• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

€iY ʇ €] Á ʼ¯ cZÌ Â y€] ÉÁ Á ¾ÅM ,€¨ˆ§ ħ¸Ÿ º¤¸‹ ʨ̯ ÉY

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2024

Membagikan "€iY ʇ €] Á ʼ¯ cZÌ Â y€] ÉÁ Á ¾ÅM ,€¨ˆ§ ħ¸Ÿ º¤¸‹ ʨ̯ ÉY"

Copied!
9
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

ĸn»

ʟY½ZÅZ̳¹Â¸Ÿ

½Y€ËY

ÃÁ{

, ÃZ¼‹

,

µÂXˆ»Ã|ÀˆË¿*

ʰf‹{|¼v»

¾¨¸e

[email protected] E-mail:

€iYʇ€]

Áʼ¯cZ̏y€]ÉÁÁ¾ÅM,€¨ˆ§

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹Ê¨Ì¯

ÉY

Brassica rapa

,¹|¬»¾Ìˆu ʰf‹{|¼v»

É|¼v»{Y€»Á

, , Ê Ì^—ž]ZÀ»ÁɁÁZŒ¯†Ë{€a,|‹YʇZÀ‹Z¯ª]Z‡ÉÂnŒ¿Y{Á|‹Y…ZÀ‹Z¯,ZË{Zf‡Y,

½Y€ÆeÃZ´Œ¿Y{

d§ZË{xËZe

exËZe±

\ː

Ã|̰q

eʇ€]œÀ»Ä]

P

€]ÉÁ€“€ZÀŸYÊy€]€Ìi ʳ„ËÁ

ÉZÅ º¤¸‹Ê¨Ì¯Áʼ¯

ħ¸Ÿ

µZ‡ { ʌËZ»M ÉY

ž]ZÀ» Á ɁÁZŒ¯ †Ë{€a ʌÅÁ„a ʋÂ»M ğ‚» {

{½Y€ÆeÃZ´Œ¿Y{Ê Ì^—

|‹Y€mYk€¯

c€¯cÄ]ŠËZ»M

Á¶ËÂf¯Z§Ã|‹{€yÉZÅ

Z«{

­Â¸]s€—\·

|‹Y€mYY€°eZÆqZ]ʧ{Ze¶»Z¯ÉZÅ

ć¶»Z‹ŠËZ»MÉZÅZ¼Ìe

,€¨€Ë{Z¬»Ä]¶bˀecZ¨ˆ§€a‡{¯t˜‡

Á

¶»ZŸ½YÂÀŸÄ]Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

¶°‹Ä]Ã|‹cÔ¯¾ÅM{¯t˜‡Á{,ʸY

EDDHA

Á€¨€Ë{Z¬»Ä]

{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

cÄ]ÉÁ{¯t˜‡Ä‡,Zf°Å ,€¨€Ë{Z¬»Ä]ÉÁcZ¨·Â‡

Á

{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

¶»ZŸ½YÂÀŸÄ]Zf°Å

c€¯|ÅZ‹Z¼ÌeÁ|¿{Â]ʟ€§ÉZÅ

É{¯Ŀ´rÌÅį|¿{Â]ÊËZÅ

|¿{Â]Ã{€°¿d§ZË{

eÃ|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿†¿ZËYÁÄ˂nelËZf¿

P

€Ìi Ád^j»

ÊÀ »

€]€¨ˆ§¶»ZŸY{

¾ÌXeÁ€aÁ[M{µÂ¸v»ÉZÅ|À«|{Á{€°¸¼Ÿd¨

É~¤»‚ËÉZŀÀŸÊ·Á,{Â]¹Zy

e ÉÁ Á ¾ÅM P

ÊÀ » €Ìi {€°¸¼Ÿ €] ÉY{

º¤¸‹ ®Œy

|Àf‹Y|¿

{¯

€] ¾ÅM cZ¨

ʨ̯

¹Zy ¾ÌXeÁ€a ,º”Å ¶]Z« ®Œy Ã{Z» |{ ¶»Z‹ ħ¸Ÿ

,

{ µÂ¸v» €Ì£ ÉZŀ^̧ |{

É|̇YÃ|ÀË‹

Á,¶¯€fˆ¯ZyÁ {¯

€]ÉÁ

º”Ŷ]Z«®ŒyÃ{Z»|{

Á ÉZŀ^̧|{

£ É|̇YÃ|ÀË‹{µÂ¸v»€Ì

|¿{Â]€i»

¶»ZŸY¹Y|¯pÌÅ

eʇ€]{»ÉZÅ P

€]ɀÌi

|Àf‹Y|¿ÄeÂ]Z¨eY

lËZf¿¾ÌÀr¼Å

½ZŒ¿

Y|¬»Ä]€¨ˆ§{¯|¿{Y{

{Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

µZ¼fuYt˜‡

ħ¸Ÿ®Œy{€°¸¼ŸŠËY‚§YhŸZ]

Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

½Y‚Ì»Ä]

Ä]d^ˆ¿

|ÅZ‹Z¼Ìe

Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

ÉZÅÃYÁ É|̸¯

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

d̨̯,{€°¸¼Ÿ,ÉÁ,¾ÅM,€¨ˆ§,¶bˀecZ¨ˆ§€a‡,ÉY

ħ¸Ÿ

Ä»|¬»

ħ¸Ÿ½ZÅZ̳

ÄËÁÃZ´ËZmÉY

Ã{ÁM€§|Ì·Âe{ÉY

ÉZÅ

e Á ½Zˆ¿Y ZÌ¿ {» Êf‹Â³ Á ÊÀ^·

P {Y» ¾Ì»

ÄÌ·ÁY É

|¿Y{ÃZÀa€‡Á­Z‹Âa

{Á|u,Z»Mª^—

½Â̸̻

ħ¸Ÿ ZÌ¿ Á {Y{ {ÂmÁ Œ¯ { Ê»Y{ |uYÁ

¶¯ ÉY

µZ‡{Œ¯

Ê»¾e½Â̸̻

|‹Z]

|Ì·ÂeÂ¼n»

µ{Z » Œ¯ ħ¸Ÿ

|Ì·Âe Â¼n» Á ¾e ½Â̸̻

ĸ̇ÁÄ]¥€»¶]Z«ÊŸYÄË¿ZicӐv»ÁžeY€»

(2)

¹Y{

Ì»

d‡Y¾e½Â̸

{Á|u{Œ¯{Z»¾ËY€]ZÀ]

