ŶƬūŚƸǀƴŤſŹ î
æ
æèíì
ƵŚţƺƧšLJŚƤƯ
Short articles
ƶƳƺĭŵƺūƹŻřƁŹřżĭƲǀŤƀŴƳ
Seimatosporium fusisporum
ƱřźƿřŹŵ
ƽŶƸƯŶưŰƯ
ŵŚƃŹřźƠƘūƹƾƿŚƴǀƯř
šŚƤǀƤŰţƶƀſƺƯƹƱŚƯźĩƾƘǀŞƏƖŝŚƴƯƹƽŻŹƹŚƄĩšŚƤǀƤŰţżĩźƯ
ƱřźƸţŹƺƄĩƾĪƃżĜƷŚǀĭ
ŚƸƫŚºººſƩƺºººƏŹŵ ƽ
æèíë æèíé ģ Ŷºººƴ ƿ řŶūƲ ºººƿ ºººĭźŝƶºººĪƫŻřġŹŚºººƣƶ ƾ
ƭřŵŚºººŝ
(Amygdalus communis)
ººſƢƏŚººƴƯŹŵ ǀ
ƶººĪƫŻřƹŹŚººĮƳƹƱŚūź
ŚººƷ ƽ ƶººƳřƺūƹīźººŝ
ƹŚººƷ
ƶųŚºƃźſ ŚºƷ ƽ ƶŤºƀěƩřƹŻƶºŝƹŹ
(Pistacia vera)
ºſŵźŝƢƏŚºƴƯŹŵ ǀ
ºſƹŹŚºĮƳź ǀ
ŻřƹƱŚūź
ƶųŚƃźſ ƶƳřƺūƹŚƷ
ŚºƷ ƽ ºſ ǀ Ŝ
(Malus domestica)
ºŝLjĭƹ ƾ
(Pyrus communis)
ƢƏŚºƴƯŹŵ
ƶƫLJ ſŵźŝŹřŻ ǀ źƣƹź ƿ ƶ ƶųŚƃźſŻřƹśźƘƫř
ŚºƷ ƽ ŹŚºƳř
(Punica granatum)
ƹŵƹźºŤģƢƏŚºƴƯŹŵ
ƶƳřƺūŻřƹĨţƺƷ
ƶųŚƃźſƹŚƷ
īźŝƹŚƷ ŶǀŝƽŚƷ
(Salix sp.)
ŹƺĮƳřƹ
(Vitis vinifera)
Źŵ ƢƏŚƴƯ
ƶųŚƃŻřƹƱŚƷŚƯƹŵƹźŤģ
ŚºƷ ƽ ƪºĭ ŶºưŰƯ ƽ
(Rosa damascena)
ƶºƫLJƢƏŚºƴƯŹŵ
Ż ŹřżºƬĭƹŹř
ŻŚſřŶū ƽ ŵźĭ ƿ Ŷ
řŶū ººƿ ƶ ƶººƳƺưƳŢººƄĩŻřŚººƷ
ƳƺƠƗŶººƋŻřžººěŚººƷ ƾ
ŰƐººſ ƾ ƹŹ ƽ ººŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ŚººƷ ƽ ŢººƄĩ
MA, PPA
ƹ ŶºƳŶƯōŢºſŵƶŝ
OAƹŹġŹŚºƣƶºƴĭźěĬºƳŹ ƽ
ºŰƯ ǀ ŢºƄĩƎ ŚƯƭźºĩ
PDAºƿ ƪ
źŤƀĩŚųĬƳŹƶŝƱŚƯŻŹƹźƯŚŝżĩźƯŹŵƶĩŵƺŝżŞſƶŝ ƽ
Źŵ Ư ƾ ŶºƯō ŻřžºěġŹŚºƣƶºƴĭźěźºƐƣ
æå ŚƯŵŹŵŻƹŹ ƽ
çê ŤƳŚſƶūŹŵ ƾ
ƶŝŵřźĭ ê é è ŤƳŚſ ƾ ƯźŤƯ ƾ ſŹ ǀ ŶºƴĩŶºƃŹƶĩŶ ƽ
ƱŚºƄƳřŹ
Ư ƾ ŵřŵ ƪƨƃ æ Ư ǀ ƀ ǀ Ƭ ǀ řŹřŵŜƘƄƴƯƭƺ ƽ
Ŷƴŝ
ŝ ƾ ƵƺƸƣŚţĬƳŹ ř
ƽ ƱŚºƯŻŹƹźºƯƶºŝƶºĩĬƳźưĩ
ţ ǀ Ƶź Ưźţ ƾ ſōŵƺƃ ź Ʃƹ ŚƷ ºŰƯŹŵŵźºƠƴƯƹřŶºūšŹƺƇƶŝ ǀ
Ǝ Śºŝ ƵƺºƸƣĬºƳŹ ř
ƽ ţ ºǀ Ƶź ƪǀƨºƄţ
ƾƯ ŶƳƺƃ ƹ ƹŹ ƽ ŝīźŝ ƶ ŻšŹƺƇ ƿ řź ě ǀ ƯŹŶ ƾ źƐƣŚŝ çåå Ư ǀ ŚƯƹźŤſřŹŵźŤƯƹźĪ ƽ
Ĩºģƺĩ ŵŚºŬƿř
ƾƯ ŶƳŵźĭ ƴĩ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ŻřƶĩŚƷŹƺƟƺ ƿ
ƶŤųŚ ŚƷ ƽ LJŚŝ ƾƿ ƯŵƺūƹƶŝŚƯƹźŤſř ƾ
ŚºŝƹśŚƘºƄƳřƱƹŶºŝŶºƳŶƯō
ƩƺƏ çå æå Ư ǀ ŵźŤƯƹźĪ ƿ ƯƵŶ ƾ ŶƳŶƃ ƿ ƶŤųŚ ŚƷ ƽ ĩŶƫƺƯ ǀ Ŷƴ ƿ ƭƺ
holobastic
řŶºūźŧřŹŵƹŢſř
ƴĩƱŶƃ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ
ƶƤƬů ŚƷ ƾƿ ƹŹ ƽ ūƹƶŝƱō Ưŵƺ
ƾ ōƿ ŵřŶƘţƵŹřƺưƷƶĩŶ ƽ
ŵřŶºƘţƹƶºƤƬůƱƹŶºŝ ƽ
řŹřŵ
ƽ
Ŷƴģ
ƿ
ƶƤƬůƲ
ƾƯ
ŶƴƃŚŝ
ŶƬūŚƸǀƴŤſŹ î
æ
æèíì ÎÏÓ
ƴĩ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ ĩƹŵŚƷ ƾ ŹŚŝƹħŻŚƳŚƸŤƳřŹŵƶĩƪĪƃ ƿ
ƯĨ ƾ ŶƳƺƃ
ŜƬƛř ƶſ ŵ ƿ ƷŚĭƹƵŹřƺ ƾ
Ƴ ǀ ż
ŝǀ ŻřƂ ƶſ ŵ ƿ ŶƳŹřŵƵŹřƺ ƶƧ
ƵŹřƺƿŵ ŚƷ ưĩƎſƹŹŵ ƾ
ŹŚŝƹƵŵźƄƟ ƿ
ºƯĨ ƾ ŶƳƺºƃ ƴĩ ºǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ ŚºŝŚºƷ
ŵ ƿ ŚŝƹƝŚƇƵŹřƺ ƵŻřŶƳř
ŚƷ ƽ æí çæ ææ Ư ǀ ƹƩƺƏźŤƯƹźĪ
ê ë ì ë Ư ǀ ŜºƬƛřƹƉźºƗźºŤƯƹźĪ
ŵ ƿ ƵŹřƺ řŹřŵŚƷ ƽ ƹŚƀƯƶƬƇŚƟ ƽ
ưƳ ƾ ƹŵƹŶƴƃŚŝ ƿ
ƯƶŤųŚ ǀ ƳŚ ƾ ŚſŻřźŤĭŹżŝ ƿ
ź ƿ ƶŤųŚ ºƯŚºƷ ƾ ƹŶƴºƃŚŝ
ƿ ƶŤųŚ ŚƷ ƽ Ư ǀ ƳŚ ƾ ƵŻřŶƳřŚŝ ŚƷ ƽ æè æé ææ Ư ǀ řŹřŵźŤƯƹźĪ ƽ
ŵ ƿ ŴƋƵŹřƺ ǀ Ʈ źţ ƽ ŚºſƶºŝŢŞºƀƳ ƿ
ź
ƿ ƶŤųŚ ƯŚƷ ƾ ŶƴƃŚŝ ŵĬƳŹ ƿ ƵŹřƺ ƳŚƷ ǀ řŹŵż ƿ ţŢưºƀƣƲ ºǀ
Ƶź ºƯźºţ ƾ ŶºƃŚŝ ƿ ƶºŤųŚ ŚºƷ ƽ Ư ºǀ ƳŚ ƾ Źŵ
ƴĩ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ ŚƷ ƽ ƵƺƸƣ ƽř ƹ ƿ LJŚŝƶŤųŚ ƾƿ Śěƹ ǀƿ ƴ ƾ ŝƹĬƳźưĩ ƾ
ƯĬƳŹ ƾ ŶƴƃŚŝ ƿ LJŚºŝƶŤųŚ ƾƿ
ƵŚºţƺĩ
ººƏƹźŴƯ ƾ řŹřŵƹƪĪººƃ ƽ
ººƿ řŻĨ ººƿ ººŝƵŶ ƾ ƩƺººƏƶººŝĬººƳŹ
ê æé æí î Ư ǀ ƩƺƬººſƹźººŤƯƹźĪ
Śººě ǀƿ ƴ ƾ ŚººƸŤƳřŹŵ
řŹřŵ ƽ ººŴţƖººƐƤƯ Ţ
(truncate)
řŹřŵƹ ƽ ººƿ řŻĨ ººƿ ººŝƵŶ ƾ ƩƺººƏƶººŝĬººƳŹ
è æç æë ì Ư ǀ ƯźŤƯƹźĪ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ƪƨƃ æ ºƇƺƈųƶºŝƶūƺţŚŝ ǀ
ĥƺºƫƺƟŹƺƯšŚ ƿ
Ī ƾ ŹƺĩŸºƯ ř ºƿ Ʋ
ƪƨƃ æ
Seimatosporium fusisporum
ƶƴĭźě ƴƧ ŚƷ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ ƹ ŚƷ ŝ źŧř ǀ ŹŚư ƿ řż ƾƿ ƹŹ ƽ Ŷƴģ
Ư ǀ ƱŚŝż
Fig. 1. Seimatosporium fusisporum: Colonies, spores and pathogenicity tests on some hosts.
