!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
*+
!
*
!
"
! "#
$ %
&"'( )*
+! "#
,$+ +
) ./ 0 :
12 / 4 / 42 5"6 0 :
4 / 7 / 44 (
!"# "$ % &'(
% )*+ , -.
. / .
1 2"
34 5 $ 6%7 89!"
%3 :4
;3<
#
2
=>
89!"
;"&
4 .
%3 &"$ #
=?@5 3 7 A4
=?@B ."
. 89!"
<
834
= C $
#
4
"
89!
D 5 E # F$
7%*( G" *H. 3<
2 4 . *( %
=?
I* 8%
B / ";4 %
( . 3<
% JKL M4 E .
8%
Ephemeroptera N
Trichoptera
Diptera
% OP 6 3<
. K Q"
% 8;<
OR7 <
7 !# &"$ # S .
2"
OR7
<
# O77 T
/
= 5 /
= ." <( V * .
<%4 )
K$
( % 8%E E :4 %;Y
; )
>5 /
>
P<
( 89!" #
? 7 5 ." <(
. 2" J#%
%E :4 N<(
; Z%;!*< :4 )
(FBI 89!" #
? 7 5 # O77
? / D
@5 /
? 8 .
7 %[ ( 8% $ ! \( -E 2. / 8;<K Y 2" <
"
] 83< -E '(
. "% 84 V]
6%7 N! 6 1 ^ L _L ( 8% -E ` 34
J%6% `(
# )R ) G;
( NE
. 8;"E -
<
N%4 *+7 ` ! _3L
M"[7 ) '( -E
%4 .
: 6 N "$% N-E '( NZ%;!*< :4 N&'(
a+K
<
"34%b"&.
* :
: :
E-mail: Bazrafshan1361@gmail.com
*
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7 ...
!
" # $%&' () *+,-
$%&' . /
0" 1 .
# 3
45 ! 5 ! 6
7
8
!# + !9 8:, ;< */=
# !
>? >
!)
! 7 )
Sioli, 1975 .(
- B&'"
,=
C # D &,) ,5 8
!E F
&
8 G + H
*5 ! !E .
/IC- D !
JK5 / +) . L- # / 8&,) H ! M N "+
N L ! + 8 6 # 8
N "+ 8
E
O&- O 8
# N. /
!P 1 > '
*5 QR *' .
*,C O
S
! !! !5 T!
%Q ,K3 4U V+ ! V
*I5
U
!#
. JK5 *5 OW !5 T!
U V
! X- 8*3 8
Y3 H" 85 = *+,- X- *,=
:%&
N ,= 8N *<Z 8
D *
0H 1 <#
) Hynes, 1998 .(
6 <Z
)
&Z (
/ =
$E Z !&'
! ! [\'.
$]&5 "!
!Z ^5 &' .
!= O
V+
O&
"S _ X `
H ! !=
/WK\=
& >
>? >
!" a = .
/
6
"/
/ Z *5&5 b- O
1 *R Z
8!&' !P V
& & <Z
"
cW ! J+. >%.
N + 8
!P &Z VR Z
d !
* ! &Z .
)I3
'% *<"
B
!
"
5 W- _
&'
*I5 !Z cW,
! ) Rosenberg et
al, 1999 )(
Davies, 2001 .(
-eeE ee &'ee ee ee *eeR eeSf ) I" &5 (
/ F"
&e5 e,=
e
<
e
6 eW La 45 8 g
) hiij ( *-0ef (e) .
Oee ee5 ee &ee5 ee<Z (ee&= *ee
8/ &,=
k e 'e H&'e e"
X !e
e e () l
H&'e e eW
*-" () .
,=
m#
e.
8Ve#
ne ) EPT
e &e5 e5 e oe\,& e ce=
Ephemeroptera 8
Plecoptera Trichoptera
(
- *K'
) EPT e o\,& - d -
(Chironomidae ne n 8
p/'e\
/ F"
! . p/'\ n
e e<Z e%K3
ee ee Oee Nee ee\ Nee ee
!ee .
