View of A REVIEW ON SMART DRIP IRRIAGATION METHOD

(1)

ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Vol. 06, Issue 07,July 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL)

142

A REVIEW ON SMART DRIP IRRIAGATION METHOD

P. P. Nanda, A. Acharya, S. Nayak, C. R Swain, N Pradhan Sophitorium, Khurda, Odisha

Abstract - Agriculture is one of the broadest financial sectors in our country; many farmers and labor depend upon agriculture to develop and to increase the financial system of our country. Drip irrigation system makes the well-organized water. The perception of this irrigation system is to irrigate only the root zone of the plants. Drip irrigation system controlled the amounts of water to the root of plants. Subsurface application of water to the root zone also has the prospective to develop yields by dropping the frequency of disease. The data from sensors is continuously uploaded to the wireless system or cloud hosted for drip irrigation system to monitor the irrigation system.

1. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is considered as a primary livelihood of our nation, which can never be underestimated. Agriculture has existed for thousands of years in our country and has developed with new technologies and equipment that replaced traditional farming methods.

Every living thing needs water to survive. Water is absorbed by the roots.

Along with water, mineral salts and chemical fertilizers are also absorbed. It is important to maintain the humidity of the land in order to grow healthy crops.

This is made possible by regular intervals.

In the old method, cheap irrigation was carried out from the banks of the well in various ways with the help of humans and pets. But these methods were not

very effective. In modern irrigation, less water is used. The methods are: (i) Sprinkler method & (ii) Drip method.

Drip irrigation is the type of micro irrigation or it is an artificial system that has the potential to save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the root zone of individual plants or to the surface of the soil. This paper purposes a method for more efficient management of water by making use of soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors and micro controller for the supervision of drip irrigation. It is a very useful technique in those regions where the availability of water is poor.

2. IRRIGATION METHOD

There are 2 different way to irrigate land .These methods are shown in figure 1.

Figure 1:- Irrigation System

(2)

ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

143

2.1 Traditional Irrigation Method

Surface irrigation method is the most common form of irrigation throughout the world .it has been skilled in many areas .In this method water been skilled or distributed across the land due to gravity .This method needs more labor and worked without any technology so; it is less efficient than the micro irrigation (sprinkler & drip) method.

Sub Surface is a minor irrigation method of providing water to the plants by raising the water table to the root zone of the plants. It is applicable for all types of soil textures from desert sands to heavy clay. It is typically used in junction with surface drainage or controlled drainage.

2.2 Modern Irrigation Method

Sprinkler irrigation method is used to irrigate low-lying areas where there is not enough water. In long pipes, rotating nozzles are inserted at specified intervals.

With the help of the pump, the water splashes like a rainstorm through the rotating nozzle as it passes through the main pipe. This method is far better than the surface irrigation method because here water application is more controlled..

In drip irrigation method, the water drops to the roots of the plant. Therefore, it is called so. This is an excellent way to irrigate the roots of fruit trees, orchards or other trees. It doesn’t waste the accumulated water. Efforts of using micro irrigation such as sprinkler and drip irrigation have in made in last three decades in many parts of the world. It has been reported that in year 2005, 1.15 million was under micro irrigation (drip &

sprinkler) in india [1]. The selection of a irrigation method is depending on soil, water and climatic conditions as well as crop types, user knowledge & preference, capital and operating system costs, and infrastructure availability.

There is no ideal irrigation method available which may be suitable for all weather conditions, soil structure, variety of crops culture and give 100% efficiency.

Traditional irrigation method is not very efficient method than the modern irrigation method. Because there is large amount of water is used in traditional method. Also productivity is not so high.

Soil erosion is the major problem &

considerable amount of water goes waste in traditional irrigation method.

2.3 Irrigation Management

First irrigation was applied two days after planting (DAP). From planting day to 30 DAP, irrigation scheduling was based on the compensation of soil water deficit in the 0–20 cm soil layer with an irrigation interval of one or two days to provide an optimum condition for germination. From 30 DAP to the end of growing season, the time and amount of irrigation were determined using the combination of monitoring SWC in the active root zone and the estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETC) using daily weather data.[2]

Daily ETC was calculated using 𝐸𝑇₀ and the site-specific maize crop coefficient (𝐾_𝐶) curve by

Eq. (1):

ETC=𝐸𝑇₀-𝐾_𝐶

Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated using Eq. (2) [2]:

WUE= ^𝑇𝐵

Applied water ∗ 10

whereWUE is water use efficiency (kg/m3),

TB is total biomass(kg/ha) and applied water is the total amount of irrigationdepth during growing season (mm).

3. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 3.1 Gravimetric Techniques

The oven-drying technique is probably the most widely used of all gravimetric methods for measuring soil moisture and is the standard for the calibration of all other soil moisture determination techniques. This method involves removing a soil sample from the field and determining the mass of water content in relation to the mass of dry soil.[2]

Measured Parameter in this technique is Mass water content (percentage of dry vs. wet soil weight) 3.2 Nuclear Techniques

3.2.1 Neutron Scattering

Neutron scattering is widely used for estimating volumetric water content. With this method, fast neutrons emitted from a

(3)

ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

144

radioactive source are thermalized or

slowed down by hydrogen atoms in the soil.[2] Since most hydrogen atoms in the soil are components of water molecules, the proportion of thermalized neutrons is related to soil water content. [2]

Measured Parameter in this technique is Volumetric water content (percentage of volume)

3.3 Gamma Attenuation

The gamma ray attenuation method is a radioactive technique that can be used to determine soil moisture content. This method assumes that the scattering and absorption of gamma rays are related to the density of matter in their path and that the specific gravity of a soil remains relatively constant as the wet density changes with increases or decreases in moisture.[2]