30 µµµµm 10 µµµµm
sp.
ƵŚţƺƧšLJŚƤƯ ÎÏÔ
ġŹŚºººƣ
Seimatosporium fusisporum Swart & D.A. Griffiths
ŴºººƄţ ǀ ŶºººƃƵŵřŵƆ
(Sutton, B.C. 1980. The Coelomycetes. C.M.I., England)
ŝźºŧř ǀ ŹŚºư ƿ řż ƾƿ ƹŹġŹŚºƣ ƽ
ƌƘŝ ƾ ƯŻř ǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ ſŹšŚŞŧřƶŝ ǀ
Ŷ ƪƨƃ æ řƹ ƿ ŤƀŴƳƲ ǀ Ʋ řŵƺūƹŻřƁŹřżĭ ºƿ
řŻřġŹŚºƣƲ ºƿ
Ʊřź
Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ƶŤƀě
(P. vera)
ŹŚƳř
(P. granatum)
ƪĭƹ ŶưŰƯ ƽ
(R. damascena)
řźŝ ƽ ƫƹř ǀ ŹŚºŝƲ
ŝ ƶ ƯƱřƺƴƗ ǀ řƱŚŝż ƿ ġŹŚƣƲ Ƴŵƶŝ ǀ ƟźƘƯŚ ƾ Ư ƾ ŶƳƺƃ
Ramaria botrytoides
ƶŤſřŹŻřįŶƿŶūƶƳƺĭ
Gomphales
ŹƺºƬƟįřźŝ ģŹŚºƣ
ƾ Ʊřźºƿř
ưŰƯƭřźƸŝŶưŰƯ ƩŶƿřŹƱŚƠŤſřƹƞƇōŚƋŹŶ
ƱřźºƸţƵŚĮºƄƳřŵƾºſŚƴƃŢºƀƿŻƵŶƨƄƳřŵ
ƾƴŤſŹšŚƤǀƤŰţƂŴŝ
ƹŹƺƄƧƾƨƃżĜƷŚǀĭšŚƤǀƤŰţƶƀſƺƯŚƷ ƹƾƷŚºǀĭƦǀţŚưŤƀǀſƂŴŝ
ġŹŚƣ ƱŚưƫōŲǀƳƺƯƵŚĮƄƳřŵƾſŚƴƃ
ġŹŚºººƣİƿŚºººſŚƴƃįŚŤºººſřŹŹŵ
ŹŵźƸºººƃƺƳśƺºººƴūƶºººƤƐƴƯİěƺĪºººſƹźĩŚƯįŚºººƷ
ºººưūƾģŹŚºººƣƶºººƳƺưƳƦºººƿƱřźºººƿřƩŚưºººƃ Ɩ
ŢºººƟźĭŹřźºººƣƾƿŚºººſŚƴƃŵŹƺºººƯƹƽŹƹō
žƴººūƝřźĭƺººƳƺƯŽŚººſřźººŝƾººſŹźŝŵŹƺººƯƶººƳƺưƳ
Clavaria
žƴººūƹ ƱōƶººŝƦººƿŵżƳƽŚººƷ
(Corner, E.J.H. 1950. A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera)
ƭŚººƳŢººŰţ
Ramaria botrytoides (Peck) Corner (Gomphales, Gomphaceae)
ŶººƃİƿŚººſŚƴƃ
šŚƈŴƄƯ Ƴ
ƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯƶƳƺư
ŢſřźƿŻŭźƃƶŝ
ŵŚƘŝřƶŝƵŵŹŚŝƭřŶƳř ÏÍÍ
ÓÍ
ÏÏÍ ÕÍ ƾºƬǀƯ ƱřƹřźºƟƹƮǀŴºƋšŚŝŚƘºƄƳřįřŹřŵźºŤƯ
İƳŚūźƯ İƯŚƄƴƯƶƿŚěŢưƀƣŻřƶĩƪĪƃ
ŶƳźǀĭ ƽźºūōžĜſƹƾƯźĩŚţŶǀƠſĬƳŹƶŝřŶŤŝřŹŵ
ƾƯƵŶƿŵżƯźƣŚţİţŹƺƇĬƳŹƶŝŚƸŤƳřŹŵšŚŝŚƘƄƳřĬƳŹ
ŶƳƺƃ ƶƿŚě ƶºŝ ŵŚºƘŝř ÓÍ ÏÍ
ÑÍ ÐÍ
ƾƬǀƯ ƾƯĨƿŹŚŝźŤƀŝŢưſƶŝƶƧźŤƯ
ŵƺƃ ƶºǀůŚƳŹŵƹŢƠſƹƵŵźƄƟĬƳŹŶǀƠſġŹŚƣŢƃƺĭ
ƾƯƮǀŴƋƶƿŚě
ŶƃŚŝ ƾƯƮƿLjƯġŹŚƣƵżƯƹƺŝ
ŶƃŚŝ įřŹřŵƹƽƺºƌǀŝĬºƳŹįźūōŚƷŹƺĜſƺƿŶƿŻŚŝ
ƝŚƇŚƳŮƐſ ƵźºƐƣŶºƴģŚºƿƦºƿįřŹřŵLJƺºưƘƯƹƵŵƺŝ
ƾºƯƶºģ ŶƴºƃŚŝ ŻŚŝƵŻřŶºƳř ŚƷŹƺĜºſƺƿŶƿ
Ò Ò Ñ
ÎÏ Ö ƾƯƾƯźĩŚţŶǀƠſĬƳŹƶŝġŹŚƣŹƺĜſƺƿŶƿŻŚŝƂƤƳƹźŤƯƹźĪǀƯ
ŶƃŚŝ ƪƨƃ ç
ƵŶººƃƾººſŹźŝƶººƳƺưƳ
ƪººĮƴūźƸººƃƺƳƱřŹŶººƳŻŚƯ
ƁřŹƹƍƺººƬŝŹŚººƴĩħŚººųƽƹŹŹŚººƴĩŵƹźǀų
ÐÍ Õ ÎÐÕÐ ƭřźƸŝŶưŰƯ
(IRAN 12571 F)
ƿŶƿŻŚŝŵƺºūƹƶºŝƶºūƺţŚºŝƵŶºƃźºƧŷƶºƳƺĭƾƬƧŹƺƏƶŝ ƵŻřŶºƳřƹƝŚºƇŚƳƽŚƷŹƺĜºſƺ
ƶºƳƺĭźƿŚºſŻřƵŵŹŚºŝƭřŶºƳřšŚŝŚƘƄƳřżƯźƣŚţƾţŹƺƇĬƳŹƲǀƴĤưƷŚƷŹƺĜſƺƿŶƿŻŚŝ
žƴºūƽŚºƷ
Ramaria
ŢſřżƿŚưţƪŝŚƣ
ƶƳƺĭ
(Pers.) Ricken
R. botrytis
ƭřŶƳřƽřŹřŵżǀƳ
ƾţŹƺºƇƵŵŹŚŝƽŚƷ
ƾƯżƯźƣŚţ
źºŤĭŹżŝƶºƳƺĭƲºƿřŹŵŚƷŹƺĜºſƺƿŶƿŻŚŝƵŻřŶºƳřŚƯřŶƃŚŝ
ÏÍ ÎÏ źºŤƯƹźĪǀƯ
ŮƐºſƹ
ŹřŵŹŚǀƃƾƈŴƄƯŹƺƏƶŝŚƷŹƺĜſƺƿŶƿŻŚŝ
(striate)
ƾƯ
ŶƃŚŝ
ŶƬūŚƸǀƴŤſŹ î
æ
æèíì ÎÏÕ
ƫƹř Ʋǀ ƀƴūƭźƟƁŹřżĭ ƾ
Leptosphaeria maculans
řƩŚưºƃŹŵřżƬĩƶƣŚſįƹŹ ºƿ
Ʊřź
İƬƗ ƯƱŚƯŻ ǀ ƺƫŹřŶºưƬƗįŶºƸƯŹƺěŚºƋŹƹįƹŹŶºƇįŶºƸƯŚºưƴƷŹƱřźƯŚĩįŵŚŝōź
ƶƳřŵŢƄĩƶƘſƺţŢĩźƃ
İƴƛƹŹįŚƷ
ºĩźƯ ƤŰţż ǀ įŵźŝŹŚºĩšŚºƤ ƽŹŚºſ