! *5! q& Or s
!e %K3
N <Z f
$ p/'\ n
&
H&' e *eR ea e" te !eP Ve1
!&-"
. 1 u ) vwwx ( !+ D V) "+ 5
OW Pf P :a
*f . O 5
V\R s k
&#-
- W w
*f <Z &5 .
O q&
5 !+ Z
! 8
Pf != 8N *<Z
K3 , Z 1
Z *5 &
:&
P 9Pf (!a *\
*5 O .
Ghanea et al
Sani
!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
**
45
=
]
) vwwk ( 5 *R
/ yK + NP / <#
+
*-0f ()&' .
() vl
*-" a 5 = "
. q&
! + V# !) NP O 8Z *'
Q &! !E (U m\&
*,=
<#
6
! .
5 ? + 45 H E ]
>9 u 5 O +5 5 :
) vwwl z vww{
(
6
"/
*-" () E O .
vv H&'
X"
! ,= &5 D (U
<#
6
VR U 8:5U 8:|- U = E O H&' U
*-" a 5 N ( .
&5 (U 5
<#
6 )
/]&#
(
- d - !) 8p/'\ &' n o\,&
Chironomidae )
(ETP / F"
! .
O q&
5 = O # H&'
=
U U :5 :|- ( H&'
N
= (<
. O / s&
5 O H
(U = # *5 O
<#
6
H&' 5 : / H5f m\&
<#
6 O 8N <# (U (=
'
K5 5
! N *<#
.
R 4 + *'
) hiih ( } N *<Z 5
&' n / # O /
F"
.
&
q
5 Z 8 /
F"
&' n /
JK5 !&
5 &-
>? >
8 B O O, "+
Or K
O *1 5 ! !\Z
+ !E V]
!#
. H p3
Mirzajani et al
Lenz & Rheaume
Doe (Department of Environment Malaysia)
/ F"
p) V
W- 8
*,C /
N "+
! . s&
B JZ
, / F"
V W-
:3 &' n
&5 !
! *I5 *,C !Z cW, )
Ghorbani
& Ahmadi, 2003 .(
Q V+
<Z Z
/= HSf 8! &' 4 5 _
!= " O yK N *<Z
! >s .
5
_ O !R
= Z 8*5 &-0f ()
*<Z 9 Xf
Z L (U O, N 5
_ &'"
" () .
f = 5
d, P Z
! 8 Sf X != C 5
8Z !&-" a
% J :5 :3 $9 3 8
*,C !
*I5
>? >
!&' .
O Or 5
p/'\ &' n
N *<Z ! %K3
:|- H&'
!= O tZ /
F"
! .
8 I H&'
"S _ N W-
!
"
Z != "W *R) 8*-" a
!9 8!&' *I5 !Z cW,
.
%Q 5
!R %+3
&' O H&'
H&' O %+3 P )
f O
*5 ( %+3 !5
! . ] %+3
5
# *5 !<5 vvi
: &\#
La / N.
! /C O
″ hi
′ { ° lj
″ li
′ hv
° lj /+3 +
"
{
′ hi ° {i
"
hh
′ vv {vº
a a .
%+3 O \) X]
# 8*5
V] &5f (+ Nf X
! . 3 cf O xi
!<5 !5 &\#
!5 . K+ (< %+3 a #
*&
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7
...
&-"
&'"
+
vlhii
# 8 &]
h / l !)
!<5 ik
/ i
!) # V# *'
V ) VW v .(
X"
H&' : X"
Xf B H&'
/ F"
! . . vi = H&'
(U K + !
"S _ W-
N 9 X"
! . n = c^5
!
! { / O H&' X"
! . O {
8H&'
/ &' 8f V|- 5
*-0f () H&' W .
*,a
H&' :!=
) v (
*5 ! 9 .
&#-
]- 5
# 8 & 8(<'- V N V
! 8"+
V# 8:\R != V# 8]&]+ *
Xf 8 <# V &' &#- N + #
! .
6
"/
\5
5 g
, )
i
×
i
& &5 (
/ F"
!
) Davies, 2001 .(
!) !\Z 45 !
H 5
) vwjl (
E
) vwx ( H
8*-" a 5
B N *<# O,
&' /
F"
= <Z H&'
8 :|-
p/'\ &' n /
F"
! .
N *<# O,
"S _ ]- 8
&#- :|-
H&' m\&
H
!
