twelve pillars were thrown and explored using the four-point bowing test over a successful range of 2000 mm, consisting of nine geopolymer concrete and three normal Portland solid beams. Furthermore, consider the outcome based on the following parameters, such as The factors fortification proportion, compressive quality, and solid sorts were also considered. The first splitting burden, the extreme burden, the load- diversion conduct, the load-strain
bend, the break width, and the number of breaks are all factors to consider.?
S. Mesgari et al (2019) discussed geopolymer concrete reusing, i.e. using reused geopolymer totals as coarse totals for new geopolymer concrete The executive's strategy for geopolymer concrete is squandered by the paper's features.
Geopolymer totals are used in the production of Portland concrete solid, which is widely used in many countries. The properties of Portland concrete cement and geopolymer concrete made with different substances obviously geopolymer reused totals (0 percent, 20%, half, and 100% coarse normal totals substitution) are researched and compared to those of Portland concrete cement containing reused Portland concrete solid totals.
Aly Muhammed Aly et. al (2019) The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different percentages of crumb rubber as a partial substitution of both fine and coarse aggregates by volume proportion (0, 10, 20, and 30%) on the hardened properties (compressive, tensile, and flexural strength) and impact resistance of dross-primarily based geopolymer concrete (replacing the cement with ground coarse furnace dross (GGBFS) a Finally, the work provides a combination of high compressive strength, malleability, and impact resistance that can be used in structural parts subjected to impact and dynamic load, such as bridges
(bridge approach slabs, railway buffers, and airfield runways).
Amer Hassan et. al (2019) In this review paper, the mixture design, mechanical properties, durability, and microstructure of GPC were discussed to determine and file the most recent statistics and information about geopolymer concrete. Furthermore, the microstructure of GPC and OPC concrete had been investigated to understand the internal shape of GPC and examine its engineering properties such as electricity and sturdiness, among others..
Amer Hassan et al (2019) This paper conducts a review of the mechanical performance of reinforced geopolymer concrete structural elements and summarises the findings on the mechanical performance of reinforced GPC elements columns, beams, and walls.
The mechanical properties of GPC structural elements were investigated and compared with those of OPC concrete in this review study. The failure mode of a GPC structural element has also been reported, and it was almost identical to the failure mode of an OPC concrete. The potential of GPC in terms of chemical resistance and heat resistance could be used extensively in a variety of industrial constructions such as marine structures, pavements, and sewage pylons.
Sanghamitra Jena &
Ramakanta Planography (2019) The goal of this research is to create fly ash geopolymer concrete with
ferrochrome slag as coarse aggregate.
The experimental results of all properties of ferrochrome slag-based geopolymer concrete are compared to controlled geopolymer concrete, and it is proven to be the most efficient, technically acceptable, and environmentally compatible construction material.
Bharat Bhushan Jindal (2019) The review paper summarises the impact of various mineral additives on the mechanical, durability, and microstructure properties of geopolymer mortar and concrete.
According to the research findings, geopolymer products blended with these materials demonstrated a significant improvement in mechanical and durability properties under normal temperature conditions.
Sun Keke et al (2019) Based on the paste thickness of coated aggregate and the close packing theory, a method for the mix proportion of geopolymer concrete was proposed in this paper. The water-to-metakaolin ratio was chosen using the minimum water requirement method in this method.
The close packing theory was used to design the aggregate gradation, and the amount of metakaolin was determined by the paste thickness of coated aggregate.
Inamullah Khan an et al (2019) Experiments were conducted in this paper to measure early-age shrinkage and tensile creep of geopolymer concrete and assess their influence on early-age cracking in
reinforced concrete members. Two geopolymer concrete mixes were tested. The specimens for the first mix were heat cured at either 60' C or 90' C.
Amin Noushini et al (2019) This study evaluated the chloride diffusion resistance of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete through electrical and bulk diffusion techniques. The geopolymer concretes were prepared using 12 different heat curing conditions: three temperatures of 60, 75 and 90 °C and four curing durations of 8, 12, 18 and 24 h, as well as ambient curing. The mechanical and transport properties and microstructural characteristics of the geopolymer concretes were examined.