ĭƵƹźºĭƹ ǀ
İĪºƃżĜƷŚ
ŞƏƖŝŚƴƯƹįŻŹƹŚƄĩƭƺƬƗƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ǀ
ƱŚĭźĭİƘ
įŚƸƫŚſŹŵ æèíê
ƹ æèíë Źŵ įŚƸƷŚƯ ƱŚŝōƹźƸƯ
ŝ ŵŻŚ ƿ ŹŵřżºƬĩƕŹřżƯŻřİƠƬŤŴƯįŚƷŶ
ƱŚŤſřŢƃŵƹİƳŚŤƀƷƺĩƢƏŚƴƯ
įŚƷ ƱŚŤƀƬĭƹƱŹřŶƳŻŚƯ ŶºƯōƪưƗƶŝ
ƹ ƶºƳƺưƳ ŚºƷ ƿ ŚƤŝŻřİ ƽŚºƿ
ƣŚŝ ǀ żƬĩƵŶƳŚư ţƹŵźƷř
ǀ ƶƳŚŤƀƯŻĚ
ŹƮƣŹ ƿ įźŞĩŹŵŢƴŬ
ƵŹŚƸŝƹ Ʒ ǀ źŞ ºƿ Ŷ ŚºƷ ƿ LJƺ éåæ ƮºƣŹƹ
PFƖưū ŵźĭįŹƹō ƿ
Ŷ řįƹŹ ƿ ƶƳƺưƳƲ ŚƷ ŝƪƯŚƗġŹŚƣİƀƴūƭźƟ
ǀ ſơŚſįŹŚư ǀ
ŢºŰţřżºƬĩƵŚ
ƱřƺºƴƗ
Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. [Anamorph=Phoma lingam (Tode: Fr.) Desmaz.]
ţ ŴƄ ǀ ƃƵŵřŵƆ Ŷ
ƹźƧꏌƧƺƨſō ƽ
ºſĬƳŹƶŝ
ǀ
ƵŚ źºƐƣƶºŝ
ÐÍÍ Śţ ÒÍÍ Ư ǀ źŤƯƹźƨ ƪĪƃ è
Bƹ ƶƣŚſįƹŹ İƗźƟƹİƬƇřįŚƷ ƵŶƷŚƄƯ
Ŷºƃ ƪĪºƃ è
AĨſō ŚƷ çç æê
æçå íå Ư ǀ
źŤƯƹźĪ ƝŚƇ ưųŚţ ǀ ƵŶ
ƵŹřŶºūƹŵ įřŹřŵƹ
ŶƴŤºƀƷīŚºƷŢºƄƷ
ƪĪƃ è
DįřŹřŵŚƷŹƺĜſƺĪſō Ūƴě
Ŷºƴŝ ºſ
ǀ ŝŚºţįŹŶƴƬ ǀ
įƺºƌ ƵƺºƸƣŚºţŵŹŻĬºƳŹƶºŝ
įř
ƶŝ ƩƺƏ ŵƹŶºůŹŵ
íå éê ƉźºƗŚºŝƹ æå
ë Ư ǀ
źºŤƯƹźĪ ŵźºĭLJƺºưƘƯįŚºƸŤƳřŚºŝ
ƹ Źŵ ƪºŰƯ
ŵ ººƿ ƯƵŹřƺ ººǀ ƳŚ ƾ ŹŶººƣ ƽ ƶººŤƟŹƹźƟ ººƇƺţźººŝƢººŞƐƴƯƶººĩŶƴŤººƀƷ ǀ
ƭŚººĮƴǀƫŚŤǀƳŚě ƞ įŶººǀƫŚƷ ƹ
Punithalingam & Holliday, 1972. CMI Description of pathogenic fungi and) (bacteria. No. 331
İƯ ŶºƃŚŝ ƪĪºƃ è
ƹ
D EŹ ƿ ƶºƀ ġŹŚºƣįŚºƷ ºŰƯŹŵ
ǀ ŶºƴŝŢºƄĩƎ
Źřŵ
A
ƪƨƃ ç
Ramaria botrytoides
A
ƵŵŹŚŝƭřŶƳř
BŹƺĜſƺƿŶƿŻŚŝ
ŚƷ
Fig. 2. Ramaria botrytoides: A. Fruit body, B. Spores.
5µm B 5 A
cm
ƵŚţƺƧšLJŚƤƯ ÎÏÖ
ƪĪƃ è
Leptosphaeria maculans
A
ꏌĩƺĪſō
řżƬĩƶƣŚſįƹŹŚƷ
BƶºƳŻƹŹƹꏌĩƺĪºſō
Ʊō çåå
CꏌĩƺĪºſōݺƳƹŹŵƶºƔƠŰƯ
éåå
DĨºſō ŹƺĜºſƺĪſōƹŚºƷ
éåå
EƵŵŻƶƳřƺūįŚƷŹƺĜſƺĪſō
æååå
Fig. 3. Leptosphaeria maculans: A. Ascocarps on stem of canola, B. Ascocarp and Ostiole (× 200), C. Inner space of Ascocarp (× 400), D. Asci and ascospore (× 400), E. Germinated ascospores (× 1000)
C
A A
s
O B
D
A As A
A
(
ŶƬūŚƸǀƴŤſŹ î
æ
æèíì ÎÐÍ
ŜƘƄƴƯ
ºĩƝŚƠºƃřŶŤŝřŹŵ ŹŶºţƶºŝƶ
ƿ řżºƟřŚºŝŪ ƿ
ţƱŚºƯŻƂ ºǀ
ŶƳŶºƃƵź
įŚƷŹƺĜºſƺĪſōĨºţ
L. maculans
ŰƯŹŵ ǀ ŢƄĩƎ
V8ƶºƿŚƯ ƾºƳŻ Ŷºƃ ŻřŶºƘŝ ŢºƠƷ ŻƹŹ źºǀƛƭźºƟ
ġŹŚºƣƾºƀƴū
(Phoma lingam)
ŭźƃŽŚſřźŝ ƭŚĮƴǀƫŚŤǀƳŚě
įŶºǀƫŚƷ ƹ æîìç ƎǀºŰƯŻř
įŻŚºſřŶūŢºƄĩ
ŵźĭ ƿ Ŷ ě ǀ ƴĪ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ ƪĪºƃİĪºſLjƟšŹƺºƇƶºŝƶƣŚºſƹīźŝįƹŹġŹŚƣįŚƷ ƶºŝ
ŵƹŶºůŹŵźºƐƣ
éåå çåå Ư ǀ źŤƯƹźĪ İƷŚĭƹ ŚºŝƵřźưƷ ºƿ
ěŚěĨ ºǀ ţƪ ºǀ ƶƘºſƺţĬºƳŹƵź ƿ
ƶºŤƟŚ ºƃƵŶƷŚºƄƯ Ŷ
ŶƳ
ě ǀ ƴĪ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ ŰƯŹŵŚƷ ǀ ƌƘŝƹŢƄĩƎ Ś
īźŝįƹŹ
řŵŚƷ ºƿ ź Ƶ ŵƺºūƹƶºŝŹřƹ ŶºƳŶƯō
ě ǀ ƴĪ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ŚƷŹƺĜºſƺ
ſƝŚƠƃ ǀ ŢſřŹŜƬƛřƪĪƃįŹŶƴƬ
ƌƘŝ Ś ŚƴŰƳřįřŹřŵ
ƱƹŶºŝƹ Ŷºƴŝ Ĩºţ ƶºŤųŚƿ ř į ŵŚºƘŝřŚºŝ
ê è