"
! . V) ! *5! % c^5
N *<# !&5 :!= N X ) vwxw (EPA,
*-" a '%
.
Surber
Usinger
Chu
Environmental Protection Agency
:5 B O V) vwxx
&Z 45 >\
O'W' ' H p/'\
# Z :\R S'Z
:\R +
s
*- ,5 8 .
/ F"
n
&'
"!
W\ K !!=
&' O Xf
&' 45 W !R& (P N-
:5
vkkx >s
! . f B O
= ,=
"
=
! Z 8 =
VR ,=
N *<Z 8+ "+
. O'W' ,K3 L )
WIDNR (
/ F"
FBI /+5 )
vwkx z vwkh vwxx (
N *<Z
\ g
!E
LK O
Q% . "+
!&f .
V p/'\ B )
vi z
i ( n &5
& *'
*<Z !
*5 "+ ! = N .
= O
/ gg
N *<Z /
F"
.
?
!5 O (=
J5 ' B O
8!&' H /
8! d
5 Ls sW
5 8!&' R& 8!
/
*K' *5 5 E
P :'W / "!
*5 ) Housein Pour, 1995 .(
/ f
&5 E
"!
X 4R
8!
n !
:\R S'Z 1 J5
! + "+
. *5 OW &' n
' (- L- >5 "+ 8" "+
William Hilsenhoff
Wisconsin-Madison
! Bio Monitoring
" Forb
# Family Biotic Index
Illinois
Macro invertebrates
!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
*'
! .
=
&# *5' Z
$Z *?\. V%
:\R S'Z
&'" ! 8!
!&' .
>% !! "+ V% ,
! ) Ahmadi, 1989 .(
! n O a 3
= O
) vi z i (
" *5
"/
\
s ! O, K5R f
*-" a
) Hilsenhoff, 1987 ) (
:!=
h .(
:- ) v ( O,
p/'\ n /
F"
. VR B
=
H
*5 (<&
. VR B :
Heptageniidae Of
!
! / 8*5
+ O *5
VR B Z Chironomidae
:!=
! p/'\ ! k
"+ P VR
+ / O &
! ) Davies,
)(2001 Rosenberg et al, 1999 .(
/ F"
8B O
O 5
<#
6
)
&#
( 5 !
B
! 8
Q = )
v (
% K5R FBI
! .
/
/ ( )
/
/ ( )*+ !"# $ %& $'*+ ,-. 0
/
/1 !"# 23 4
/
/1 ( 9:)5678 23 ;
/
/ ( 9:)9 $<
!"#$ %&' () *"
+, - !"#$ - . *"
/
%0 1 - 2 .
&9
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7 ...
4 5678 9: ;' 2<= 7
!"# $% &'( )* + ,- +9 =* "> 8"> ?7< "% /@/
AB "> 8"> C' +7 /@;/ D7
E
"> 8"> C' /@;/ D7
E "> D F $
. 2G
$= HD /@ /
D7 E
"> 8"> =. 2G F $ I7:J
/
@ /
+7 "> D 9 /@1/
99 +7 "> 8"> 9 7' 1/@
) Q v (
( )( )
[ ]
N n FBI =
∑
TVi i=TV VR B = n
VZ
= N
VZ
!"
6 VZ '%
"/
O <Z H&'
m\&
s
c
-QW ANOVA Z
/ F"
! . Or
YQ5 O, ,
pI&
O V
W- H&'
m\&
s
-QW c ANOVA
/LSD
F"
! .
vl j
e%+3 e<Z &5
e
!
!e . &e5 e Ve Plecoptera
8 Ephemeroptera 8
Trichoptera 8
Diptera 8
Crustacea 8
Gastropodae
! . ee ee yee 8V|ee- ee5 ee- O&ee
Hydropsychae Pe e &5
) Trichoptera (
Heptagenidae
Baetidae e &5
) Ephemeroptera (
!e .
e5 Oe \|e- e-
VW )
h ( *5 ! 9 .
e V]e ) h ( - e
&5
XeZ &'e f V|-
e&-
- ! / &' V|-
e !e . +e
Z Hydropsychae
!e / f
Z
! . ?