Oriyomi M. Okeyinka et al (2019) This study investigated an alternative base material for geopolymer concrete. The physical and chemical properties of brewery sludge residue ash (BSA) were studied to determine its suitability as a base material for geopolymer binder. Brewery sludge residue ash- based geopolymer concrete (BSAGC) specimens were created by activating BSA with alkaline liquids (NaOH and Na2SiO2). The compressive strength of the BSAGC specimens was measured to assess the strength development and, as a result, the effectiveness of the polymerization reaction that occurred.
Haiqiu Zhang & Muhammad N.S. Hadi (2019) An experimental investigation of a new type of composite piles geogrid-confined
pervious geopolymer concrete piles (GPGCPs) with a fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)-polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-confined concrete core is presented in this study (FPCC).
Joseph Davidovits (2015) At Penn State Materials Research Laboratory, Penn State University, USA, research on the environmental impact (LCA) with respect to Global Warming Potential (GWP) related to CO2 emission comparison between Portland cement manufacture and geopolymer cement began as early as 1990. Unfortunately, American agencies (DOE and EPA) stated that this was not a pressing issue, and both declined to fund research proposals.
Joseph Davidovits (2014) Seventeen samples of (co- )combustion European fly ashes were tested for geopolymer cement suitability. The ashes were mixed with the various required chemical components used in (Ca,K)- poly(sialate-siloxo) cement and cured at room temperature (60-80 percent by weight of the mix).
K. Srinivasan and A.
Sivakumar (2013) The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive review of the various manufacturing processes involved in the development of a geopolymer binder. More recent studies have revealed a significant push for wider applications of geopolymer binder towards a cost-effective construction practise. This also includes reducing global warming caused by carbon
dioxide emissions from cement plants.
B. Damodhara Reddy et.al.
(2013) In this paper a critical review of the influence of RHA on various properties of mortar cubes made of partial replacement of cement by rice husk ash admixture with 5%, 10%
and 15% of total powder content by weight both with and without the presence of Super plasticizer.
B. Damodhara Reddy et al (2013) A critical review of the influence of rice husk ash (RHA) on various properties of mortar cubes is made in this paper. Partial replacement of cement by rice husk ash admixture with 5%, 10%, and 15% of total powder content by weight with and without the presence of Superplasticizer is made. Cube strength with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Slag Cement (PSC) (PSC) The results of curing tests after 3,7,28,90, and 365 days, as well as durability tests after 60 days, were analysed to determine the effect of additional content and curing time on compressive strength.
Bouziani Tayeb et al (2013).
This paper studies the effect of marble powder content (MP) on the properties of the sand concrete (SCSC) at fresh and hardened states.
The properties of the freshly prepared mixes tested are the mini-slump flow, the V-funnel flow time and viscosity.
At the hardened state, the parameter which has been determined is the 28- day compressive strength.
D. A. Opeyemi & O. O.
Makinde (2012) In this paper the
replacement varied from 5% to 20%
in a mix of 1:2:4. Cubes cast comprise the control and specimen samples with various test considered and the results showed that workability were consistent within the described values for lightweight concrete. The compressive strength dropped with the mixed ash content the value was found to be within the range acceptable for concrete particularly light weight concrete.
Substitution of the mixture should not be more than 10% for the best result in the concrete production for concrete structures.
D. A. Opeyemi et.al. (2012) In this paper the replacement varied from 5% to 20% in a mix of 1:2:4.
Cubes casted comprise the control and specimen samples with various test considered and the results showed that workability were consistent within the described values for lightweight concrete. The compressive strength dropped with the mixed ash content the value was found to be within the range acceptable for concrete and particularly light weight concrete.
M. I. Abdul Aleem et. al (2012) This paper briefly reviews the constituents of geopolymer concrete its strength and potential applications. Geopolymer concrete is an innovative construction material which shall be produced by the chemical action of inorganic molecules. Fly Ashis a by- product of coal obtained from the thermal power plant is plenty available worldwide.
Fly ash is rich in silica and alumina
reacted with alkaline solution produced aluminosilicate gel that acted as the binding material for the concrete. It is an excellent alternative construction material to the existing plain cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete shall be produced without using any amount of ordinary Portland cement.