ç ê æ Ư ǀ ŝźŤƯƹźĪ ěƱƹŹŵƱřƹřźƟŹřŶƤƯƶŝƶĩƵŵƺ ǀ
ƴĪ ǀ Ŷ ƿ ƭƺ ĪƄţŚƷ ǀ ƪ ŶƳŶƃ ݺųźŝŹŵ
Żř
ŹƺƄĩİƫŚưƃƢƏŚƴƯ
LjƗ ƿ ƶĪƫƮ ŚƯƺƟİĭźŝ
ƶºĪƫšŹƺºƇƶºŝ
ºƃŚůŚºŝŹƹŶºƯįŚºƷ ǀ
żºĩźƯƹŵŹŻƶ
ƌƘŝƶĩįźŤƀĩŚų Ś
ƶĪƫżĩźƯ İƯřŶūīźŝŻřƹƶŤƃřŵźŝħźţŚƷ
ŶƳŶƃ ŵźĭƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ƿ Ŷ ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
ƶĪƫ ƶƣŚſįŚƷ ř ƿ İ
ţŶưƗ Ś ŹƺƇƶŝ š ƃŚůŚŝİƫƺƏ ǀ
ƶ ƂƠƴŝ ƿ ſŚ ǀ ƶĩŵƺŝƵŚ ƷŚĭ
İ řźºƟřŹƶƣŚºſŹƹŵ
İƯ ĭ ŢƟź ŢſřƵŶƄƳƁŹřżĭƱōŻřįŶūšŹŚƀųƱƺƴĩŚţİƫƹ
Batkoa apiculata
ƶƳƺĭ ġŹŚƣ Żř ŶƿŶū ƽř
ƽŚƷ
Entomophthorales
Ʊřźƿř ƽřźŝ
ƽƹżƛ ƱřźƸƯ
ƕŹřŻ ƩƺſŹ ƶƴĮƳŻ Śưǀſ ƹ
ƩƺǀƷ ƪŬƿŚƳ
żƳƺū šŚƤǀƤŰţ ƶƀſƺƯ
żĜƷŚǀĭ ŹƺƄƧƾƨƃ
ƦţƺǀŝšŚƤǀƤŰţƶƀſƺƯƹ
ŶƴƬƿŚţ
ġŹŚƣƽƹŹƾƤǀƤŰţŹŵ
ƶưƷƾģŹŚƣƽŹŚưǀŝƾƗƺƳšřźƄůƽřżƿŹŚưǀŝƽŚƷ
ŵřŶƘţŹŵźǀĭ
ƶƄěŻřƽŵŚƿŻ
ŶƴƬŝŚěƽŚƷ
(Tipula sp.)
ƶƤƐƴƯŹŵ
ƶƄǀŝƹƵŚĭƺƬĭƲǀŝƽř
ƱřŹŶƳŻŚƯƱŚŤſřŹŵŶƴŝ
ƵŚƯŵřŵźųŹŵ ÎÐÕÓ
ŶƃƵŶƿŵ
ƁLJ ŚŝƵźƄů ŶǀƿƹżƿŹ
ţƽŚƷ Ʀ ƶƀƿŹ ŻřƶƧƾƈŴƄƯƹƮǀŴƋƽř
ƵźƄůƮƨƃƹƶƴǀſźſ ŶƳŵƺŝƵŶƃũŹŚų
īźŝŮƐſƽƹŹ
ŚƷ ŵƺŝƵŶǀŞƀģ
ƽŚƸŤƳřŹŵ ŶǀƿƹżƿŹ
ŚƷ
ŢƀƟŶƫƺƷ ŶƴƳŚƯśŚƤƄŝƾƿŚƷ ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ƪƨƃ é
bƶƀƿŹƭŚƀūř
ƶưǀƳƽř ƽƹźƧ ŶƳŵƺŝ Śƿƹ Żř
ƶƀƿŹŚƿƽƹźƧƵŚţƺƧƹƮǀŴƋƵŵŚſƽŚƷŹŚŤųŚſ
ƞƬŤŴƯƩŚƨƃřƶŝƽř ŶƳŵƺŝƵŶƃƪǀƨƄţ
ƶŤƀƷ
Ʊō Śŝ ŚƷ Í Ð Ñ Ï Ó Ó Õ Ð Źŵ ŭƺƋƹ ƶŝ źƐƣ źŤƯƹźƨǀƯ
LPAOƲǀŘſŹƹřƺŤſř ƩƺƴƟƺŤƧLJ
ŢƟźĭĬƳŹ ƶƧ
ƷŚĭ ƾ ƶŤƀƷƲƿřŻřƾƌƘŝ
ŶƳŶƃƵŶƿŵƱŶƃƮǀƀƤţƩŚůŹŵŚƷ
ƪƨƃ é
ƹ
c dƧ źƐƣ Śŝ ŚƷŹƺƟƺƿŶǀƴ
Ò ÎÔ Ò ÎÏ
ŶƳŵƺŝ śŚƘƄƳř ƱƹŶŝ źŤƯƹźƨǀƯ ƶŤƀūźŝ ƾƿŚƸŤƳř
řŵ ŶƴŤƃ
ƪƨƃ é
eƹ
fƂŴŝ ƩƺƨǀţƺƧ ƵřŹ Żř ƱŶƃ ũŹŚų Śŝ ƹ
gƹ ƵźƄů ƱŶŝ ƾƿŚƄƛ ƽŚƷ
ŚƷŶƴŝ Ʋǀŝ Żř ƽŚƷŹřƺƳ
ǀƯ ŶƳŵƺŝ ƵŵźƧ ŵŚŬƿř ƽźŤƀƧŚų Śƿ ƹ ŶǀƠſ ƾƯƺǀƬƀ
ƪƨƃ é
aƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ ƶǀƫƹřƽŚƷ ŵŚƘŝřŚŝ
ÒÑ ÑÑ ÐÐ ÐÎ ÓÏ ÑÕ ÐÕ ÐÑ źŤƯƹźƨǀƯ
ƩƺƏŢŞƀƳ
źƐƣ ƶŝ Ð Î Ö Í
(L/D=
ƶƳŶŝ ƥƺƳ Śƿ ŵźĭ ƾſřŹ Śŝ ƆŴƄƯ ƽLjǀěŚě ƹ ƽƹźƧ ƽř
řŵ żǀţ
ŶƴŤƃ
ƵŚţƺƧšLJŚƤƯ ÎÐÎ
ƪƨƃ æ
Batkoa apiculata
a
ġŹŚƣŶƃŹŻřƪƇŚůŶǀƠſƽŚƷŹřƺƳŚŝƵźƄůƁLJ
bŶǀƿƹżƿŹ
ƪƨƃƾŝŚƤƄŝƾƿŚƸŤƳřŢƀƟŶƫƺƷŚŝ ƹ
d cƶƀƿŹƭŚƀūř
ƽř
gƹ
f eŹƺƟƺƿŶǀƴƧ
Źŵ
gƾƯ Ʊřƺţ
řŹ ƱŶƃ ŵŚŬƿř ƩŚů Źŵ ƶǀƫƹř ƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ ŵƺưƳ ƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ƹ
hƶǀƫƹř ƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ
iŹŵ ƱŚƨǀě
hŹŵƹƾſřŹƾĮŤƀūźŝ
iƾƯƱŚƄƳřŹLjǀěŚě
ŶƷŵ
jƂƿƹŹƩŚůŹŵƾŞƳŚūƪƨƃƶŝƶǀƫƹřƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ
Ţſř
kƶǀƫƹřƭƺƿŶǀƴƧŻřƪƇŚůƶƿƺƳŚŧƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ
źŝřźŝŽŚǀƤƯ æå
źŤƯƹźƨǀƯ
Fig. 1. Batkoa apiculata: a. A crane fly cadaver with white mycelial bands, b.
Rhizoid ending with disk-like holdfast, d & c. Hyphal bodies, e, f & g.