ºËY{ ħ¸Ÿ {Â^¼¯ ¾e ½Â̸̻

(Mozaffari &

Abbasi, 2005

|uYŠÌ]ZŒ§\m»{Â^¼¯¾ËYį

½M Êa { Á Y€q c|‹ ŠËY‚§Y ÄnÌf¿ { Á žeY€» €]

½Z]ZÌ] dËZÆ¿ { Á ­Zy ŠËZ‡€§ ,žeY€» \ˀze

ÊËY

d‡Y Ã|‹

Chaichi & Jahanian, 2005

Y ʰË

dŒ¯Ä ‡Âe¶” »¾ËY¶uÉY€]É{ZÆÀŒÌaÉZÅZ°ÅY

ħ¸Ÿ½ZÅZ̳

YÃ{Z¨f‡YÁdŒ¯,dyZÀ‹Á{Âm»ÉY

ħ¸Ÿ½ZÅZ̳

Ê»|Ë|mÉY

|‹Z]

º¤¸‹

ħ¸Ÿ

ĸ¼mYÉY

ÓZ]ÊËY~£‰YÁ{€°¸¼Ÿ¶Ì·{Ä]Ád‡Y½ZÅZ̳¾ËY ħ¸Ÿ½ZÅZ̳Y

d‡Yd̼ÅY‚WZuÉY

(Rao & Dao,

1987)

½ZËZb̸q ;Ã{Y¿Zy Y ÃZ̳ ¾ËY

Cruciferacea

d‡Y

¹Z¿Z]Á ʼ¸Ÿ

Brassica rapa (Turnip)

ÄfyZÀ‹

Ê»

{‹

.(Zandstra & Warnke, 1989)

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

ÉY

cÄ]ħ¸Ÿ|Ì·ÂeÉY€]Ê·Ád‡YÄ·Z‡Á{ÊÅZ̳

®Ë Ê» dŒ¯ Ä·Z‡

{‹

Mirheidar, 1995

ÊuY¿.

YÃZ̳¾ËYŠÀ¯Y€a Ã{,ZË{t˜‡

d‹{ ÁZÅ

ZeÁZÅ

Z¨eY d‡YZË{t˜‡Yɀf»

Warwick &

Francis, 1994

Ê»ÃZ̳¾ËY

YÊ¿Z»{|¿YÂe

įµZ‡

ħ¸Ÿ ½ZÅZ̳ €ËZ‡

,|ÀfˆÌ¿ µÂv» |Ì·Âe Ä] {Z« ÉY

|ËZ¼¿ |Ì·Âe ħ¸Ÿ

Á €eÓZ] Ê^ˆ¿ {€°¸¼Ÿ ÃÁԟ Ä]

Åd̸]Z«ÁÊËY~£‰Y,d̨̯

Ä]d^ˆ¿É€fŒÌ]º”

{Y{cÔ£

Rao & Horn, 1986

Ê»YÃZ̳¾ËY

½YÂe

{¼¿¥€»Y€qcÄ]ºÅÁÊ˸̇,ÁZecÄ]

Ê» Ê]Ây Ä] ÃZ̳ ¾ËY Y

ºfˆÌ‡ { ½YÂe

dŒ¯ ÉZÅ

Ê» ‰Á ¾ËY Z] į {¼¿ Ã{Z¨f‡Y Ä¿Z³Á{

ĸZ§ ½YÂe

{¼¿{ZnËYʟY[ÁZÀe{YÉ|À»{‡Z̈]

(Smart

et al., 2004)

¹ÁZ¬»ÁÄf‹Y{ÊÅZe¯|‹¶§º¤¸‹

Ê»‚Ì¿Z»€‡Ä]

ħ¸ŸÃZ̳®ËÁ|‹Z]

ÉY€][¸˜»ÉY

ÉY€q ÉY€] ÓZ] d̨̯ Á d̼¯ Z] ÃÂ^¿Y ;ħ¸Ÿ |Ì·Âe

¹Y{

Ê»‚ÌWZa¶§µÂ—{ZÅ

|‹Z]

Smart et al., 2004

{Y{ ÊËÓZ] º”Å d̸]Z« º¯ €^̧ ¶Ì·{ Ä] ¾ÌÀr¼Å

(Koch & karakaya, 1998)

dœ¸£{¥€»€a€ZÀŸ

Ä]d^ˆ¿É€fŒÌ]ÉZÅ

|ÀfˆÅ ZÌ¿ {» ¥€» º¯ €ZÀŸ

€ÀŸ ®Ë €¨ˆ§

¹Y|¿Y ¹Z¼e ÉY€] ÉÁ€“

¹Y|¿Y ĸ¼m Y Ã|¿ ÉZÅ

ÉZÅ

Ê»ÊÅZ̳

Z¨ËYÃZ̳{YÉ|̸¯Š¬¿¾Ë|Àqį|‹Z]

Ê»

ʻĸ¼m½MYį|À¯

ŠÀ¯YÁ{d¯€‹Ä]½YÂe

ÉZÅ

|À¿Z»ÊeZ^̯€e{”u;ʇYÁÄ]Ƀ€¿YµZ¬f¿Y ÁATP

€Ì̤e ,‚fÀ‡Âf§ |À¿Z» ÊËZÅ|ÀËM€§ { d¯€‹ ,ADP

µZ¬f¿Y { É|̸¯ Ь¿ ÉZ¨ËY ,Äf‡ZŒ¿ Á |À« ¶°‹

{”uÁ| ]¶ˆ¿Ä]¶ˆ¿®ËYʰÌf¿ƒcZ̏y ZÅ|̇Y ®ÌX¸¯Â¿Â^Ë ½Z¼fyZ‡

{€¯ ÃZ‹Y

Ozanne,

dŸ€‡ ¾ÌÀr¼Å €¨ˆ§ 1980

Y ½YÂm ½ZÅZ̳ |‹

Ê»ŠËY‚§Y

Ê»žË€ˆe‚Ì¿Yʳ|̇Á|Å{

|À¯

€¨ˆ§

Ê» ­Zy Ê·M

Ê¿| » |ÀËM€§ ʗ |¿YÂe

Ä] ¶Ë|^e ½|‹

¶]Z«€¨ˆ§Y|¬»Á{{€³ÃZ̳[~m¶]Z«ÁÊ·M€Ì£¶°‹

ŠÀ¯YÁ ¾ËY dŸ€‡ Ê·Á |Å{ ŠËY‚§Y Y ­Zy [~m Ê»¾ÌËZaZ̈]

|‹Z]