!5 + e e- Xe# V
Hyropsychae P !e +e
e e
!ee . eer + O ee
\ee) V ee- ee X Baetidae
Heptagenidae e- e/ V|-
e X *e5 N .
O -
H&' v
h 8&e e- !
H&' l
H&' XZ
{ Xe- q!e e
!ee ee )
VWee l .(
ee ee?
ee
!ee5 ee" 7 ee#
Heptagenidae
Baetidae ee
&aee Xee# *ee\
P
! H&' v
h ! . e !e
! p/'\ :!=
"e+ '
!&' .
!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
&#
V]
)
( U \|- ( Chironomidae
P &5 )
Diptera (
f V|-
e- &'
X
# ! / &' V|-
e !e . Xe#
e/ &' V|- ! e
e >e" e1 !
! !
s & N
" s e
' eP e e
f
! . P ! X &K+
*e5 O]
s p|
0.
!e5 Pe .
U e ( H&'e
ee ! ee H&' l ee- !ee !ee, ee
ee
! ) V]
{ .(
- O X & ! O&-e" ea s
!e e%+3 M/e N'ef VR #0 H&' .
r O
H&' e e e Simulidae
P &5
!
! . #0e e e :!e=
ee VeeR B p/'ee\
k ee ee `|ee&
! . V] # 3 j
!e e 8 !e e\Z e3
! XZ / f V|- <Z - .
e e?
!5 - X ! / %+3
+ O V
- X#
<# V#
e !e .
e5 (eU !e
- 8H&'
<#
H&'e v
e { e- e
X
*5 ) VW x .(
+ V - O X - be X
= *e5 X#
e ef N
*e5 O e
.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
ن ز ر
Hydropsychidae Heptagenidae Beatidae
?8& @A !"#$ : B#C : 2A 4>
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 2 3 4 5
ا ر
( رد دا )زاو
Hydropsychae Betidae Heptagenidae
?8& !"#$ : B#C : 2A D>
&:
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7
...
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ن ز ر
chironomiidae
?8& @A !"#$ : : 2A E >
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5
chironomiidae
?8& !"#$ : : 2A / >
ز اوا
0 200 400 600 800 1000
نز ر
>
F @A !%<= 2A GHI
ز
50 70 90 110 130 150 170
1 2 3 4 5
>
J !%<= 2A GHI
!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
&
ee ee :!ee=
{ ee<Z OHee 'ee% ee 8
) ANOVA
#ee ( ee ee
!ee ee- Oee eeZ 8
eeeee eeeee
Hydropsychae Heptagenidae
Baetidae Chironomidae
eeee& [Qeeee5 w{
%
pI&
, = )
i{
/ i P <
.(
e- Oe +
H
:|-
!e = -I&
.
e pI&e :!e= O
O e H O e e"
e
<# (= m\&
5
*5 &-" a .
5 U !e e e&#- (
- e]
8N
:\R YI VZ W&W+ *!
) V]e k ( V|e-
X# / f
! . 3 eW&W+ *! Z
/ f
jh e & &5 cW hl
N :\R != VZ lw
&+ >" \ v
&+ >" \
!5 .
! &]+ * ] N e Ve# e
%&' Q N :\R !=
$ . + X# V e
O
&#- :&
- = $s X
O ! oa
! . U ! ] ( &#- O )
V]
w (
&
O
H&' l
!e . e O e H&'
%&' VR
# N'f $
/ a .
U ] ( Ve 0eU e y
V] H&' (<'- &
vi vv e9 !e .
f V|- (<'- &
+!e /
e- V X
X# N $s
*5 &- .
Q e]
e
&
w / v { / v
\ + >"
&
e (<'e-
w
/ v jk / v
\ + >"
Xe# &
*e5 e&- .
U ] ( &#- O e
H&' v e { ) o3e
]'
#
( - !
! .
ee ee+ ee
N :ee\R ee Vee#
!ee
! !&' . e3 ef V|e- e#
&'e e
- / V|- X#
X
! . e e+ e
k / h jh /j
\ + >"
&
:e\R e Ve#
N j/
ee
/ v
ee\
+ ee >ee"
ee- ee&
ee X
! ) V]
vh .(
5 U e] (
e &#e- e
#0ee ee
ee H&' l
ee- 5'eeR X
ee
! ) V]
vl .(
e?
e !e5 e- ,= X e e *
- (
"e+ X
e/ V|e- e e
- JK5
+ X
N :\R
!