Conidiophores (in g, it is making a primary conidium), h & i. Primary conidia (arrow in h, shows pointed tip of papilla and in i, shows papilla), j. Lateraly growing primary conidium, k. Formation of secondary conidium (Bar=
10 ȝm).a b c
d e f g
h
i j k
ŶƬūŚƸǀƴŤſŹ î
æ
æèíì ÎÐÏ
ƪƨƃ é
ƹ
h iřƹ Ż ƱōŻřƾƌƘŝ
ŵŚŬƿřƾƄƿƹŹƶƀƿŹƾŞƳŚūŹƺƏƶŝŚƷ ƵŶƃ
ŵƺŝ ƪƨƃ é
jŵŚƘŝřŚŝƶƿƺƳŚŧƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ ÐÖ
ÐÐ ÑÎ ÐÓ źŤƯƹźƨǀƯ Î
)Î
(L/D=
ƶǀŞƃƶǀƫƹřƭƺƿŶǀƴƧƶŝ
ŵƺŝ
ƪƨƃ é
kīŚƷ ƶƳƺưƳŹŵƭƺƿŶǀŤƀǀſƹƾŤůřźŤſř
ŶƄƳƵŶƿŵƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƽŚƷ
šŚǀƇƺƈų
ƞǀƇƺţ Śŝ ƵŶƃ ƾſŹźŝ ƶƳƺưƳ źƬƧ
Keller, S. 1987a. Arthropod-pathogenic)
Entomophthorales of Switzerland. I. Conidiobolus, Entomophaga and (Entomophthora. Sydowia 40: 122-167
ġŹŚƣŻř
Entomophaga domestica
ŢƤŝŚƐƯ ŵŹřŵ
ƎſƺţġŹŚƣƲƿř źŞƯŚƷ
Humber, R. 1989. Synopsis of a revised classification for] [the
Entomophthorales (Zygomycetes). Mycotaxon 34(2): 441-460
ƶŝ
Batkoa apiculata
ŢƟŚƿ ƭŚƳ źǀǀƜţ ƄƯ Żř
ƾƯ ġŹŚƣ Ʋƿř ƾƿŚſŚƴƃ ƶŝ ƦưƧ ƶƧ ƾţŚƈŴ
ŶǀƿƹżƿŹ ŵƺūƹ ŶƴƧ
ƽŚƷ
ĬƳŹ ƮǀŴƋ ƹ ƆŴƄƯ
ƶŤƀƷ ƽźƿŸě
Śŝ ŚƷ ƽLjǀěŚě źŝ ƾſřŹ ƾĮŤƀūźŝ ŵƺūƹ
LPAOƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ ŢƷŚŞƃ ƹ ƶǀƫƹř ƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ
ƶƿƺƳŚŧ ƽŚƷ
ƶŝ ƕƺƳ ƶǀƫƹř Ʊō Ţſř ƶƴƯřŵ ġŹŚƣ Ʋƿř
Ź ƶŝ ƢƬƘŤƯ šřźƄů Źŵ Ţſř ŹŵŚƣ ƹ ŵŹřŵ ƾƘǀſƹ ƾƳŚŝżǀƯ ƶŤſř
ƽŚƷ
Diptera
Hemiptera
ƹ
Lepidoptera
ƶŤſřŹ źĮƿŵ šřźƄů šŹŶƳ ƶŝ ƹ
ƽŹŚưǀŝ ŵŚŬƿř ŚƷ ŶƿŚưƳ
Sosnowska, D., Bałazy, S., Prishchepa, L. & Mikulskaya, N. 2004. Biodiversity] of arthropod pathogens in the BiałowieĪa forest. Journal of Plant Protection Research [44(4): 313-321
Żř ġŹŚƣƲƿř ƶƳƺưƳ
ƵŹŚưƃŚŝƽř
IRAN 13051 F
ġŹŚƣƭƺƿŹŚŝźƷŹŵ
šŹřŻƹƽŚƷ
ƾƯƽŹřŶƸĮƳƽŻŹƹŚƄƧŵŚƸū
ŵƺƃ
.
ƶººƳƺĭƁŹřżººĭ
Carex decaulescens subsp. decaulescens
ŹƺººƬƟƽřźººŝ Ʊřźººƿř
ƾƴǀƯřŶưŰƯ
ŵřŹ ƾƴŤſŹšŚƤǀƤŰţƂŴŝ
ŹƺƄƧƾƨƃżĜƷŚǀĭšŚƤǀƤŰţƶƀſƺƯŚƷ
žƴū
Carex
ŻřƂǀŝƲŤƃřŵŚŝ êå
ƵźºǀţžƴūƲƿźŤĭŹżŝƶƳƺĭ
Cyperaceae
ƱřźºƿřŹŵ
ƾƯŹŚưƃƶŝ
Ŷƿō ƾſŹźŝŹŵ ƶƳƺưƳ
ƶƳƺưƳžƴūƲƿřƶŝƢƬƘŤƯƾƯƺƿŹŚŝźƷƽŚƷ
ƶºƧŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯƽř
ŢŰţƾƿŚſŚƴƃŻřžě
C. decaulescens V. Krecz. subsp. decaulescens
ŶºƿŵźĭƭŚºƳƲǀǀƘţ
řšŹŚŞƗƵŚǀĭƪƯŚƧŭźƃ ŻřŢſ
ƶŝƶƫŚſŶƴģƾƷŚǀĭ ƕŚƠţŹř
Śţ ëå ƾŤƳŚſ ƶŤſŵźŤƯ
ƽř ŻřƵŶǀºƃƺěƵŚţƺƧƾƴǀƯŻźƿŻƶƣŚſ
žƬƟ ƽźŤƀƧŚųƽŚƷ
ƶƣŚſ ƽŚƷ ƾƿřƺƷ ƶŤƃřźƟř ƵŶƗŚƣŚŝŚƿ
ƽř Ʊřżǀų
ƶºƃƺĭŚŝ ţƽŚºƷ żºǀ ƹźºŝŻƹ
ƱōƲǀŝƪƇřƺƟ
ŚƷ ƶŤƟŹƺţ ŹřŶƫŚŝLJŚŝŹŵ
īźŝ ƶƣŚºſƩƺºƏƞƈƳŚţŚƷ ƾƿřƺºƷ
ƶŤºƃřźƟř Ljºƛ
Ɲ ŚºƷ
ƩƺƏƶŝ Śţ ÏÍ ŤƳŚſ ƾ ƵƺºƸƣźŤƯ
ƽř ºŝƽźŤºƀƧŚų Ś
ƶºĭŹ ƶŤºƀūźŝƽŚºƷ
ƾţŶºƯŻřžºě
ƽźºŞǀƟ
ƶŤƟŹƺţƾƿŚƄƛŢưſƶǀƃŚůŚŝ ƩƺƏƶŝƦƳŚŝŻ
ì å ƾƬǀƯ
źŤƯ ƕŚƠţŹř ŚºƿƦºƴƸěƉźƗźŝřźŝƱŚưƧ
ƪƿƺƏ ƉźƗƶŝƦƴƸěźţ ç
Śţ è ƾƬǀƯ ƶǀƃŚůŚŝŹřŵƹŚƳŢŴţźŤƯ
ŮƐſƹŵźƷŹŵĢǀěƱƹźŝƽŚƷ
ƾƨǀƬĭŻLjƯŚƧ
ƩƺƏƶŝƲƿŷōƪĭ çå
Śţ èå ƉźƗƹ ì Śţ æå ƾƬǀƯ ƵƺºƸƣżºƯźƣƱŚºſźſźºŤƯ
ƽř
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é ƾƬǀƯ ƶĭźŝźŤƯ ƵŚţƺƧŚƷ ƪĭƩƺƐưƷŚţźţ
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è Śţ ê ƾƬǀƯ ƁƺºĜƬĭƵŶǀƄƧŚƿƽƺƌǀŝźŤƯ
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Ƶźǀţƽř ƶǀƃŚůŚŝ ƝŚƇƥƺƳĢǀěƱƹŹŵƹƦƿŹŚŝƾƿŚƄƛƽŚƷ