McKenzie & Roberts, 1990

ʸY À¨ˆ§ ÊËZ̼̋ {¯ ¶Ì·{ ¾Ì¼Å Ä]

ž^À» ¾Ë€e

d‡YɁÁZŒ¯{€¨ˆ§¾Ì»0Ze

0Z^ˀ¬e Ze

|{

–‡Âe­ZyÄ]Ã|‹Ä§Z“Y€¨ˆ§{¯Y

†°¸b¼¯

ÉZÅ

Ê»dÌ^jeºÌˆ¸¯Á¹ÂÌÀ̻·M,¾ÅM

{‹

Gyaneshwar

et al, 2002; Turan et al., 2006

Ä]½ZÅZ̳º¯ZÌ¿

¥€»º¯ÉZŀÀŸ

ʻY

¾ËYd¯ZŒ»d¸ŸÄ]½YÂe

ŠÀ¯YÁ { ZŀÀŸ

ÉY‚mY { d¯€‹ Á ʼ˂¿M ÉZÅ

½Â»ÂÅ dˆ¿Y{ ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅ

{ €f¼¯ ZŀÀŸ ¾ËY

¶j» ÊÅZ̳ Ã|¼Ÿ cӐv»

d§Z]

Á Ê¿Z¼fyZ‡ ÉZÅ

Ê»Ã{€]Z¯Ä]ʼ‡ÔaÂeÁ€a

|¿Â‹

Stevenson, 1986

{

ºfˆÌ‡

ÉZŠɁÁZŒ¯

Ã{€Œ§

{Y»

Ê·M

­Zy Á

Z f»

½M

€ZÀŸ

ÊËY~£

ʸÌy

žË€‡

Ä̸ze Ê»

|¿Â‹

Y~·

dÆm

\ˆ¯

{€°¸¼Ÿ

ÄÀÌÆ]

ZÌ¿

Ä]

ÊÀ˂´ËZm

€ZÀŸ

ÊËY~£

Ê»

|‹Z]

cZ ·Z˜».

c|»|À¸]

½ZŒ¿

Ê»

|ÀÅ{

į

ÉZÅ{¯ Y ¹ÁY|» Ã{Z¨f‡Y ÊËZ̼̋

{€°¸¼Ÿ

½ZÅZ̳

ʟY

Y

ŠÅZ¯

Ê»

|Å{

¾ËY

ŠÅZ¯

ÄnÌf¿

É|̇Y

½|‹

,­Zy

ŠÅZ¯

dÌ·Z § ÊfˆË ÉZÅ ,­Zy

d§Y

d̏y

ÉZŠʰ˂̧

­Zy Á

¹|Ÿ

{ÂmÁ É~¤»‚Ë

{

Ê»ZÅ{¯

|‹Z]

Adediran et al., 2004

L‚m¾ÅM

ºË‚¿MYÉZ̈]ÉÁ€“

¾ÅMÉZÅ Ád‡Y¾ÅM½Á|]ÁY{

Ã|ÀÀ¯ ¶¼u ¶»YŸ ÉY‚mY Y ¾ÌÀr¼Å

|À¿Z» ZÅ

¹Á€¯Âḟ

ZÅ Ã|ÀÀ¯ ¶¼u

ʈ¨Àe ½Á€f°·Y ÉZÅ Á

¾Ìˆ¯Á€§

d‡Y ZÅ

¾Ìˆ¯Á€§

,½ƒÁ€fÌ¿ dÌ^je { ZÅ

|¿Y{É|̸¯Š¬¿½Á€f°·YµZ¬f¿YÁ‚fÀ‡Âf§

ÉÁ€ÀŸ

®Ì»Ze¸³ ,ZŁZÀÌeÁ ,ZŁZ¿ƒÁ|ÌÅ{ ÉÁ€“ ÉY‚mY Y

Z¿ƒÁ|ÌÅ{ ®Ì·Z» Á Z¿ƒÁ|ÌÅ{

Ê» ZÅ

|‹Z]

Ortelli,

1979

­Zy { ì·Z] ¶°Œ» ®Ë ¾ÅM {Â^¼¯

ÉZÅ

(3)

d‡YÊËZ̸«

Ê»{ÁM€]

€¬eį{‹

Z^Ë

Zf°Å½Â̸̻

{Â^¼¯ | fˆ» ¾ËY€]ZÀ] Á d‡Y ʰÅM ½ZÆm ʓYY Y |ÀfˆÅ ¾ÅM

Dudal, 1976

0Ó¼ »

­Zy į ÊËZÅ

ÉYY{ |¿Y{ ¾ÅM {Â^¼¯

Y €fŒÌ] pH

|ÀfˆÅ

­Zy

|ÀfˆÅÊÀ‹\¸£Y¾ÅM{Â^¼¯ÉYY{ÉZÅ

Äq€³Y

­Zy{

d§Z]Z]ÉZÅ

¾ÅM{Â^¼¯‚Ì¿dÌaÁ­Z»,‚Ë

Œ» ¶]Z«

d‡Y Ã|ÅZ

Brown & Rodgers, 1987

Ê»½ZÅZ̳{¾ÅM{Â^¼¯\m»įʸ»YŸ

¶»Z‹|¿Â‹

eP

Y|¬»,€¨ˆ§Á®ÅM{Zˁ¥€»,­ZyY¾ÅMº¯¾Ì»

ÁÓZ]ÉZ»{,‚À´À»ÁÉÁ,†»¶j»¾Ì´À‡cY‚¸§{Zˁ

{ZˁY|¬»,cY€fÌ¿cÄ]½ƒÁ€fÌ¿{Zˁ€Ë{Z¬»,¾ÌËZa ,¦Ì “ÄËÂÆe,Ê·M{Y»

d^ˆ¿

ÁÊ¿ÂÌeZ¯½YÂf»Z¿ÉZÅ

d¸Ÿ¾ËYįd‡Y|eZ¼¿Ä]ČËÉÔf]Y

Ь¿|Ë»ZÅ

{¾ÅM{Â^¼¯Á­ZyÁºÌ¸«Y,­ZydˀË|»cZ̸¼Ÿ

d‡Y ½ZÅZ̳

€ÌiZe ʇ€] ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY ¹Zn¿Y Y ¥|Å

ʼ¯Áʨ̯cZ¨ÉÁ€] É{¯¦¸fz»ÉZÅZ¼Ìe º¤¸‹Ä§Â¸Ÿ

ħ¸Ÿ

{Â]ÉY

ÁÁ{Y»