*5 .
0 20 40 60 80
ن ز ر
EC(m S/cm ) TDS(m g/l)
!"#$ : TDS EC 28@A GHI K>
&;
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7
...
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1 2 3 4 5
EC(m S/cm ) TDS(m g/l)
!"#$ : TDS EC 2> GHI L>
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
ن ز ر
(mg/L)
N P
!"#$ : !N G<A 28@A GHI M>
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1 2 3 4 5
(mgr/L)
N P
!"#$ : !N G<A 2> GHI O>
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
ن ز ر
(mg/l)
TOM TSS
!"#$ : P8 = ;' 2#' = 28@A GHI O4>
!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
&+
0 2 4 6 8
1 2 3 4 5
(mg/l)
TOM TSS
!"#$ : P8 = ;' 2#' = 2> GHI OD>
e !e *e5!
Ve e eW-
N !&5 / '%
) EPA,1997 (
f 8 O
:eKa Va N *<Z ! s ! %+3
! . :!=
j e H O e
ee !ee *ee5!
ee"
ee ee&#- mee\&
- ] :|- H&'e
e % e e
ea '
*ee-"
. ee&
% ee !ee *ee5! q ee
' ee H O
eeee&#-
- eeee]
N ) ANOVA
(LSD 8
!!
K , pI&
) i{
/ i
>
(P O e
! . E "
O V eU H&' V|-
? 9= ' (U O 8! &
s
e, (e< es JK5 89= (U O V\R H&' :|-
.
q&
! *5!
e N e<Z ! e/
Fe"
p/'\ n :!e=
e l
e9 !e . U e ( ]
H&' p/'\ n l
e
&
O
) l /
( e e
!e . e O e VeR H&'
V X R Q N'f
H !e e# 8
U JK5 " d <Z (&=
e%
e >
"+
. n
e ef V|- p/'\
- !/
# 8 e
e e ! + e de V
eH
"
"+ >%
! Simulidae !e
. e5
U ] ( ne e
&' e 8p/'e\
'e e%+3 e N O&-" a !
Mef
*5 .
&
- O
<#
)
&
( &5 y
*e5 Pe e
&e5 O e
:!e=
VR B
!e p/'\
`|e& e e
=
"
"+ '
!&' .
D
!%
5678 9: Q 1 R
/ / / / /
E
!%
@A 5678 9: Q 1
!"
/ / /
&
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7
...
5 _ QR *' >\ !
!
*,C 8d #
D K\= 8( 8
"
I5 %a "+ *
NP J| 8E 8/ 8
! . n g
,C ]- (<) !# c],
*
& >
*' 4R
! . O
= *,C
1 8 0" (U OE $ \,- 0"
Ls
0"1 "+
/f QR *' !
) Ahmadi, 1989 . (
) hiih ( 5 _ # 8! !#
- L
" \#
*,K3 " =
V%& 1 s&
|
*5 QR m\&
. O
!) <# &]
! .
V
1
V
"S _ 8N ]-
&' c= N o 8N *5
! . LQa
' <# D - 4 O
!&' 1 .
!
"
QR 4 V
N W-
L= VR
8*5 !< ' <Z
< ' (
<# D - y
- 4 ]
*5 $%&' yK N .
>P
# *5
* ?
- ] N
?R+ ()
# *5 O n
&' 5
a
8! &-"
>! %5
,C
:& &0" *
"+
! # *K1
O LQa
8 + B O
?R
>!
H&'K Q
s .
n
& p/'\
! (K5R s
,=
<# (= *
*5!
! . $#
O
Indicator
Mirdar
Punctual
Continuous
= R (
V) 84
(! 4
"+?
H V X
R Q ?R+
*5 .
&#- V%
- ]
&R H
( ?R+
*5 Xf cf . ) 0+
O
"
!
!]
