238 USEOFPLASTICWASTEINCONSTRUCTIONOFBITUMINOUSCONCRETEROAD
Kundan Kumar
Research Scholar (Transportation Engineering), Department of Civil Engineering Mr. Sandeep Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, KK University, Nalanda, Bihar
Abstract— The primary goal of this initiative is to utilize waste plastics as a bituminous mixture or addition for road paving. This strategy could aid in addressing the fast- expanding environmental contamination brought on by plastics. Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation worldwide has reached around 2.01 billion tons annually, and by 2050, it is anticipated to reach a predicted 3.40 billion tons annually. Tons of trash plastic could be dumped into the ocean, which could have an impact on the ecosystem and marine life.
Therefore, we have identified a suitable solution to the issue of waste plastic mentioned above. We may use the waste plastic material from the construction of roads to dispose of the plastic garbage, which will make the problem much easier to tackle. Although this new asphalt mixture won't solve the county's plastic problem, it will help to bring down the price of building new roads. The following are some benefits of this bituminous mixture made from waste plastic:
Increased binding and stronger bonding of the mix,
Improved resistance to rainwater and water stagnation,
No UV radiation effects,
The road's tensile strength was enhanced by 100%.
This procedure allows for the utilization of waste plastics such PET bottles, water bottles, milk packets, and carrying bags. In accordance with this study, I'll attempt to modify the mix percentage by incorporating shredded polythene components into the bitumen mixture.
The bonding strength between the aggregate surfaces rises when this shredded polythene material is heated over them. By doing this, we can make the asphalt pavement stronger, more resilient, and less likely to skid. Waste polythene was used with asphalt concrete for several lab tests. Shredded plastic was added to carry out Marshall Design.For the manufacture of mixes with a chosen aggregate grading as specified in the IRC Code, different amounts of polythene are utilized. Marshall Samples of asphalt concrete mixtures with and without polymer are prepared in order to study the effect of polythene in the mix for various engineering qualities. Marshall For the specified bitumen grade (80/100), properties including stability, flow value, unit weight, and air voids are used to calculate the ideal polythene content.The utilization of discarded plastics in road construction is the subject of this study. This technology is currently a practice that is accepted on a global scale. It would, in my opinion, have a huge effect on the road building industry and ultimately serve as a catalyst for environmental sustainability.
Keywords: Bituminous Concrete (BC), Marshall Stability, Flow Value, Optimum Polythene Content.
1 INTRODUCTION
Roads can be divided into two categories:
rigid pavement roads and flexible pavement roads. Concrete is the material used for roads with stiff pavement, while bitumen is used for roads with flexible pavement.
Roads with flexible pavement are primarily accessible in India. Additionally, modern materials and procedures are used for cost- effective road construction. The large daily and seasonal temperature variance demanded enhanced road properties. For building roads, bitumen serves as a good binder. Due to the widespread use of
plastics in modern society, there is a vast supply of waste plastic available. They are either scattered over the land or combined with municipal solid garbage. They are currently disposed of by burning or land filling if they cannot be recycled.Both processes affect the environment in different ways. In this situation, it's also necessary to find an alternative application for the leftover plastics.
239 Fig1: Rigid pavement
Fig. 2 cross section of Flexible Pavement Road construction using plastic is not a recent development. There is some possibility, according to recent studies in this direction, for the use of waste plastic in road building. Plastic melts when it comes into contact with heated bitumen, coating the aggregate with an oily coating that is then applied to the road surface like a typical tar road. Bitumen serves the purpose of holding the aggregate together by coating it over when creating flexible pavements. Additionally, it helps to strengthen the road. However, it has a low water resistance. There are anti-stripping compounds in use.Modifying the rheological characteristics of bitumen by combining it with organic synthetic polymers like rubber and plastic is a typical technique for raising its quality. Plastic is strong and deteriorates very slowly thanks to chemical linkages that also make it resistant to deterioration caused by natural processes.