Ʃƺƨƿźţƹř ƩƺƏƶŝŚƷ è
Śţ ê è
ƉźƗƹ ê æ Śţ í æ ƾƬǀƯ ƵƺºƸƣƭŹƺºŤƯƾưƧŚƿŢŴţƽƺƌǀŝźŤƯ
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ç å ƾƬǀƯ ƶƳřƺŤſřźŤƯ
ƵƺƸƣƽř ŮƐſŹŵƵŹŚěƹŵƵźǀţƽř
ƢǀưƗƝŚƨƃŚŝƾŤƄě
ƩƺƏƶŝƶƣŶƴƟ ì
æ Śţ î æ ƉźƗƹ î å ƾƬǀƯ ƨƿŚºěŚŝźŤƯ ƾ
ŚºţƩƺºƏƶºŝ
è å ƾƬǀƯ źŤƯ ƹ ƩƺºƏƶŝƶƯŚųƶƿŚě æ
å ƮºŴţĥřƹŚºţƽƺºƌǀŝźºŤƯƾºƬǀƯ
ƶºſƾºƛźƯ
ŚºŝƁƺºĭ
ƶǀƃŚů ƺţƾưƧŚƿŢŴţƽŚƷ ƵƺƸƣƶŤƟŹ
ƵźƠůźƷŹŵƦƬǀĭŻƦƿŚŝƦŞƄƯLjƯŚƧƽř
ƲƳƺƧƺƧ
(Kukkonen 1998)
ŶºƬūŚºƨǀƳřźƿřřŹƺºƬƟŹŵ æìè
ƶºƳƺĭźƿŻƶºƳƺĭƲºƿřŻř
ƽŚºƷ
brunneola
ƹƱřźƿřŻřřŹ
alsia
ƱŚŤƀƧŚěŻřřŹ ƵŵźƧƾƟźƘƯ
Ţſř ƵŹŚƃřƹ ŹŵƶºƳƺĭźƿŻƲºƿřƶºŝƽř
ŢſřƵŵźƨƳŚƨǀƳřźƿřřŹƺƬƟƵŵƹŶŰƯ ƲƳƺƧƺƧ
ƹŚƠţ šƹŚºƠţŵƺūƹŚŝřŹƶƳƺĭźƿŻƶſƲƿřƾƬƇřš
ƽŚºƷ
ƾƯźƧŷƾƿŚǀƟřźƜūƾƿřŶūŹŵƾƨƿĥƺƫƺƟŹƺƯ
ŶƴƧ ŚºŝƩƺºƨƿźţƹřƹƶƬŞƴºſƲŤºƃřŵŚºŝƶƳƺĭźƿŻƲƿř
ƵŚţƺƧƵŵŚƯƁƺĜƬĭƹźŤưƧƉźƗ
ƶºƳƺĭźƿŻŻřƆǀŴƄţƪŝŚƣźţ
alsia
ƾºƯ ŚºŝƶºƀƿŚƤƯŹŵƹŶºƃŚŝ
ƶƳƺĭźƿŻ
brunneola
ºƸƣżºƯźƣĬºƳŹƶºŝƶƬŞƴſƹƁƺĜƬĭ
Ƶƺ Ƶźºǀţƽř
ƶºƳƺĭźƿŻŹŵ
brunneola
ƵƺƸƣĬƳŹƶŝ
ƽř ƵŚţƺƧżǀƳŹŚƤƴƯƹƩƺƨƿźţƹř
Ţſřźţ
ƵŚĮŤƀƿŻ ƾƳŚŤƀƷƺƧƢƏŚƴƯśƺƏźƯƽŚƷŹřżƴưģ
çæåå Śţ èååå źŤƯ
ƾƿŚǀƟřźƜūƾĭŶƴƧřźě
ƽżƧźƯƽŚǀſōƹƱřźƿř
ƽƺƋŹƱŚſřźų
ƵƺƧƾƫŚưƃŜǀƃŶƸƄƯ
ƶºƳŚųŵƹŹƦºƃŻƽŚŤºſƹŹƽLJŚŝŵƺƫŚƴǀŝƽŚƷ řŶºŞƗ
çæåå Śţ èååå ƱŚƿźƠƔƯźŤƯ
(TARI 48846)
ŻřƁŹřżĭƲǀƫƹř ƶƳƺĭ
Humicola grisea
ƱřźƿřŻř ƕŹřŻƩƺſŹ ŶǀºſƹƾưƏŚºƟƶƤƿŶƇ
ƽƺſƺƯŚƋŹŶưŰƯ
ƂŴŝ ƽŚºƷ ƾƴŤºſŹšŚºƤǀƤŰţ
ŚºƷ ƾºſŚƴƃŵƺţŚºưƳƹ šŚºƤǀƤŰţƶºƀſƺƯ
ŹƺƄƧƾƨƃżĜƷŚǀĭ ŢƃŵƹźƯŶůřƹƾƯLjſřŵřŻōƵŚĮƄƳřŵƹ
ƯƶººƿřŶūƦººƿ ƶººƳƺĭƶººŝƢººƬƘŤ
Humicola grisea Traaen
ŵŚƴŤººſřŚººŝ ƱƹŹŚººŝ ƶººŝ
Barron, G.L. 1968. The Genera of Hyphomycetes from Soil. The Williams &) (Wilkins Company, USA;
ƹƂƯƹŵ ƹ ƱřŹŚƨưƷ
Domsch, K.H., Gams, W. & Anderson,)
T.-H. 2007. Compendium of Soil Fungi, 2nd ed., IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany)
ŶƬūŚƸǀƴŤſŹ î
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æèíì ÎÐÑ
ŶƃƾƿŚſŚƴƃ
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MEAƩŵŚƘƯƽźƐƣ èê
ƾƬǀƯ ŵŹƹōŢſŵƶŝźŤƯ
ƶǀºƃŚůƝźºƏƶºŝƹƵźºǀţƾƳƺºŤƿŻżºƧźƯŹŵƱōĬƳŹ
ƲƃƹŹ ŵƺŝƵźǀţƾƳƺŤƿŻƮƷƶƴĭźěƲƿźƿŻŮƐſŻřƹźţ
ƭƺƿŶǀƴƧƹŹƺŘƫō
ŚƷ ƵƺºƸƣĬºƳŹƶŝ
ƽř ƹƵźºǀţ
ƵŻřŶƳřŚŝ Ò ÎÒ Ò ÎÏ ŶƳŵƺŝźŤƯƹźƨǀƯ
ŵƺţŚºưƳŻřƶƳƺĭƲƿřŻřƶƿřŶūƦƿ
Heterodera schachtii
ƩŚſŹŵ ÎÐÕÐ ƵŹŚưƃŚŝƶƧŶƯōŢſŵƶŝŶƸƄƯŻř
IRAN 817 C
ġŹŚºƣƶƗƺưŬƯŹŵ
ƵŶºƳŻƽŚºƷ
ƾƯƽŹřŶƸĮƳƽŻŹƹŚƄƧŵŚƸūšŹřŻƹ
ŵƺƃ ƶƿřŶū ƩŚſŹŵƽźĮƿŵƽŚƷ ÎÐÕÒ
żǀƳƹźƠſƹżƿŹŻř Źŵ
ŵƺţŚưƳƹơƺƟŵƺţŚưƳŚŝƍŚŞţŹř
Meloidogyne javanica
Żř ƱŚŤſř ŶƯōŢſŵƶŝŽŹŚƟ ŶƳ
ƶºģźĭř
ƾƯƶŤųŚƴƃƽżƧŚųƶƳƺĭƦƿƱřƺƴƗƶŝLJƺưƘƯġŹŚƣƲƿř
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ŵŹƺºƯŶºƳřƺţ
ŵźǀĭŹřźƣźŤƄǀŝƾſŹźŝ
ŽŚºſřźŝ ƂºƯƹŵ
ƱřŹŚºƨưƷƹ
ÏÍÍÔ
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ƾƯżǀƳƾƯƺƿŶǀƴƧƹƽŶǀƫŚǀƟƶƬůźƯƽřŹřŵƾƯƺƿŶǀƴƧƹŹƺŘƫō
ŚƯřŶƃŚŝ ƢŞƏ żºǀƳƹƖºŞƴƯƲǀºưƷ
ƱƹŹŚŝ æîëí
ƾųźŝŹŵ Żř
ƶƿřŶū ƾưƳƵŶƿŵƾƯƺƿŶǀƴƧƶƬůźƯŚƷ
ŵƺƃ ŢºſŵƶºŝƾºƳřźƿřƶºƿřŶū
ƲƿřŹŵƵŶƯō ŵƺŝƾƯƺƿŶǀƴƧƶƬůźƯŶƣŚƟżǀƳƢǀƤŰţ
ƪƨƃ ê ƲǀƫƹřƲƿř ƶºƳƺĭ
ƁŹřżºĭ ƵŶºƃ ř Ż
Ʋƿř žƴū Źŵ ŢſřƱřźƿř
ƪƨƃ ê
Humicola grisea
ƺƿŹƺŘƫō
.a-cƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ ŚƷ ƞƬŤŴƯƪůřźƯŹŵ
ĬƳŹ ƺƬŝƲţŚƧŚŝƽżǀƯō
Fig. 5. Humicola grisea: a-c. Aleurioconidia at different stages. Mounted in lactic acid-cotton blue.
