An Example: Course Developed in the Rotterdam Stroke Service
16.9 Structure of the Report
On the front page of the report, the title of the assignment is mentioned; for exam- ple: ‘Communication Plan for Multidisciplinary Cooperation’. In addition, the fol- lowing information is written at the bottom of the page in the following order:
– given name, sur name – organizations;
– date.
16.9.1 Introduction
In the introduction, the students give the reason for the theme of the assignment.
The introduction covers the following;
– the students introduce themselves;
– they indicate the framework in which the assignment was written;
– describes why this theme was chosen;
– introduction of the organization (institution and department) where they work;
– brief description on how the report was built (a brief introduction to all chapters).
– acknowledge the people who have contributed to the content of the work.
16.9.2 Summary
In the summary, the most important topics presented in the report are briefly described. The summary is up to one page long. In any case, the following topics are discussed:
– the theme of the assignment;
– background of the theme;
– the models used for the plan and the research method used;
– results of the research;
– discussion, conclusions and recommendations that follow from the research.
16.9.3 Chapter 1: Background
In Chap. 1 the background of the theme will be explained. This chapter comprises a maximum of two pages. The students use literature and references.
In the background the students describe the following points:
– the problem definition;
– objective and research questions.
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16.9.3.1 Problem Definition
What kind of challenge do they have on their department in the rehabilitation care for patients with stroke? What has been found in the literature concerning this theme?
16.9.3.2 Objective
What do they want to achieve with this assignment regarding the problem? Objectives are often too vague and formulated in a non-binding manner, such as wishes, inten- tions, or resolutions. Successful objectives clearly reflect the direction to be worked in and the time frame in which results should be achieved. To formulate an objective successfully, it is important to formulate this in a SMART manner.
SMART stands for:
– Specific: The result must be clearly and concretely defined. It must be a percep- tible action.
– Measurable: it should be possible to indicate the quantity or percentages in quan- tity (how much?), in quality (how good?), in time (how long? When done?) Or in cash (costs?).
– Acceptable or demonstrable: there must be support. It must be clear who needs to do what to achieve the objective.
– Realistic: Is the objective achievable? Can the objective be achieved?
– Time-bound: the term within which the desired result, the objective, must be achieved. Short-term objectives must be SMART; for long-term objectives this is not always possible.
16.9.3.3 Research Questions
De students formulate a main research question and multiple secondary questions.
16.9.4 Chapter 2: Methods
Chapter 2 comprises the methodology of the assignment. The students describe the used methodology precise and concisely. The students are using literature and references.
In Chap. 2 there is description of:
– the analysis of the problem statement.
– how the information was gathered, which research methods?
– which methodology have been used in this assignment (literature study, inter- views, questionnaire).
– how the information was analyzed?
– what sources have been used?
– how did the expertise of persons of the integrated care service help in the process?
– what is the role of the nurse?
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16.9.5 Chapter 3: Results
Chapter 3 comprises the results of the assignment. For better readability, the stu- dents divide the text into paragraphs. For each sub-topic or research question the students make a paragraph. The results of the research are described briefly, without giving context to the results. It is recommended to use tables, figures and text. The students do not use literature and references in this chapter!
16.9.6 Chapter 4: Discussion
The most important results are mentioned and discussed in the discussion. There is a paragraph for every single important result. The students use literature and refer- ences in this chapter.
1. The discussion starts with a paragraph in which the main research question is answered.
2. There are no new issues emerging in the discussion.
3. There is a comparison been made between theory and practice.
4. There is a specific paragraph with strengths and limitations.
5. Every paragraph in which results are discussed comprise the following:
(a) What has been found in this research?
(b) What do other authors write: description of differences and similarities (c) What is the meaning of these results for practice?
(d) Brief conclusion of this particular finding and recommendation for the future
16.9.7 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations The final chapter contains the conclusions and recommendations.
16.9.7.1 Conclusion
The conclusion is the general conclusion of the research. What has been found and what are the implications for practice and further research?
16.9.7.2 Recommendations
Recommendations are advice to solve the problem. In the recommendations the students describe:
– what steps should be taken to use the solution in practice;
– the motivation for the recommendation (why do they recommend this?);
– what is the role of the nurse concerning this recommendation?
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16.9.8 References
The reference list follows the last chapter. This includes all written sources (books, articles, websites/internet, etc.) that are consulted during the research and referred to in background, method and discussion. Herein, also mentioned which people were interviewed.
Without literature, the results of the final assignment are not credible. It is not possible to judge where the information comes from, if the students haven’t used literature. The purpose of a reference list is that the reader can retrieve the informa- tion source himself. To be able to find literature, the following must be known:
– web page: the full page address and date of access.
– book: author(s), year of issue, title, place and publisher;
– article: author (s), title, title of journal, year, edition, and any page numbers.
The reference list is drawn up in alphabetical order.
Students need to use reliable websites, articles and literature. They can search via Google or PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) for (full text) articles.
16.9.9 Attachments
In the attachments, the information is included that is closely related to, or part of, the assignment, but which can be placed better outside the document for technical reasons. They serve to support the document. In particular, this applies for example to extended tables, questionnaires of a survey, checklists, extensive schedules and legal guidelines. Only attachments which are referred to in the text, are included.