The environmental hazard posed by plastic is enormous. Research has shown that plastic garbage may be utilised in the construction of roads and that when properly processed, it can extend the life of the road while simultaneously providing a solution to environmental issues.
Plastic roads, also referred to as waste plastic roads, outperform conventional bitumen-built roads in terms of performance. The bituminous mixture made from waste plastic has the following benefits.
Increased resilience to flooding and water stagnation.
Improved mixing and binding of the mixture.
No UV or other radiation effects, and the road's strength rose by 100%.
With a higher Marshall Stability score, a road is more able to bear loads. This assists in addressing the present demand for more road transportation.
The price of building roads has plummeted, and maintaining them now costs nearly nothing.
Waste plastic disposal won't be a concern anymore.
Waste plastic will have a higher added value.
It will create jobs for unskilled labourers.
As a result, the use of waste plastics in road construction has made it easier to find a site to bury plastic waste without running into disposal issues. The generation of plastic is growing every day. The primary plastic polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, exhibit adhesion qualities while they are molten.
The bitumen's melting point will rise due to plastic.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Studied (Firdous and Hamid, 2017) on topic USE OF WASTE POLYTHENE IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXES FOR HIGHWAYS, and observed that within the highway infrastructure, variety of originate materials and technologies are invented to pin down their suitability for the planning, construction and maintenance of those pavements. Polythene is one amongst them.
Also considering the environmental factor, because of more and more use of polyethene in day-to-day business, the pollution to the environment is big. The use of polythene materials like carry bags, food covers, etc. is continually increasing day by day. Since the polythene are non- biodegradable, the necessity of this hour is to use the waste polythene in such the way that’s beneficial for the globe. The most aim of this study is to specializein using the available waste polythene present in abundant which might be used economically and conveniently. The use of these waste materials in road construction proves eco-friendly, economical and use of
240 polythene also will give strength within the
sub-base course of the pavement. (Bhosale and Jagtap, 2017) observed that the utilization of industrial waste to exchange part of conventional concrete aggregate is being studied. Most of Indian plastic recycling occurred. Up to 60% of industrial and municipal plastic waste is recycled and available from various sources. The Indians releases large quantities of plastic waste with enormous economic value. Therefore, the recycling of plastic waste plays a crucial role in job creation. The ―Maale‖ village located within the Pune district proposes a 2.8-kilometer road suggestion to use the asphalt blend. Building asphalt mixed plastic roads within the village can reduce the plastic waste generated within the village. The adhesion properties of bitumen are often changed by mixing with plastic waste. It will be used for building purposes.
During this paper, we propose a construction of asphalt mixed plastic roads addressing the matter of non-biodegradable waste in Pune’s ―MAALE‖ village. Singhal et al., 2017; studied that the optimum uses of the waste polythene with the concrete mixture and can also help in achieving the specified results. This paper presents research conducted to check the behavior of BC mix modified with waste polythene.
Various percentages of polythene are used for preparation of mixes with a particular aggregate grading as given within the IRC code. The role of polythene within the mix is studied for various engineering properties by preparing Marshall samples of BC mixtures with and without polymer.
Marshall Properties like stability, flow value, unit weight, air voids are accustomed optimum polythene content for the given grade of bitumen (80/100). Neeraj Kumar Choubey, 2016; Conducted an experiment on a study of an efficient utilization of waste plastic in bituminous concrete mix’ there’s the necessity adopt effective methods to utilize these plastics waste. This present study is research conducted to review the behavior of Modified Bituminous concrete (BC) MIX WITH POLYTHENE WASTE.
During this study various percentage of polythene was used for preparation of mixes with a specific aggregate grading as per IRC Code. By preparing Marshall Samples of BC mixtures the role of the polythene is studied. Marshall Properties like stability, flow value, unit weight, air voids are used to
determine optimum polythene content for the grade VG30. Roberts et al. 2002; find that in 1900’s, the technique, of using bitumen in pavements, was first used on rural roads so as to forestall rapid removal of the fine particles like dust, from Water Bound Macadam, which was caused thanks to fast growth of automobiles. At initial stages, heavy oils were used a dust palliative. A watch estimation process which is termed pat test, was accustomed to estimate the desired quantities of the heavy oil, in the mix. P. Hubbard and F.C.