Bouziani Tayeb et. al. (2011) The paper studies the effect of marble powder content (MP) on the properties of the Self Compacting sand concrete (SCSC) at fresh and hardened states. The properties of the fresh prepared mixes tested are the mini-slump flow, the V-funnel flow time and viscosity. At the hardened state, the parameter which has been determined is the 28-day compressive strength. The obtained test results show that the increase of MP content in SCSC, from 150 kg/m3 to 350 kg/m3 It improves the properties at fresh state by decreasing v-funnel flow time (from 5s to1.5s) and increasing the mini-cone slump (from 28cm to 34cm).
Steenie E Wallah(2010) This paper presents the study of creep behaviour of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Four series of specimens with various compressive strengths were prepared to study its creep behaviour for the duration of test up to one year. The test method followed the procedures applied for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Test results show that fly ash-based geopolymer concrete undergoes low creep which is generally less than that of OPC
concrete. After one year of loading, the results for specific creep of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete in this study ranges from 15 to 29 macrostrains for concrete compressive strength 67–40 MPa respectively.
Ghassan Abood Habeeb &
Hilmi Bin Mahmud (2010) This paper investigates the properties of rice husk ash (RHA) produced by using a ferro-cement furnace. The effect of grinding on the particle size and the surface area was first investigated, then the XRD analysis was conducted to verify the presence of amorphous silica in the ash.
Furthermore, the effect of RHA average particle size and percentage on concrete workability, fresh density, superplasticizer (SP) content and the compressive strength were also investigated.
M.U Dabai et.al. (2009) performed the Compressive strength tests on six mortar cubes with cement replaced by rice husk ash (RHA) at five levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%). After the curing age of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The compressive strengths of the cubes at 10%
replacement were 12.60, 14.20, 22.10, 28.50 and 36.30 N/mm2 respectively and increased with age of curing but decreased with increase in RHA content for all mixes. The chemical analysis of the rice husk ash revealed high amount of silica (68.12%), alumina (1.01%) and oxides such as calcium oxide (1.01%) and iron oxide (0.78%) responsible for
strength, soundness and setting of the concrete.
J.S.J. van Deventer et al (2007) studied about the processes of
„geo-polymerisation‟. Conceptual model for depolymerisation is presented in this study, allowing elucidation of the individual mechanistic steps involved in this complex and rapid process. The model is based on the reactions known to occur in the weathering of aluminosilicate minerals under alkaline conditions, which occur in a highly accelerated manner under the conditions required for geopolymerisation.
Divya Khale & Rubina Chaudhary (2007) This review presents the work carried out on the chemical reaction, the source materials, and the factor affecting geo-polymerization. Literature demonstrates that certain mix compositions and reaction conditions such as Al2O3/SiO2, alkali concentration, curing temperature with curing time, water/solid ratio and pH significantly influences the formation and properties of a geopolymer.
3 GAP IN RESEARCH REVIEW AND OBJECTIVE OF NEW RESEARCH Based on the survey of available literature following gaps in the research are identifying.
All papers presented a summary of the extensive studies carried out by the authors on the Rice Husk Ash based geopolymer concrete.
Rice Husk Ash is used as the replacement material of the Portland cement to make concrete.
Rice Husk Ash based geopolymer concrete has good compressive strength by replacement of Cement by Rice Husk Ash upto certain percentages and is suitable for structural applications.
The papers have identified several economic benefits of using Rice Husk Ash based geopolymer concrete. In the present study an attempt has been made to fully replace the cement by Rice Husk Ash.
4 CONCLUSION
This study will have a positive impact on the environment as it will reduce the volume of Rice Husk Ash to be disposed of by incineration and land filling.
It has been seen that strength of geopolymer concrete is achieved within 7 days of casting. For better workability, the ratio of alkaline solution to source material is kept 0.8.
The early-age strength gain is a characteristic that can best be exploited in the precast industry where steam curing or heated bed curing is common practice and is used to maximize the rate of production elements.
REFERENCES
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CANMET/ACI Three-Day International Symposium on Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete, October 5-7, 2005, Toronto, CANADA”
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Bagudo and A. Musa (2009) “Studies on the Effect of Rice Husk Ash as Cement Admixture” Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science (2009), 17(2)252-256
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Khalaj , Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha, Shadi Riahi (2011) “Experimental investigations and fuzzy logic modeling of compressive strength of geopolymers with seeded fly ash and rice husk bark ash”
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