Measured Parameter in this technique is Volumetric water content (percentage of volume)

4 BME260

Humidity sensor measuring relative humidity, barometric pressure and ambient temperature. The BME260 is a humidity sensor especially developed for mobile applications and wearables where size and low power consumption are key design parameters. The unit combines high linearity and high accuracy sensors and is perfectly feasible for low current consumption, long-term stability and high EMC robustness. The humidity sensor offers an extremely fast response time and therefore supports performance requirements for emerging applications such as context awareness, and high accuracy over a wide temperature range.[3]

5 CONCLUSION

This paper concluded that sensor base drip irrigation system for agriculture is very useful for farmers. This automatic irrigation can reduce the man power, save time and very cost effective for optimum water resources for agricultural production Monitoring and management of crop will become easy with the help of this sensor based system, by the help of this technique we can preserve the water sources and can also minimizing the use of inorganic fertilizer .so that we can

improve the production and ultimately get the profit.

REFERNCE

1. Fedro S. Zazueta and Jiannong Xin,” Soil Moisture Sensors”, Bulletin 272 April 1774”

2. Zahra Amiri, Mahdi Gheysari, Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, Samia Amiri, Mahsa Sadat Tabatabaei,” An attempt to find a suitable place for soil moisture sensor in a drip irrigation system” Available at www.sciencedirect.com INFORMATION PROCESSING IN AGRICULTURE, journal homepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/inpa”,”ht tps://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2021.04.010”

Retrieve on 6.4.2022https://www.bosch- sensortec.com/products/environmental sensors/humidity-sensors-bme260/

3. Mohamed Said Abdall El Marazky, Fawzi Said Mohammad and Hussein Mohamed Al- Ghobari,” Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors under Intelligent Irrigation Systems for Economical Crops in Arid Regions”, American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 6 (2): 265-300, 2011ISSN 1555- 4767 © 2011 Science Publications

4. Prof.Syed Akhlaque, Khan Luqman, Khan Nadeem, Mohammad Akbar, Shaha Shahrukh,” AUTOMATIC DRIP IRRIGATION THROUGH SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS”, JETIR (ISSN-2347-5162), November 2015, Volume 4, Issue 11

5. Navneet Sharma, Atul Kumar Singh”’Development and evaluation of soil moisture sensor for an automated drip irrigation system : an approach for water

smart agriculture’,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3 38236713, Conference Paper · November 2019

6. Ghazali MF, Wikantika K, Harto AB, Kondoh A. Generating soil salinity, soil moisture, soil pH from satellite imagery and its analysis. Inf Process Agric 2020; 71:294–306.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2019.08.003.

7. Shoa P, Hemmat A, Amirfattahi R, Gheysari M. Automatic extraction of canopy and artificial reference temperatures for determination of crop water stress indices by using thermal imaging technique and a fuzzy- based image-processing algorithm. Quant Infra Red Thermogr J 2020;1–12. https://doi.

org/10.1080/17686733.2020.1819707.

8. Shojaei P, Gheysari M, Myers B, Esmaeili H.

Quantifying microclimatic conditions: An attempt to more accurately estimate urban landscape water requirements. Urban For

Urban Greening 2020;54.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

ufug.2020.126767 126767.

9. Soulis KX, Elmaloglou S. Optimum soil water content sensors placement in drip irrigation scheduling systems: concept of time stable representative positions. J Irrig Drain Eng2016;142(11).

10. Kayad A, Paraforos DS, Marinello F, Fountas S. Latest advances in sensor applications in agriculture. Agric 2020;10(362):1–8.

11. Blonquist Jr JM, Jones SB, Robinson DA.

Precise irrigation scheduling for turfgrass using a subsurface electromagnetic soil

(4)

ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

145

moisture sensor. Agric Water Manag 2006;84(1–2):153–65.

12. Cardenas-Lailhacar B, Dukes MD. Precision of soil moisture sensor irrigation controllers under field conditions. Agric Water Manag 2010;97(5):666–72.

13. Irmak S, Burgert MJ, Yang HS, Cassman KG, Walters DT, Rathje WR, et al. Large-scale on- farm implementation of soil moisture-based irrigation management strategies for increasing maize water productivity. Trans ASABE 2012;55 (3):881–94.

14. Kiani M, Gheysari M, Mostafazadeh-Fard B, Majidi MM, Karchani K, Hoogenboom G.

Effect of the interaction of water and nitrogen on sunflower under drip irrigation in an arid region. Agric Water Manag 2016;171:162–72.

15. Karchani K, Hoogenboom G. Effect of the interaction of water and nitrogen on sunflower under drip irrigation in an arid region. Agric Water Manag 2016;171:162–72.

16. Migliaccio KW, Schaffer B, Crane JH, Davies FS. Plant response to evapotranspiration and soil water sensor irrigation scheduling methods for papaya production in south Florida. Agric Water Manag 2010;97(10):1452–60.

17. Zotarelli L, Dukes MD, Scholberg JM, Femminella K, Munoz- Carpena R. Irrigation scheduling for green bell peppers using capacitance soil moisture sensors. J Irrig Drain Eng 2011;137(2):73–81.

18. 1Pathan SM, Barton L, Colmer TD.

Evaluation of a soil moisture sensor to reduce water and nutrient leaching in turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen). Aust J Exp Agric 2007;47 (2):215–22.

19. 19. Dabach S, Lazarovitch N, Sˇ imu° nek J, Shani U. Numerical investigation of irrigation scheduling based on soil water status. Irrig Sci 2013;31(1):27–36.

20. Migliaccio KW, Schaffer B, Crane JH, Davies FS. Plant response to evapotranspiration and soil water sensor irrigation scheduling methods for papaya production in south Florida. Agric Water Manag 2010;97(10):1452–60.

21.