Field, 20th century; The first formal method of mix design was Habbard field method, which was actually developed on sand-bitumen m mixture. Hubbard and Field used a Proctor hammer to compact asphalt mixture. This hammer was borrowed from the Geotechnical field.
Mixtures with larger sized aggregate particles couldn’t handle during this method. This was one limitation of this procedure.
3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Due to its ease of handling, light weight, unbreakability, and numerous other benefits that make life easier, plastic is used more and more frequently every day in human life. Plastic products are being used more and more frequently. Every day, a portion of the used plastic waste is collected at the landfills. Therefore, one of the biggest issues local government authorities are dealing with is the management of waste plastic. Even while toys, bottles, and damaged household items made of hard plastic can only be partially recycled Shopping bags, plastic bags, lunch trays, and other items made of polythene cannot be recycled. Such things clog sewers, choke animals when they eat leftover food, and burn noxious fumes into the air. The local government has had difficulty controlling the garbage disposal yards under its authority and disposing of waste polythene.
In order to improve the qualities and increase the durability, the research concentrated on looking into the possibilities of mixing shredded polythene with asphalt concrete road surfacing.
4 MATERIALS
(i) Materials used in road construction The materials used are as follows.
a) Aggregates
241 b) Bituminous Binder
c) Mineral Filler d) Polythene
(a) Aggregate- The granular component of bituminous concrete mixtures, or aggregate, makes up to 90 to 95 percent of the combination weight and is responsible for the majority of the mixture's load-bearing and strength qualities. In order to ensure a good pavement, the standard and physical attributes of the aggregates should be managed. The following table lists the qualities of aggregates that should be utilized in pavement.
Aggregates ought to be as flexible as possible. Due to swelling and bitumen adhesion to the rock, problems with stripping can arise when clay fines are included in bituminous mixture. The maximum percentage of clay lumps and friable particles should be 1%.
Sulphate soundness tests should be used to gauge durability or resistance to weathering. The ratio of dust to asphalt cement, by mass should be maximum of 1.2 & a minimum of 0.6.
AASHTO T-209 is typically advised to be used to estimate the relative density of bituminous concrete mixtures.
There are two forms of aggregates for example, Coarse Aggregate (CA), Fine Aggregate (FA).
Fig 3- Coarse Aggregate
Fig 4- Fine Aggregate
(b) Bitumen -In this study, the asphalt binders 60/70 and 80/100 are used. The following characteristics of the bitumen utilized should exist.
1. The grade of bitumen used in the pavements should be chosen based on climatic factors and prior performance.
2. It is advised that the bitumen be accepted upon certification by the supplier (together with the testing results) and consequently the State Project, verification samples. The acceptance procedures should promptly offer information on the bitumen's physical attributes.
3. The bitumen's physical characteristics, which are crucial for pavements, are illustrated below.
Each State should gather this data (via supplier testing or centralized laboratories) and may set specifications for all properties other than specific gravity.
Viscosity at 140°F
Viscosity at 275°F
Penetration at 77°F
Specific Gravity
Ductility/Temperature
Solubility
Residue Ductility
Residue Viscosity
Thin Film Oven
(TFO)/Rolling TEO; Loss on Heatin Thin Film Oven (TFO)/Rolling TEO; Loss on Heating.
Fig. 5- Bitumen
(c) Mineral Filler- To increase the density and strength of the hot mix asphalt, mineral filler is a very fine, inert mineral material that is added to the mixture. These fillers ought to pass through a sieve of 75 µm.
242 Fig. 6 Fly Ash
(d) Polythene- As a raw material for the samples, the polythene found in COMFED (Bihar state Milk co-operative Federation ltd.) milk packets were employed. These polythene bags were gathered, cleaned, and washed by being submerged in hot water for three to four hours. Then they were dried.