‰

¾ËY µZ‡ { ŠÅÁ„a

;ğ‚» { É|̋Ây

ʋÂ»M Ê Ì^— ž]ZÀ» Á ɁÁZŒ¯ †Ë{€a ʌÅÁ„a

d·Á{{ž«YÁ½Y€ÆeÃZ´Œ¿Y{

k€¯{Z]M

ÊËZ̧Y€¤m‘€Ÿ

Á Äm{

ÊËZ̧Y€¤m µÂ— Á Ê·Z¼‹ Ĭ̫{

ÁÄm{

Z¨eYZ]Ê«€‹Ä¬Ì«{

t˜‡Y€f»

ZË{

|Ë{€³Y€mY

ԗYÄ]{ZÀf‡YZ]

ʇZÀ‹YÂÅÃY{YcZŸ

Ĭ˜À»Ä¿ZÌ·Z‡Ê³|¿Z]–‡Âf»k€¯

ʸ̻

Ã{Â]€f»

Â«ÁÄ]ZÆ]¶ËYÁYZe‚ÌËZa€yYÁY{0Ze|¼ŸÊ³|¿Z]į

Ê»

{|¿ÂÌa c€¯ c Ä] ŠËZ»M

Ã|‹ {€y ÉZÅ

­Â¸]s€—\·Z«{Á¶ËÂf¯Z§

Z]ʧ{Ze¶»Z¯ÉZÅ

|‹Y€mYY€°e

‡ ć ¶»Z‹ ŠËZ»M ÉZÅZ¼Ìe {¯ t˜

,€¨€Ë{Z¬»Ä]¶bˀecZ¨ˆ§€a‡

Á

¹€³Â¸Ì¯

cÔ¯¾ÅM{¯t˜‡Á{,ʸY¶»ZŸ½YÂÀŸÄ]Zf°Å{

¶°‹Ä]Ã|‹

EDDHA

Á€¨€Ë{Z¬»{

{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

Ä]ÉÁcZ¨·Â‡cÄ]ÉÁ{¯t˜‡Ä‡,Zf°Å ,€¨ €Ë{Z¬»

Á

½YÂÀŸ Ä] Zf°Å { ¹€³Â¸Ì¯

¶»ZŸ

]ʟ€§ÉZÅ c€¯|ÅZ‹Z¼ÌeÁ|¿{Â

į|¿{Â]ÊËZÅ

|¿{Â] Ã{€°¿ d§ZË{ É{¯ Ŀ´rÌÅ Á ¾ÅM ÉZÅ{¯

{¯Á,~]€fˆ]€Ë{ÁÄfŒ³•¸z»¹€¿Ä‡Z»Z]ÉÁ

ĸZ§{Y{€¨ˆ§

Ã{Y{Y€«~]€fˆ]Yɀf»Êf¿Z‡

_Ze¶a€ad‹Z¯{»º«

Purple top

½Y‚Ì»Ä]Á

°Å{~]¹€³Â¸Ì¯

{Â]Zf Y|f]Y,‚ÌËZa{dŒ¯Y¶^«

,t̘ˆeY†aÁ|‹Ã{®ˆË{†b‡Áºz‹¾Ì»

Ã{Z»M ÄfŒaÁÉÂmɁZ‡

|‹¹Zn¿YZÅ

Ŀ¼¿{

YÉY{€]

¶]Z«ÉÁÁ¾ÅM,€¨ˆ§ÉZÅY|¬»ŠËZ»M¶v»­Zy

\Ìe€eÄ][~m

, Á ʸ̻

€³

¹

¹€³Â¸Ì¯{

{Â]

ZÅÄfŒa‘€Ÿ

Êf¿Z‡

Á€f»

–y€ÅµÂ—

€f»

ÁZn»c€¯Z]c€¯€Å¾Ì]Á{Â]

dŒ¯¹|Ÿ–y

d‹Y{{ÂmÁ

º¯Y€eZ]ÁÃZ»½Z]M¹Á{ļ̿{dŒ¯

¹€³Â¸Ì¯

ª¼ŸZ]ÁZf°Å{~]

Êf¿Z‡

|‹¹Zn¿Y€f»

†a

ZeZÌ¿Ä]ZÀ]Á|‹ÉZÌ]M¶»Z¯—Ä]¾Ì»d‹Z¯Y j¯Y|uÂÌWZaÉZÅʳ|¿Z]Á€‹Y¶^«

ÉZÌ]MZ]Á{€

ĸZ§ Z]

|‹ ¹Zn¿Y Z] ®Ë Á

µ€fÀ¯ Á ÁZ^»

¦¸Ÿ

¾ÌmÁ c Ä] ÄÌ·ÁY ¶uY€» ½Z¼Å Y €Å ÉZÅ c Ê]ÁZÀe c Ä] ĸu€» |Àq ʗ Á Êf‡{

d§€Ë~a µZ‡ {Y{€y { ‚Ì¿ d‹Y{€] cZ̸¼Ÿ

d§€³c

c€¯€Å{

€iYʇ€]ÉY€]Ê¿ZÌ»–yÁ{YÄeÂ]

¼Ìe ĸu€» { ¯~» ÉZÅZ

ÊÅ|¸³ |{

|‹d‹Y{€]

ÁY|¿YY| ]Á

Ŀ¼¿,ħ¸Ÿ€e½Áɀ̳

ÉZ»{ { ½ÁM Ä] ½|‹ ®Œy dÆm

Äm{

Êf¿Z‡

c|» Ä] {Y€³

†b‡ Á |Ë{€³ ¶¬fÀ» dŸZ‡

ħ¸Ÿ ®Œy ½Á

|‹ d‹Y{{ZË ZÅ

É| ] ĸu€» {

Ŀ¼¿

MÄ]ÁÃ|‹[ŻM0Ô»Z¯Ã|‹®ŒyÉZÅ ÃZ´ŒËZ»

¶´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve Ĉ‡Â»

|Ë{€³ ¶¬fÀ» žeY€» Á ZÅ

ÁY|¿Y ɀ̳ ÃZ´f‡{ Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] ZÅ NIR

|‹ ¹Zn¿Y Z]

ÃZ´f‡{ į ¾ËY Ä] ÄmÂe NIR

ÉY ħ¸Ÿ º¤¸‹ ÉY€]

{ µÂ¸v»Z¿ €^̧ Á ¾ÌXeÁ€a |{ Y|f]Y {Â^¿ À^Ì·Z¯

Ã|ÀË‹

É|̇YÉZÅ

(ADF)