H&'K Q H
# ! &
&#- - ]
?R+ () N
f
f ) { 1 K]
$]&5 l (
! ) Ghanea et al, 2006 .(
E"
V :|- W-
H&'
! ? m\&
! Z U .
!
H&' Z N + h
w / l l /
+ >" \
H&' &
l / V|- !5
&
O :3
, jh /j >" \
&+
!5 ) V]
vh vl ( &Z- 8
Z N &
8! XZ / f V|-
(< ? ,
H&' V|-
m\&
!
! ) :!=
j .(
K U 9 O
!
H *5
/ ]
= *+
,
# O
<
/ 8N *
|
- ] <&#
. N (<'- &
*5 & 5'R XZ f '% / V|- ) V]
vi .(
XZ O \) V+
X- l
N s& %+3 N
/ p
5 5
X# 8H
N'f
#
&
X# s
+,- D O
* /
f *K' . r ?& O
- 8
X
N ' X%
Pf
! & N .
q&
! *5!
5 <Z
! Z
%+3 <Z != J+. *,=
Baetidae 8
Hydropsychae
Heptagenidae
Z ! VW H
! ( )
V]
h .(
,= J\. / V|-
* Hydropsychae
!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
&*
!K +
V ,= 0+ 8!
* X# O
HE
! . ,=
/ &5 *
+ - V X - / V|- N
X
! ) V]
h .(
r -3 O
- P
5 O
H&' h
+ V X# V X
R Q
*5 ) V]
l .(
:, 3 /
& - &< . 4R J5 &' 4 $/ " /E (
Plecoptera 8
Ephemeroptera 8
Trichoptera Diptera
= .
0+
&5 %+3 J5 4 V+
!
O
!
! . s& OE
+
W\+!K ""
) vwwj ( W La u
) hiij (
! *5! I" &5 -E .
O
E H ! :5 Bass
vww{
Hynes
:5 vwwx ( *K+.
4
'
! %+3 .
q& X Z H
! - 8
Chironomidae 8! X#/ &' V|-
X# O , pI&
) i{
/ i
<
(P
! .
P J\. / V|-
4R ! + !
Z
p|
H
!5 ) V]
.(
U ] (
!
H&' l ! !,
- ) V]
{ .(
O NIC- H&'
/
%+3 M/
, 8!
*5
= X# [Q5 ! N
! . X- O yK
(! O - N + Xf
&
*5 ! )
Kaster, 1989 .(
! P d
*5 N "+ d ! .
W a
I Z !Z >
S'Z 80. *<Z 8+
\= N V
*5 ! *,= 1 .
0+
f H" > *,= X-
*5 O
Shomali & Abdolmaleki
Ghanea et al
X- H NIC- X- :K! %+3 ,= 8P 0U C
* O H&'
l cf B&'"
*5 &- )
V]
j .(
Z ! / f ( -
! ) V]
j .(
$/
<Z *,= XZ V+ O
*5 / %+3 N *5 $s 8 X- .
s& OE cW
f O' )
vww
( 5 _
*5! I" 'f N5
. *5 p| \|- /I5 I" f V|-
<# ! &' JK5 V O
. + #
*5 *+ O c] %+3 .
%+3
p N V+ /
&
O !5
) lh J,]&
1 ( = &' f
Z
! ) { 1 J,]&
.(
5], yK O
O -
<#
8=
- (! X
= - 8
<#
X#
*5 &- .
-
<#
%+3 *5P H&' )
H&' v
( f
*5 O
) H&' l
!, ( - X ! ) V]
x .(
+ #
\) V
- X# 8 b X
= *5 J
N
f
% *5 O
*5P '
! .
p/'\ n ! *5! N *<#
H&'
:|-
% J '] !
!
N ! N ' *<#
! ) :!=
l
.(
O
*+
"
_ !) ]-
! . q& O 5
_
I
) hii{
(
W La )
hiij ( I" &5 -E
!
! .
! *5! q& Z ! ?I
|
- :|- <Z &5 W H&'
m\&
\#
! . 3 Z H&'
l
%&' VR #
%+3 M/ N'f $
Housein Pour
Mollazade
&&
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7
...