ƵŚţƺƧšLJŚƤƯ ÎÐÒ
ŻřƁŹřżĭƲǀƫƹř ƶºƳƺĭ
Penicillium vulpinum
ƱřźºƿřŻř
ƕŹřŻƩƺºſŹ
šŚºƤǀƤŰţƂºŴŝ
ƾƴŤſŹ ŹƺƄƧƾƨƃżĜƷŚǀĭšŚƤǀƤŰţƶƀſƺƯŚƷ
ƶƿřŶūƦƿ ġŹŚƣ
ŲƿŹŚţŹŵ Ô
ƱŚŝō ÎÐÕÓ ƪĮƴūŹŵĬƳŹżŞſƂƃƺěŚŝƵŵŚŤƟřƶƴţƽƹŹŻř
Ţƈƃ ƱŚŤºƀƬĭƱŚŤºſřŹŵLjƧ
ĭ ƱŚºĭź Ɩºưū ŶºƃƽŹƹō
ƾºĭĦƿƹŽŚºſřźºŝƶºƿřŶūƲºƿř
ƽŚºƷ
ƎºººſƺţƵŶºººƃƶºººƿřŹřƞǀºººƇƺţŻřƵŵŚƠŤºººſřŚºººŝƹƾƨƿĥƺºººƫƺƟŹƺƯ ƂºººƯƹŵ
ƱřŹŚºººƨưƷƹ
Domsch, K.H., Gams, W. & Anderson, T.-H. 2007. Compendium of Soil Fungi,) 2nd ed., IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany,
ƱƺººƀƯŚſ ƹ ŵƹżººƿźƟ ƹ
Samson, R.A. &)
Frisvad, J.C. 2004. Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: new taxonomic schemes, (mycotoxins and other extrolites. Stud. Mycol. 49: 1–174.
ƶƳƺĭ
Penicillium vulpinum
(Cooke & Massee) Seifert & Samson
ƹŶººƃƾƿŚººſŚƴƃ ƵŹŚưººƃŚººŝ
IRAN 1248 C
Źŵ
ġŹŚƣƶƗƺưŬƯ
ŻƹƵŶƳŻƽŚƷ ƾƯƽŹřŶƸĮƳƽŻŹƹŚƄƧŵŚƸūšŹř
ŵƺƃ ƪƨƃ ë
ƪƨƃ ë
Penicillium vulpinum
ƹ
a bŚƷŚưƴǀſ Ƶŵƺţƹ ƽźŤěƦŤƄţŹŵƾƯƺƿŶǀƴƧŵźĭƽŚƷ
ƹ
c dŚƷŶǀƫŚǀƟ ƹ
e fƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ ŚƷ
Fig. 6. Penicillium vulpinum: a & b. Synnemata and conidial heads, c & d. Phialides, e & f. Conidia.
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ƽƹŹƱōźºƐƣŻƹŹ ƶºŝ
MEAÏÍ ƾºƬǀƯ źºŤƯ
ŶǀºſŹ
ŚƷŹƺƟƺƿŶǀƴƧ ƽ
ƶƬǀƀǀţŹƹźţ
ƭƺƿŶǀƴƧ ŚƷ ƽ
ƽƺƌǀŝƝŚƇƵŹřƺƿŵŚŝ ƾŝ
źŤƀƧŚųŚţĬƳŹ ƶºŝƪƿŚƯƽ
ŵŚƘŝřŚŝżŞſ
Ò Ð Ð
×Ò Ñ Ñ źŤƯƹźƨǀƯ
ŚƷŶǀƫŚǀƟ ƽ ƶƳřƺŤſř ƱŵźĭƶŝƶƧƽř ƹƵŚţƺƧ
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ƝŚƇ ŵŚƘŝřƶŝ Ò Ð Ò Ï
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ƽŚºƸŤƳřŚºŝ ƾƣŚºưģ
Śºŝ
ƵŻřŶƳř ÎÍ Ò ƾƬǀƯ źŤƯ ƪƨƃ ë ƶƳƺĭƲƿř ūƂƴƧřźěƽřŹřŵƶģźĭř
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ŵŹřŶƳŵƺūƹƱōŻřŵŶƘŤƯ
ƲǀƴĤưƷƶƳƺĭƲƿř ƵŶºƃƁŹřżºĭƥŚºųƹšřźºƄůšLJƺºƌƟƽƹŹŻř
Ţſř
(Domsch et al.2007)
ŻřƁŹřżĭƲǀƫƹřƲƿř ŵƺūƹ
ƶƳƺĭ ŹƺƧŸƯ ŢſřƱřźƿřŹŵ
Rostaniha, Vol. 9(1), 2008
SHORT ARTICLES
First report of Seimatosporium fusisporum from Iran. AMINAEE, M.M. and ERSHAD, D. Agricultural & Natural Resources Research Center of Kerman and Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran
During 2004-2007 many isolates of a fungus were obtained from leaves, buds, shoots and stems of Amygdalus communis (in Sirjan and Negar areas), Pistacia vera (in Sirjan, Negar and Bardsir regions), Malus domestica and Pyrus communis (in Lalehzar, Bardsir and Golzar areas), Punica granatum (in Chatrood and Hootk regions), Salix sp. and Vitis vinifera (in Chatrood and Mahan areas), and Rosa damascena (in Lalehzar and Golzar regions). Colonies on PDA were cream to pale green and later become partly pale grayish. Acervulus subepidermal to 200 µm in diameter, conidiophoresunbranched, 10-20 µm long, producing conidia from annelids. Conidia fusiform, with 3-septa, 16-21(18) µm long and 6-7(6.5) µm wide.
The apical cell is short-conic with an unbranched hyaline appendage 9-18(14.5) µm long. The basal cell is truncate with an unbranched hyaline appendage7-16(12.3) µm long (Fig. 1).
Based on foregoing charcteristcs, the fungus was identified as:
Seimatosporium fusisporum Swart & D.A. Griffiths. (SUTTON, B.C. 1980. The Coelomycetes. C.M.I., England). This is the first report of the fungus from Iran and P. vera, P. granatum and R. damascena appear to be new hosts for the fungus.
Ramaria botrytoides, a new species of Gomphales for mycoflora of Iran.
M. BAHRAM, M.R. ASEF and S. RAIDL. Department of Plant Sciences, College of Science, University of Tehran; Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran and Institut für Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, München, Germany
Rostaniha, Vol. 9 (1), 2008 62
In the framework of study of macrofungi flora of South of Nowshahr (N. Iran), one specimen of coral fungi was collected. The characteristic features of this specimen were as follows:
Fruit body 80-220 mm high, 60-200 mm broad, coralloid, white at first becoming tan or ochraceous with pink, red or purplish tips, fruit body with numerous, thick and dense branches arising from the stipe. Stipe 30-40 × 20-60 mm, compact, tapering downward; white to yellowish with age; not bruising or discoloring. Context white, brittle, odor and taste mild, fruity. Spores ochraceous, irregularly roughened, 9-12 × 4.5-5 µm (Fig. 2) The above-mentioned specimen was identified as Ramaria botrytoides (Peck) Corner (CORNER, E.J.H. 1950.
A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera) which is a new record for Iran.
Materials examined: Mazandaran Province, Nowshahr, Kheirrud-Kenar forest, on soil, near Fagus orientalis and Quercus castaneifolia, 21.11.2004, M. Bahram (IRAN 12571 F).
The irregularly roughened spores and color of fruit body make the species quite characteristic and confusion may only occurs with R. botrytis (Pers.) Ricken, which has larger (12-20 µm) and striate spores.
First report of Leptosphaeria maculans teleomorph on Canola stem in the north of Iran. A. ZAMAN MIRABADI, K. RAHNAMA, M. SADRAVI and R.M. ALAMDARLOU. Seed Oils & Development Co-applied Research Center, Sari and Department of Plant Protection, University of Agricultural Sciences &
Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
During 2006-2007, many surveys are done from rapeseed fields in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces (N. Iran) and the sexual form of Blackleg fungus as Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. [Anamorph=Phoma lingam (Tode: Fr.) Desmaz.] was diagnosed on rapeseed debris both winter (R & C variety) and spring (HYOLA 401 hybrid and PF variety) type oilseed rape among OCT-NOV months. Ascocarps were globose, black, 300-500 µm diameter (Fig. 3 B) and observed on stem branches (Fig. 3 A). Asci were 80-120 × 15-22 µm, cylindrical to clavate, bitunicate wall and with eight spores (Fig. 3 D).
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Ascospores were five-septated cylindrical to ellipsoidal, yellow to brown, 45-80 × 6-10 µm, with round end that fit with description of PUNITHALINGAM &
HOLLIDAY (1972. CMI Description of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. No. 331) (Fig. 3 D & E). Mycelia were septate in medium culture, branched, at first hyaline and then become dark-walled in older colonies.One ascospore of L. maculans inoculated in V8 medium. After seven days, Phoma lingam was isolate as described by PUNITHALINGAM & HOLLIDAY (l.c.). Pycnidia are on stem and leaves, generally flask-shaped about 200-400 µm diameter and sometimes develop papillae as a neck usually dark-colored. Pycnidia often formed in a ring around on medium culture and leaves. Pycnidiospores were hyaline, shortly cylindrical, mostly straight and non-septate or unicellular, 3-5 × 1.5-2 µm that produced in abundance within the pycnidium. In some regions in the north of Iran, the leaf symptoms observed as circle lesions with chlorotic border and gray color in center, sometimes lesions separate from leaf. The spots on stems were more elongated and often surrounded by a purple or black border, but there is no report about their serious losses.