Ŀ¼¿YÉ{Y| e

‰ÁZ]ZÅ

Z´ŒËZ»M ÊÅ µY|¸n¯

¾ËY®¼¯Ä]Á|‹É€Ì³ÃY|¿Y

Y‚§Y¹€¿ÁZÅÃ{Y{

8620 Inframatic

|‹Ã€^Ì·Z¯ÃZ´f‡{

ÃZ´f‡{½Â̇Y€^Ì·Z¯Y†a ÁY|¿Y,NIR

d¨É€Ì³

ÉZÅ

¶´ÀmcZ¬Ì¬veĈ‡R»ÃZ´ŒËZ»M{ʨ̯

žeY€»ÁZÅ

–‡ÂeÃ|‹ÄWYY‰Á…Z‡Y€]

Jafari et al. (2003)

|‹¹Zn¿Y

(4)

cZ¨

ÁY|¿Y ʨ̯

Ŀ¼¿ { Ã|‹ ɀ̳

¶»Z‹ ZÅ

º”Å ¶]Z« ®Œy Ã{Z» |{

ÉZÅ|À« |{ ,DMD

[M { µÂ¸v»

¹Zy ¾ÌXeÁ€a |{ ,WSC

,CP

|{

É|̇YÃ|ÀË‹{µÂ¸v»€Ì£ÉZŀ^̧

ADF

|{Á

¶¯€fˆ¯Zy

{€°¸¼Ÿ,Z¨eY¶»Z‹Ê¼¯cZ¨Á,ASH

|¿{Â] ®Œy Á €e

†¿ZËYÁ ÊÀ´¼Å ½Â»M Y †a

ZÅ ,

Y‚§Y¹€¿YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]ėÂ]€»ÉZ»McZ^‡Zv»

SAS9.1

Á

SPSS18

Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] ZÅZ¼Ìe ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ĈËZ¬» Á

|Àq½Â»M

ÄÀ»Y{

µZ¼fuYt˜‡{¾°¿Y{ÉY

¹Zn¿Y

¹€¿YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]ZÅY{¼¿ºÌ‡€e

Y‚§Y

Excel 2010

|Ë{€³¹Zn¿Y

hv]ÁlËZf¿

½ZŒ¿ †¿ZËYÁ Ä˂ne lËZf¿

{ e Ã|ÀÅ P ÊÀ » €Ìi

Y{

{€°¸¼Ÿ€]€¨ˆ§¶»ZŸ

,ħ¸Ÿ®ŒyÁ€e

¾ÌXeÁ€a|{

cY|ÌÅÂ]€¯Á¹Zy

[M{µÂ¸v»ÉZÅ

€ZÀŸÊ·Á{Â]

ÉÁ É~¤»‚Ë

Á

€iY ¾ÅM ÊÀ » cZ¨ ÉÁ €] ÉY{

ħ¸Ÿ ʨ̯ cZ¨ ÉÁ €fŒÌ] Á |Àf‹Y|¿ É{€°¸¼Ÿ

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

ÉY

» R

|¿{Â]€i µÁ|m

1. Dry Matter Digestibility 2. Water Soluble Carbohydrates 3. Crude Protein

4. Acid Detergent Fiber 5. Total ASH

µÁ|m

€ZÀŸ€ÌiZe†¿ZËYÁÄ˂ne-

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹Ê¨Ì¯Áʼ¯cZ̏y€]ÉÁÁ¾ÅM,€¨ˆ§

ÉY

ASH ADF WSC CP DMD Z¨eY ®Œyħ¸Ÿ{€°¸¼Ÿ Äm{

É{YM cY€Ì̤ež^À»

**

** ­Â¸]

** * ** €¨ˆ§¶»ZŸ

ʸYÉZ˜y *

* ** ** ¾ÅM¶»ZŸ

** ¾ÅM€¨ˆ§

* ** ÉÁ¶»ZŸ

*

ÉÁ€¨ˆ§

** ** ÉÁ¾ÅM

* ÉÁ¾ÅM€¨ˆ§

ʟ€§ÉZ˜y

cY€Ì̤e\ˀ“

Á 

|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿\Ìe€eÄ]

ÊÀ »Ã µZ¼fuYt˜‡{Y{

Á

{€°¸¼Ÿ

®Œy ħ¸Ÿ

e €¨ˆ§ s˜‡ ŠËY‚§Y P

ÊÀ » €Ìi

ŠËY‚§Y €] ÉY{

ħ¸Ÿ®Œy{€°¸¼Ÿ

t˜‡{

µZ¼fuY

|{

d‹Y{

µÁ|m

¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ĈËZ¬» ¾ÌÀr¼Å

{ ZÅ t˜‡

|{

t˜‡Ä¯{Y{½ZŒ¿€¨ˆ§{¯ÉZÅZ¼Ìe¾Ì]

hŸZ]€¨ˆ§{¯Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯

ŠËY‚§Y {€°¸¼Ÿ

ħ¸Ÿ ®Œy

Zf°Å { ¹€³Â¸Ì¯

t˜‡ Á |‹

€¨ˆ§{¯µÁY

Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯€¨

½Y‚Ì»¾Ë€f¼¯

®Œy {€°¸¼Ÿ

ħ¸Ÿ

Zf°Å { ¹€³Â¸Ì¯

Y

d‹Y{

¶°‹

Ä]Y€¨ˆ§€ÀŸd̼ÅYÂ“»¾ËY

¸¼Ÿ Ã|ÀÀ¯ ¾ÌÌ e ¶»ZŸ ®Ë ½YÂÀŸ

º¤¸‹ ÃZ̳ { {€°

Ê»½ZŒ¿

|Å{

ʸY€ÀŸ¾Ì»Á{½ƒÁ€fÌ¿Y†a€¨ˆ§

Ê»½ZÅZ̳|‹;Ã|ÀÀ¯{Á|v»

|‹Z]

Fernandez et al.,

2007; Conbolat et al., 2006; Gyaneshwar et al.,

2002

Ê¿Y€v];Ä¿Zf‡M®Ë­Zy{µÂ¸v»€¨ˆ§ÉY€]

¾ÌWZaį{Y{{ÂmÁ

YÃZ̳{€°¸¼Ÿ½MY€e c|‹Ä]

Ê»{Á|v»