! V 1& La X
R Q '
- JK5 # *5
- X
"
+ >%
"
K' X#
-
<# V#
*K'
H&'
f O . + N ' *<Z ! : O
Pf V !! Z 8$&' N
,C
J5 *
! 8 3 # H&'
!,
&/ N *<Z q!
.
= N P $s &K+
! 1 !& "+ *K' .
!
*5' ! (U
=
<#
*K'
#
<
\# * 8N *K'
4
! *5!
F
&#-
- ]
! .
W s&
>? >
! "+
*5 Z U W n !R t
45 ! !E (U O 8! s ,=
<#
)
&
( W / &,= &5
.
5 O %+3 $+5 J5 *,C "
8*5 3
# n
& *'
V -
] N ! J\Q O
!
>? >
! = + 8*' != Q b,
$Z
<#
,= ! () Z :& 8
*
Z5 / ,5 8!
&,) ( C
8 NIC- $%&' ! Q
!=
>? >
! .
r ,+Q O O
X%
"/
<#
/ *I5 O,
V W-
oa ,+Q !
! .
= E O Sf !
5 _ 0"1 5 #
!
>? >
T!
8!
! . r O
f / OE 5 _ f () X
&'
9
/
VR # 6
/ N'f
H 8
&,) = !&'
! . &5 O
&
q ! *5 ()
5
#
<
N *
f f
! >s
&
= / F"
a .
/ : 1 " !('
!"#$ : !%<S .
27 TU- !
0 !* - VQ -
#$%
F
&"'
/
<
P / / Hydropsychae**
/
<
P /
Chironomidae**
/
>
P
/ Aselidae
/
>
P / / Sericostomatidae
/
>
P / Simulidae
/
>
P /
Planorbidae
/
>
P / Branchycentropidae
/
>
P /
Perlidae
/
<
P / Baetidae**
/
<
P / Heptagenidae**
!"
# $%
#&' ()
*+
, -.
&'
F 1 " !(' Q
!"#$ : 2%A
#$%
F
'
&"
/
>
P /
/ EC
/
>
P /
/ TDS
/
>
P /
/ T
/
>
P /
/ pH
/
>
P /
/ N
/
>
P / /
P
/
>
P /
/ TOM
/
>
P /
/ TSS
1- Ahmadi, M.R., 1989. Study of Polluted waters classification and applications. Journal of Natural Recourses 43, 34-52.
2- Bass, D., 1995. Species composition of aquatic macro benthic and environmental conditions in cucumber Creek. Proceeding Okla Science 75, 39- 44.
3- Chu, H.F., 1947. How to Know the Immature Insects. W. M. C. Brown company publisher, 85p.
4- Davies, A., 2001. The use and limits of various methods of sampling and interpretation of benthic macro invertebrates. Journal of Limnology 60, 1- 6.
5- DOE (Department of Environment Malaysia)., 2002. Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2001. Department of Environment, Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment Malaysia, 567pp.
6- Environmental Protection Agency., 1979. Water Quality criteria, availability federal register 44, 43684p.
7- Esmaili Sari, E., 2002. Pollutant, Sanitary and Standards in Environment. Tarbiat Modares Press, 357 pp.
8- Ghanea, A., and colleagues., 2006. Bio assessment of Jafrood river(Guilan Province) utilizing macro invertebrates community structures. Journal of Agricultural Science and technologies 1, 247- 258.
9- Ghorbani Vaghei, R., Ahmadi, M.R., 2003. The comparison of diversity and abundance of macrozoobentos in three farms of Chinese carps in Guilan province. Journal of Pajouhesh &
Sazandegi 74, 58- 66.
10- Gorjipour. A., 2007. Limnological investigation of Zohreh river. Journal of Pajouhesh &
Sazandgi 74, 105- 110.
11- Hilsenhoff, W.L, 1988. Rapid field Assessment for organic pollution with a family level Bibotic index. Journal of North American Benthology Society 7, 65- 68.
'9
/0 1 2(3 4 5, 6 7 ...
12- Housein Pour, N., 1995. Assessment macrozoobenthos recourses of Siabdarvishan and Pasikhan river. Journal of Shilate Iran 4, 43- 54.
13- Hynes, K.E., 1998. Benthic Macro Invertebrates Diversity and Biotic Indices for Monitoring of 5 Urban and Urbanizing Lakes within the Halifax Regional Municipality HRM Soil and Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax. Nova Scotia, Canada, 340p.