Specific density of polythene is 0.90.
Fig. 7 Shredded Polythene 5 APPARATUS REQUIRED
The equipment utilised during the experiment is listed below:
Specimen mould construction Base plates, extension collars, and mould cylinders measuring 4 in. (101.6 mm) in diameter and 3 in. (76.2 mm) in height.
Sieving configuration
A specimen extractor steel disc with a diameter of at least 3.95 inches (100.33 mm) and a thickness of 1/2 inch, which is used to remove the compacted specimen from the specimen mould using the mould collar.
A compaction machine that drops a 4.54 kg hammer from a height of 45.7 cm.
Breaking Head - The breaking head must be made up of upper- and lower-cylinder parts.
Loading Jack - A screw jack set in a testing frame shall make up the loading jack, which must produce a
consistent vertical movement of 5 mm per minute.
Ovens or Hot Plates
Mechanical mixing is advised when using a mixing apparatus.
Water Bath - The water bath must be thermostatically controlled and at least 15 cm deep in order to maintain a temperature of 60 1C.
Other supplies, such as containers, a mixing tool, thermometers, balances, gloves, marking crayons, scoops, and spoons.
6 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
(i) Objective of Result analysis- The bituminous mix design seeks to create a mixture with the appropriate ratios of bitumen, filler material, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and polythene.
• Enough workability to prevent segregation under load.
• Sufficient strength to maintain high tyre pressures and wheel loads.
• Enough durability
• Should be cost-effective
(ii) Plotting Curves- Six curves were plotted between various parameters for the purpose of analysis, i.e.
• Marshall Stability Value vs.
Polythene Content
• Marshall Flow Value vs. Polythene Content
• VMA vs. Polythene Content
• VA vs. Polythene Content
• VFB vs. Polythene Content
• Bulk unit weight vs. Polythene Content
Fig. 8 Marshall Stability Value vs.
Polythene Content
243 Fig. 9 Marshall Flow Value vs. Polythene
Content
Fig. 10 VMA vs. Polythene Content
Fig. 11 VA vs. Polythene Content
Fig. 12 VFB vs. Polythene Content
Fig. 13 Bulk unit weight vs. Polythene Content
7 CONCLUSION
According to research on the behavior of polythene-modified BC, the changed blend has better Marshall Characteristics, which are listed below. Marshall Stability value is seen to rise with polyethylene content up to 4% before declining beyond that. With the addition of polythene, we see that the Marshall Flow value lowers, increasing the resistance to deformations caused by heavy wheel loads. Additionally, the values of the parameters VMA, VA, and VFB are within the predetermined limits. Taking into account these elements, we can guarantee that polymer adjustments will enable us to obtain a more stable and robust mix for the pavements. This modest study not only makes good use of non-biodegradable plastic waste, but also gives us better pavements that are stronger and endure longer. For India's hot and extremely humid climate, where temperatures regularly exceed 50°C and torrential rains wreak havoc and severely degrade most of the roadways, polymer modified pavements would be a godsend. The pavements' continued survival is negatively impacted by this. Bitumen that has been treated with polymers has better qualities for paving.
This can help lessen the amount of plastic garbage that would otherwise be a threat to the environment's hygienic conditions.
Plastic trash is applied to the aggregate during this modifying procedure. As a result, the surface area of contact at the interface is increased and bitumen and aggregate are better bonded. The vacant spaces that are present in the mix are also decreased by the polymer coating. This stop trapped air from oxidizing bitumen and absorbing moisture. The road has a longer service life and can tolerate high traffic.
Because there will be less plastic garbage to be disposed of by incineration and land filling, this study will have a favorable environmental impact. Not only will it give value to plastic garbage, but it will also create an environmentally friendly technology. installed, and their performance be examined However, it is advised that more research be conducted on the subject, more trial sections be.
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