{Z‡

­Zy{µÂ¸v»€¨ˆ§Ã€Ìy}¾ËYš¨u

Ä] Ê]ZÌf‡{ Á ÓZ] {€°¸¼Ÿ ÉZŁZÌ¿ ŠÌa Y Ê°Ë d‡YY|ËZaɁÁZŒ¯

Kamkar & Damghani, 2007

Ê¿Y€v]Ä¿Zf‡MY€f¼¯­Zy{€ÀŸ¾ËY½Y‚Ì»Är¿ZÀq

½|̇ ½Z» ,Ã|‹ {Á|v» ÃZ̳ |‹ ,|‹Z]

e Ä]

P

€Ìy

Ê»

€°¸¼Ÿ Á |f§Y Ê» ŠÅZ¯ ‚Ì¿ {

|]ZË

Sawyer &

Creswell, 2000

Č˺fˆÌ‡ŠÀ¯Y€aÁ|‹€¨ˆ§{Â^¼¯

YÃZ̳ÉY

€ÌiZedveYÊËY~£{Y»Á[M[~mÁÃ{€¯{Á|v»

Ê»Y€«

Ê» ŠÅZ¯Y{€°¸¼Ÿ \Ìe€e¾Ë|]Á|Å{

|Å{

Day & Ludeke, 1992

eÉÁÁ¾ÅMÉZŀÀŸ

P

€Ìi

ÊÀ »

°¸¼Ÿ ŠËY‚§Y €] ÉY{

º¤¸‹ ħ¸Ÿ ®Œy {€

(5)

|Àf‹Y|¿

º¤¸‹º«Â¿Ä]ÄmÂeZ]d‡Y€¯}Ä] ¹Ó

»MµZ‡ÊËYÂÅÁ[M–ËY€‹Áʇ€]{»

/

¿YŠËZ / ÁY|

{€°¸¼ŸÄnÌf¿{Á{Â]®q¯ŠËZ»M½ZÅZ̳ČË

¹Y|¿Y

Y€«Ê]ZˁY{»–¬§ÊËYÂÅÉZÅ

³

|Àf§€

¶°‹

ħ¸Ÿ{€°¸¼ŸÉÁ€¨ˆ§¶»ZŸ€iY

®Œy ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

ÉY

º”Ŷ]Z«®ŒyÃ{Z»|{

DMD

ÉÁ,¾ÅM€ZÀŸÄ¯{Y{½ZŒ¿†¿ZËYÁÄ˂nelËZf¿

½M¶]Z¬f»€iYÁ

t˜‡{ZÅ

ÊÀ »€iY d¨€]ÉY{

d‹Y{ º”Å ¶]Z« ®Œy Ã{Z» |{

µÁ|m lËZf¿

¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ĈËZ¬»

ÉÁ {¯ µÁY t˜‡ į {Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ZÅ

Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯€¨

{¾Ë€fŒÌ]

®ŒyÃ{Z»|

º”Å ¶]Z«

¾Ë€f¼¯ ÉÁ {¯ ¹Á{ t˜‡ Á

d‹Y{ Y º”Å ¶]Z« ®Œy Ã{Z» |{

¶°‹

[M{µÂ¸v»ÉZÅcY|ÌÅÂ]€¯Á¹Zy¾ÌXeÁ€a|{ʨ̯cZ¨ÉÁ€¨ˆ§{¯€ÌiPe ¶°‹

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

ÉY

¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ĈËZ¬» ¾ÌÀr¼Å

Á ÉÁ ¶]Z¬f» €iY ÉZÅ

Z¼Ìe{į{Y{½ZŒ¿¾ÅM {¯Zf°Å{¹€³Â¸Ì¯€¨

º”Å ¶]Z« ®Œy Ã{Z» |{ ¾Ë€fŒÌ] ¾ÅM Á ÉÁ

½Á|]Z¼ÌeYY|¬»¾Ë€f¼¯Á|»Md‡{Ä]

½Y‚Ì» Ä] ÉÁ Á ¾ÅM {¯

Ä] Zf°Å { ¹€³Â¸Ì¯

|»M d‡{

¶°‹

Keshavarzafshar,

(2010)

{

ʇ€]

€]€¨ˆ§{¯€ÌiPe

Ÿ º¤¸‹Ä§Â¸Ÿd̨̯Á{€°¸¼

Ÿ ħ¸

º¯–ËY€‹{ÉY

€iYį|̇ÄnÌf¿¾ËYÄ]ÉZÌ]M

(6)

€//¨ˆ§{¯

¸¼Ÿ€]

//

»{€°

///

«®ŒyÃ{Z f//

º”Ŷ]Z

˜‡{

//

{®Ët //

ÊÀ »|

]Y{

//

]Á{Â //

eZ P//

¾Ì»

¨ˆ§

//

» € //

Ì¿ {Â //

̳ Z ////

ÃZ , DMD

‹ ///

ÃZˆyZ

¤¸‹

///

§Yº ///

ÌaŠËY‚

//

{€¯Y|

¶°‹

cZ¨€]ÉÁ{¯€ÌiPe Áº”Ŷ]Z«®ŒyÃ{Z»|{ʨ̯

€Ì£ÉZŀ^̧|{

É|̇YÃ|ÀË‹{µÂ¸v»

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

ÉY

s˜‡ŠËY‚§YZ]įd‹Y{½ZÌ]Ã{€^»Z¿¾ÌÀr¼Å ÄnÌf¿ { Á À¨ˆ§ ÊËZ̼̋ {¯ Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Á ÉZÌ]M

ˆyZ‹º”Åd̸]Z«ÃZˆyZ‹{€°¸¼ŸŠËY‚§Y /

Ä]‚Ì¿ÃZ

ÊÀ » —

d§ZË ŠËY‚§Y ÉY{

]Z« |{ ŠËY‚§Y d̸

d̨̯¾ÌÌ e{ʇZ‡Yd¨¾Ë€f¼Æ»½YÂÀŸÄ]º”Å d‡YÃ|‹ÄfyZÀ‹

Fateh, 2007

¶°‹

¶]Z¬f»€iY

ÉÁ{¯

€¨ˆ§Á

¶¯€fˆ¯Zy|{€]

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

ÉY

¹Zy¾ÌXeÁ€a|{

CP

ÊÀ »€ÌiZe€¨ˆ§Ä¯{Y{½ZŒ¿lËZf¿

t˜‡{ÉY{

d‹Y{ ¹Zy ¾ÌXeÁ€a ½Y‚Ì» ÉÁ

µÁ|m ÄnÌf¿.