Batkoa Apiculata, a new species of Entomophthorales for Iran. M. GHAZAVI, S. ZANGENEH, R. ZARE and N. HYWEL-JONES. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran and BIOTEC, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Bangkok, Thailand
In a survey in June 2007, an epizootic was observed in a crane fly (Tipula sp.) population in an area between Galugah to Bishehband in Mazandaran Province of Iran.
Infected insects were fixed to support by stout monohyphal rhizoids emerging from thorax and abdomen, ending with disk-like holdfast (Fig. 4 b). Hyphal bodies sub-sphaerical or composed of simple, rounded structures, sometimes thick, short, hyphae-like. Nuclei staining distinctly in LPAO (Lacto Phenol Aceto Orcein) measuring 3.8-6.6 × 3.0-2.4 ȝm. Nuclei sometimes dividing (Fig. 4 c & d).
Conidiophores unbranched, terminally enlarged with a diameter of 12.5-17.5 ȝm, penetrating the cuticle of their host at inter-segmental membranes and pleura to form white to grayish mycelial bands (Fig. 4 a). Primary conidia with spherical body and distinct papilla with rounded or pointed tip, measuring (34 38-48 62) × (31)
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33-44 (45) ȝm, L/D= 0.9-1.3 (Fig. 4 h, I & j). Secondary conidia similar to primary ones, measuring 36-41 × 33-39 ȝm, L/D = 1.1 (Fig. 4 k). Resting spores and cystidia absent.
The fungus was previously classified in the genus Entomophaga [as E. domestica (Thaxt.) S. Keller] (KELLER, S. 1987a. Arthropod-pathogenic Entomophthorales of Switzerland. I. Conidiobolus, Entomophaga and Entomophthora. Sydowia 40: 122-167) and was later renamed as Batkoa apiculata (Thaxter) Humber [HUMBER, R. 1989.
Synopsis of a revised classification for the Entomophthorales (Zygomycetes). Mycotaxon 34(2): 441-460]. Batkoa apiculata is mainly distinguished by its distinct rhizoids, primary conidia with pointed papillae and secondary conidia that are similar to the primary ones. This fungus infects a wide range of hosts including members of Diptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, and rarely also members of other insect orders [SOSNOWSKA, D., BAŁAZY, S., PRISHCHEPA, L. & MIKULSKAYA, N. 2004.
Biodiversity of arthropod pathogens in the BiałowieĪa forest. Journal of Plant Protection Research 44(4): 313-321]. Several individuals of Tipula sp. were collected from Galugah to Bishehband in Mazandaran Province collected by R. Zare & N. Hywel-Jones on 17 June 2007, are preserved under IRAN 13051 F at the fungal section of herbarium of the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran at senior author's address.
Report of Carex decaulescens subsp. decaulescens from Iran. M. AMINI RAD.
Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran Carex L. with more than 50 species is the largest genus of Cyperaceae family in Iran. In review of Herbaria specimens belonging to the genus, one specimen was seen which identified under C. decaulescens V. Krecz. subsp. decaulescens.
Description of the specimen is:
Plant perennial, to 60 cm, caespitose. Rhizome short, covered with grayish scales. Stem erect or ascending, sharply trigonous, winged and sides concave above.
Leaves to 1/2 of stem length, erect; sheaths to 20 cm long, grey-brown, strongly nerved, finally fibrous, margin of scarious side depressed; ligule 0.7 mm long, with arch as high as wide; blades width 2-3 mm, flat, keeled, revolute margins, at both sides papillose. Inflorescence 20-30 × 7-10 mm, head like, compact, dark reddish brown, with 3-5 erect spikes; terminal spike gynecandrous and other spikes female;
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all spikes overlapping or lowest remote with peduncle to 4 mm; bracts shorter or equal to inflorescence, evaginate. Terminal spike 15 × 5-6 mm. Female spikes 8-13 × 3-5 mm, ellipsoid or oblong; glumes 2.5-2.7 × 1.2-1.5 mm, ovate or cymbiform, dark reddish brown, obtuse or acute, often acuminate and with arista, with sides narrowly scarious and involute, apex smooth. Utricles 3-3.5 × 1.5-1.8 mm, ellipsoid, flat or slightly inflated, yellowish brown, shiny, above often papillose; beak to 0.2 mm long, cylindrical, dark brown, emarginated or obscurely bifid. Nut 1.7-1.9 × 0.9 mm, ellipsoid or obovate, trigonous with flat or slightly depressed margins, brown, with stipe to 0.3 mm and style base 0.1 mm, finely reticulate and papillose.
In Flora Iranica No. 173, KUKKONEN (1998) introduced subsp. brunneola Kukkonen from Iran and subsp. alsia (Raymond) Kukkonen from Pakistan, whereas he did not recognize subsp. decaulescens in Flora Iranica area. In Kukkonen's view, most important difference among the subspecies is geographical disjunction although he mentioned their morphological distinctions. The differences are as follows: spike width, female glume length and utricle width are shorter in subsp.
decaulescens comparing to subsp. alsia. Also, diagnostic characters between subsp.
decaulescens and subsp. brunneola are: glumes and spikes dark reddish brown (in subsp. brunneola is brown), utricle and beak are short comparing to subsp.
brunneola.
Habitat: alpine wet meadows (2100-3000 m) General distribution: Central Asia and Iran
Khorasan-e Razavi Province: Mashhad, N. slope of Binaloud, above Zoshk village, 2100-3000 m, Mozaffarian (48846 TARI)
First report of Humicola grisea from Iran. R. ZARE, S. FATEMY and S.M.R.
MOUSAVI. Departments of Botany and Nematology, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection and Azad Islamic University, Marvdasht Branch, Iran
An isolate of Humicola grisea was collected and identified according to BARRON, G.L. (1968, The Genera of Hyphomycetes from Soil. The Williams &
Wilkins Company, USA),DOMSCH, K.H., GAMS, W. & ANDERSON, T.-H.
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(2007, Compendium of Soil Fungi, 2nd ed., IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany).
Colony on MEA attained a diameter of 35 mm after 10 days at 24°C. It was dark olivaceous in centre and lighter towards the margin. Aleurioconidia were dark- brown measuring 12.5-15.5 µm. An isolate of this fungus was obtained from Heterodera schachtii from Mashhad in 2004 and preserved in the culture collection of the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture at the first author's address under IRAN 817 C. Other isolates were collected from rhizosphere and in association with this nematode and also Meloidogyne javanica from Fars Province in 2006. This species is usually regarded as a soil fungus, but its association with the above nematodes may indicate its antimicrobial role against these nematodes which deserves further investigation. DOMSCH et al. (l.c.) report that, this species produces phialides and phialoconidia in addition to aleurioconidia, but according to the same authors and also BARRON (l.c.) the conidial stage is not produced in some isolates. The Iranian isolate also did not produce the conidial stage (Fig. 5). This is the first report of a species of the genus Humicola from Iran.
First report of Penicillium vulpinum from Iran. R. ZARE, Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran
A fungal isolate was collected from a fallen trunk covered with green mould in Shastkola forest (Gorgan, Golestan Province) on 29 Oct. 2006. Based on its morphology and according to DOMSCH, K.H., GAMS, W. & ANDERSON, T.-H.
2007. Compendium of Soil Fungi (2nd ed.) IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany, and SAMSON, R.A. & Frisvad, J.C. 2004. Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: new taxonomic schemes, mycotoxins and other extrolites. Stud. Mycol. 49: 1-174, it was identified as Penicillium vulpinum (Cooke & Massee) Seifert & Samson which is preserved in the culture collection of the Iranian Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture at the author's address under IRAN 1248F. Characteristic features of the species are:
medium-fast growing colony which attains a diameter of 20 mm at 25°C in seven days; terverticillate conidiophores; smooth-walled, ellipsoidal, hyaline to greyish- green conidia measuring 4-4.5 × 3-3.5 µm; cylindrical phialides tapering to a short and narrow neck measuring 8-11 × 2.2-3 µm; cylindrical metulae 9-12 × 2-3 µm;
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clavate, 5-10 mm long, reddish synnemata produced in five days (Fig. 6). Although this is a widespread species, but is not frequently reported. This is the first report of this fungus from Iran.
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