14- Kaster, J.L., 1989; Aquatic Oligochaete Biology IV. Kluver . Academic Publishers, Dordrecht & Boston & London, 252 P.
15- Lenz. B.N., & Rheum. S.J., 1995. Benthic Invertebrates of Fixed Sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, US Geological Survey Water-Resource Investigation Report, 5-4211-D, Middleton, Wisconsin, 2000P.
16- Mirdar, J., 2002. Identified, determination of intensity and diversity macrozoobenthos of north estuary (Boshehr Province). M.Sc. Thesis. Natural Recourses Faculty. University of Tehran, 87pp.
17- Mirzajani, A., and colleagues., 1998. Macro invertebrates of Anzali wetland and relative to sediment organic matters. Journal of Shilate Iran 7, 102- 83pp.
18- Mollazade, N., 2005. Definition of water quality of Haraz river via hilsenhoff bioandicator and physicochemical factors. M.Sc. thesis. Faculty of natural and sea science, Tarbiat Modarress University, 74pp.
19- Rosenberg, D. M., and collogues., 1999. Protocols for Measuring Biodiversity: Benthic macro Invertebrates in Freshwaters. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 42p.
20- Sani, H., 1996. Assessment of trout aquaculture waste water impacts on purification of Do- Hezar River(Tonekabon). M.Sc. thesis. Natural Resources Faculty. University of Tehran. 94pp.
21- Shomali, M.M., and Abdolmaleki, S., 1996. The Report of Assessments Biotic and Abiotic of Gorganrood River. Research Center of Guilan Fisheries, Bandaranzali, 213p.
22- Sioli, H., 1975. Tropical Rivers as Expressions of their Terrestrial Environments, Trend in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research. Springer-Verlag Pub, New York, 438p.
23- Usinger, R. L., 1963. Aquatic Insects of California. University of California press, USA, 456p.
91 - 75 . pp , 2010 , 1 . No , 63 . Vol , Iranian Journal of Natural Resources ,
Natural Environmental Journal of
91
Study of the Effect of Benthic Community Structure of Taleghan River on the Determination of Water Quality
M. Mahdavi1, O. Bazrafshan*2, A. Javanshir3, R. Mousavi Nodushani4 and M. Babapour5
1 Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
2 PhD Student, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Draband, I.R. Iran
5 MSc Student, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran (Received: 17 November 2007, Accepted: 29 June 2009)
Abstract
The healthy condition of the Taleghan River in upstream of the Taleghan dam was studied in order to better understanding the role of benthic invertebrate bio-purification faced to waste water inflows to the river in several parts. Sampling was started from the fall of 2005 and continued to the winter of 2006. In this way, five stations were selected using a pre-sampling strategy based on similarity and dissimilarity coefficients among stations, consisted of 10 sampling points along the river was carried out. The stations 1 and 2 are situated before station 3, where the waste water of Shahrak town enters directly to the river flow.
Stations 4 and 5 are located after the entrance of the waste water. Distance between stations remaining constant of 1 Km. All of 13 families belonging to 6 orders were then determined consisted of insect larvae among them Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera were dominant and omnipresent. The results showed significant fluctuations of nitrogen compounds from fall to spring passing by winter. Nitrogen pollutant compounds decreased from 1.9 to 1.5 mg.L-1. Chironomids worms as indicators of high trophic current water decreased significantly (P<0.05) from station 3 to 5. Parallel to this reduction of polluted indicators ,the healthy state of the river increased in Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index (FBI). The index was ameliorated from the entrance of Shahrak town waste water from 4.3 to 3.85. Both of these values indicate high qualities but smooth amelioration of the quality. This work consider that the healthy state of the Taleghan river is not in high risks of quality in the moment, but could be easily balanced to poor qualities, if human activities around this basin do not take in account purification plants before rejection to the river.
Keywords: Hilsenhoff Index, Water quality, River Bio-Purification, Benthic Community, Physico- chemical parameters
*Corresponding author: Tel: +98 261 2223044 , Fax: +98 261 2249313 , E-mail: Bazrafshan1361@gmail.com