Ê^·Zm Z]į{Â]¾ËY|»Md‡{Ä]ŠËZ»M¾ËY{į

‚m ŠÅZ¯ €¨ˆ§ {¯ s˜‡ ŠËY‚§Y W

½Y‚Ì» { Ê

¾ÌXeÁ€a ½Y‚Ì» ¾Ë€fŒÌ] Á |‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» ¹Zy ¾ÌXeÁ€a

|»Md‡{Ä]€¨ˆ§{¯½Á|]Z¼ÌeY¹Zy

¶°‹

į,

{€°¸¼Ÿ½Y‚Ì»¾Ì]…° »Ä˜]YÃ|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿€»Y¾ËY Ê»½M¾ÌXeÁ€a|{Áħ¸Ÿ

‹Z]

eÄ]ÄmÂeZ]Z»Y,|

P

€Ìi

ÊÀ » t˜‡ { Y{

®Œy ħ¸Ÿ {€°¸¼Ÿ ÉÁ €]

Ê»ŠËY‚§YZf°Å{¾ÌXeÁ€a½Y‚Ì»

|]ZË

¾ÌXeÁ€a|{

ʼ¿ÊËZÆÀeÄ]

|‹Z]Ã|‹|Ì·Âeħ¸Ÿd̨̯¥€ »|¿YÂe

(7)

½{Â]¾ÌËZa€iY{ÓZ]¾ÌXeÁ€a|{d‡Y¾°¼»Y€Ë

|‹Z^¿ ÄmÂe ¶]Z« ½Y|Àq É|Ì·Âe {€°¸¼Ÿ

¾°¼» ZË Á

®ŒyÃ{Z»|Ì·ÂeÊ·Áº¯¾ÌXeÁ€a|{Z]ÊÅZ̳d‡Y d̼ÅYÄnÌf¿{ÁÃ{€¯|Ì·ÂeɀfŒÌ]¾ÌXeÁ€a€eÓZ]

įZf°Å{¾ÌXeÁ€a{€°¸¼ŸY~·|‹Z]Äf‹Y{ɀfŒÌ]

¾ÌXeÁ€a |{ Á ®Œy Ã{Z» {€°¸¼Ÿ Y É|ÀËM€]

Ê»

ʨ̯ ‰Y ¾ÌÌ e { É{Zˁ d̼ÅY ÉYY{ |‹Z]

¸Ÿ½ZÅZ̳ ħ

d‡YÉY

Fateh, 2007

µÂ¸v»ÉZÅcY|ÌÅÂ]€¯

[M{

WSC

Á€¨ˆ§¶]Z¬f»€iYÁ€¨ˆ§¶»ZŸ€iYŠËZ»M¾ËY{

t˜‡ { ¾ÅM

ÊÀ » d¨ ¾ËY ÉY€]

|¿|‹ Y{

µÁ|m

¶»ZŸ ÉY€] ZÅZ¼Ìe ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ĈËZ¬» ʇ€]

t˜‡Ä¯{Y{½ZŒ¿€¨ˆ§

|{¾Ë€fŒÌ]¹€³Â¸Ì¯

ZÅ cY|ÌÅÂ]€¯

[M { µÂ¸v» É

d‹Y{ Y

¶°‹

½ZŒ¿¾ÅMÁ€¨ˆ§¶]Z¬f»€iYʇ€]¾ÌÀr¼Å

t˜‡ į {Y{

Á €¨ˆ§ ¹€³Â¸Ì¯

¾ÅM ¹€³Â¸Ì¯

Y [M { µÂ¸v» ÉZÅ cY|ÌÅÂ]€¯ |{ ¾Ë€fŒÌ]

d‹Y{

¶°‹

Ê» ½ZŒ¿ €»Y ¾ËY

|Å{

ŠËY‚§Y\^‡|¿YÂeʻÀ¨ˆ§ÊËZ̼̋{¯YÃ{Z¨f‡Y

º¤¸‹ÃZˆyZ‹cY|ÌÅÂ]€¯|{

ħ¸Ÿ

{‹ÉY

É|̇YÃ|ÀË‹{µÂ¸v»€Ì£ÉZŀ^̧

ADF

€iYŠËZ»M¾ËY{

{¯¶]Z¬f»

t˜‡{ÉÁÁ¾ÅM

€iYÁ {¯¶»ZŸ

t˜‡{ÉÁ

d¨¾ËYÉY€]

ÊÀ »

|¿|‹Y{

µÁ|m

¾Ì]¾Ì´¿Z̻ĈËZ¬»Ê‡€]

t˜‡Ä¯{Y{½ZŒ¿ZÅZ¼Ìe

¸Ì¯

¾Ë€fŒÌ]ÉÁ¹€³Â

|{

Ã|ÀË‹{µÂ¸v»€Ì£ÉZŀ^̧|{

É|̇Y

|{¾Ë€f¼¯ÉÁ{¯½Á|]Z¼ÌeÁ ADF

Y

d‹Y{

¶°‹

Z¼Ìe¾ÌÀr¼Å

ÁÉÁ{¯¹€³Â¸Ì¯

¸Ì¯€¨t˜‡

//

³Â //

¯¹€

//

ÅM{Â //

fŒÌ]¾ //

|{¾Ë€

ADF

Àf‹Y{ Y

///

|

¶°‹

§Y Z]

///

ŠËY‚

ÅADF

” ///

º a //

Ÿ ɀË~

//

¯ ħ¸

///

» ŠÅZ ///

Ê Ë //

|]Z

.(Keshavarzafshar, 2010)

¶°‹

¾ÅMÁÉÁ{¯¶]Z¬f»€iY Áº”Ŷ]Z«®ŒyÃ{Z»|{€]

€Ì£ÉZŀ^̧|{

É|̇YÃ|ÀË‹{µÂ¸v»

ħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹

ÉY

¶¯€fˆ¯Zy|{

ASH

€iY Á ¾ÅM ¶»ZŸ {Y{ ½ZŒ¿ †¿ZËYÁ Ä˂ne lËZf¿

ÁÁ€¨ˆ§¶]Z¬f»

t˜‡{d¨¾ËYÉÁ€]É

€iY

ÊÀ » d‹Y{ÉY{

¾Ì]¾Ì´¿Z̻ĈËZ¬»Ê‡€]¾ÌÀr¼Å

t˜‡Ä¯{Y{½ZŒ¿ÉÁÁ€¨ˆ§¶]Z¬f»€iYÉY€]ZÅZ¼Ìe

¾Ë€fŒÌ]{¯Ŀ³pÌŽÁ|]ÁÉÁ{¯¹€³Â¸Ì¯

Y|¬»

d‹Y{Y¶¯€fˆ¯Zy|{

¶°‹

ħ¸Ÿ ʨ̯ Ä˂ne {

,

Â¼n»

{Y»

€fˆ¯Zy Ê¿| »

Ê»Ã|Ì»Z¿

{‹

{Y»¶¯Yd‡YcZ^Ÿ€fˆ¯Zyž«YÁ{

Ê«Z]ï{ÊÅZ̳Ŀ¼¿½|¿YÂ‡Y†aįʿ| »

(8)

Ê»

¾Ì] ½M Y|¬» Á |¿Z»

Ze

®Œy ½Á |{

d‡Y €Ì¤f» ħ¸Ÿ

.(Keshavarzafshar, 2010

‰Y

ħ¸Ÿ

€fˆ¯ZyÊ¿| »{Y»cZ^̯€eÄ]•Â]€»½ZÅZ̳ÉY

³

¹Y|¿Y{Ê¿| »{Y»½Y‚Ì»Ád‡YÃZÌ

ÃZ̳¦¸fz»ÉZÅ

Ê»cÁZ¨f»

|‹Z]

Fateh, 2007

ÉYħ¸Ÿº¤¸‹ [M{µÂ¸v»ÉZÅcY|ÌÅÂ]€¯|{ €]¾ÅMÁ€¨ˆ§{¯¶]Z¬f»€iY¶°‹

REFERENCES

1. Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M. O., Sobulo, R. A., & Idowu, O.J. (2004). Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria., J. Plant Nutrition, 27, 1163-1181.

2. Brown, C. R. & Rodgers, D. M. (1987). Evaluation of greenhouse screening technique for iron deficiency chlorosis of sorghum., Crop Sci. 18, 93-98.

3. Chaichi, M.R., & Jahanian, A. (2005). Agroecologic charactersitics of some new forage crops suitable for conditions of Iran. In: proceeding of First National Forage Crops Congress of Iran, Karaj.

4. Conbolat, M. Y., Belin, S., Cakmakci, R., Sahin, F., & Adin, A. (2006). Effect of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria and soil compaction on barley seedling growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties and Rhizosphere microflora. Biol Fertile Soils, 42, 350-357.

5. Day, A. D., & Ludeke, K. L. (1992). Plant nutrients in desert environment. Springer Velage.

6. Dudal, R. (1976). Inventory of the major soils of the world with special reference to mineral stress hazards, pp. 3-14. In M. J. Wright (ed.). Plant adaptation to mineral stress in problem soils. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

7. Fateh, S. (2007). Effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on forage yield and quality of Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Ph.D thesis, University of Tehran.

8. Fernandez, L.A., Zalba, P., Gomez, M.A., & Sagardoy, M. A. (2007). Phosphate-solubilization activity of bacterial strains in soil and their effect on soybean growth under greenhouse conditions., Biol. Fertil.

Soils, 43, 805-809.

9. Gyaneshwar, P., Kumar, G. N., Parekh, L.J., & Poole, P.S. (2002). Role of microorganisms in improving P nutrient of plants., Plant Soil, 245,83-93.

10. Jafari, A., Connolly, V., Frolich, A., & Walsh, E. K. (2003). A note on estimation of quality in perennial rye grass by near infrared spectroscopy. Irish J. Agricultural and Food research, 42, 293-299.

11. Kamkar,B., & Mehdi Damghani, A. (2007). Basis of sustainable agriculture. publication of Jahad Daneshgahi of Mashhad. (In Farsi).

12. Keshavarzafshar, R. (2010). Effect of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Turnip at limited irrigation regimes. Ms.c thesis, University of Tehran.

13. Koch, D.W., & Karakaya, A. (1998). Extending the grazing season with turnips and other Brassicas University of Wyoming., Cooperative extension service bulletin B-1051.

14. McKenzie, R.H., & Roberts, T.L. (1990). Soil and fertilizers phosphorous update. In: proceeding of Alberta Soil Science Workshop Proceedings, Edmonton, Alberta, 84-104.

(9)

15. Mir Heidar, H. (1995). Plant introduction. First vol, Office of extension of Islamic culture, Second edition. (In Farsi).

16. Mozafari, J., & Abasi, M. (2005). Genetic resources of forage crops in national plant Genebank of Iran., In: Proceeding of First National Forage Crops Congress of Iran, Karaj.

17. Oertli, J. (1979). Fertilizers, inorganic, pp. 161-172. In R. W. Fairbridge and C. W. Finkl, Jr.(eds.). The encyclopedia of soil science, part 1. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

18. Ozanne, P.G. (1980). Phosphate nutrition of plants, a general treatise. In the role of phosphorous in Agriculture’’ (F.E. Khasavneh, E.C. Sample, E.C. Sample, and E.J. Kamprath, Eds.) pp.559-589. Soil science society of America, American society of Agronomy.

19. Rao, S. C., & Horn, F.P. (1986) .Planting season and harvest date effects on dry matter production and nutritional value of Brassica Spp. In the southern great plains, Agron. J, 78,327-333.

20. Rao, S.C., & Dao, T.H. (1987). Soil water effects on low_temperature seedling emergence of five Brassica cultivars., Agron. J, 79, 517-519.

21. Sawyer, J., & Creswell, J. (2000). Integrated crop management. P182-183. In phosphorous basics. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

22. Smart, A., Jeranyama, P., & Owens,V. (2004).The use of turnip for extending the grazing season.

Cooperative extension services, South Dacota State University.

23. Stevenson, F. J. (1986). Cycles of soil: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, micronutrients. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

24. Turan, M., Ataoglu, N., & Sahin, F. (2006). Evaluation of the capacity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi on different forms of phosphorous in liquid culture., J. Sustainable Agri, 28,99-108.

25. Warwick, S. I., & Francis, A. (1994). Guide to the wild germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops, part V:

Life history and geographical data for wild species in the tribe Brassicacea (Cruciferae). Technical bulletin, centre for land and biological resources research, agricultural and Agri-Food, Canada.

26. Williams, J., & Shaykewich,C.F. (1976). Influence of soil water matric potential and hydraulic conductivity on germination of rape., J. Exp. Bot, 22,586-597.

27. Zandstra, B. H., & Warnke, D. D. (1986). Radish, Rutabaga turnip, Extension bulletin E-2207., Michigan State University.

Referensi

Dokumen terkait