بررسی کلنیزاسیون ریشه کلزا توسط باکتری Pseudomonas fluorescens استرین UTPF86 و تأثیر قارچ Rhizoctonia solani بر آن

: *

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#$%&

: 26091100 -

E-mail: ahmadz@ut.ac.ir 0912

Pseudomonas fluorescens

UTPF86 Rhizoctonia solani

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& 23 & 23 (

)

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Pseudomonas fluorescens S

UTPF86

U

V H W

Rhizoctonia solani AG-4

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N" 3 -( YZ" [ 14

! S A \B ']

! "

43 C H

.

! S 14

?3 ^ " S

UTPF86S

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G

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4H

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C S .

S

dX " FB e A

V H WU

R. solani

> ?

&

A! A

#"

@ (

UTPF86S

>3 F

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& > ? A

G A \B

>3 F

g 43

b '] b A \B

+ >

< ( ( A! 4

10⁷

× 52 / 2 A!

10¹⁰

× 81 / 2 10¹⁰

× 07 / 7 10⁸

× 9 / 4 10⁸

× 81 / 2

WU A b C B

C P ! .

(<

* =

& > ? : G ! \ > 42 C D S ?, ( N, \" ?

.

"*?"

& ' ( )

* %+

, -+ . /0

1 23 4

* 5

-6 78 9 -:+ 6 .

; ) , < /6 /+ 5=

> < 4

?-@ -: + *6 )

. B ) C -6 78 >

9

:D EF:3 G : H

* : ) 9-:+ 6

; - I )

B ) J /6 K%:L

* ' $& >

* , . , *= .* %+

-$= . )

6 . , *= .* %+

5%< /6 M NJ O /0

)6

& NP ) Q&

**

RS- - 9

$:= + T > <

-:+ 6 .

; ) 6 > < , < /6 /+ 5=

*

?-@ -: +

(Weller, 1988) ) .

> < U%O -6 + /6 /V & 6

G : H

* 5 9 R6 /JW X 3 ,

, *= .* %+

9

;

* 5 9 ) 6 . , *= .* %+

-D 9 5=

[D ' 1 /+

* 5 :6 ( ER! /6 -Y )

* G -B

*

\.

; 9 , H ) . 6

* 9

[: /@6 ' "J @

* ) 6*

.D # Z .* %+

, *=

I= & -$= . G : H > < 4

* 6 Z; + 6 5

* 9

5=

. , *= .* %+

]D -:+ 6 4 9

G : H

* 6 > < 5

* 78

#**"&

+ 2T

V ,

^

* 6 -B ) [%&

) ) -G . 9-:+ 6

; 9

G : H

* 5 -:+ 6 .

; 9

G X-T

* 6 , ;

, :6

B ,

; 9

6 56 ( U=

* G -B

*

\.

; 9 -_

G /0

* , ;

* %+

+ .

6 -[:=

* G %V ;-G

* - 9

(De Weert & Bloemberg, 2006)

.

Schippers et al.

(1987)

/+ , 0

, *= .* %+

D + ) J "D Z; + /6 -Y /0

* 5

6*

-: + )

Bull et al. .

(1991)

` .G )+ ! ;

5=

@3 a N& /+

) :Nb ) 6*

# , *= .* %+

/0

I= & \ G

Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79

6 -: +

* c J B ) 6*

9 3 S -P

Guemunnomyces gramminus

V .

` .G

6 Z; + 5=

* 9 /& 6

* - 9

^ -D L ) -P

6*

Pythium ultimum Trow -G 6

.D Z

, *= .* %+

-:+ 6 I= & /0

Burkholderia 9

cepacia AMMD

^: N ; ) ) "

9 5= /:

(Parke et al., 1990)

.

6 V

* , < /6 -G T :+ D 4

*

@ )

)

&

, *= .* %+

-:+ 6 9 G : H

* 5T& 5 -*PW&

; -(

. )= -6

;

< _! /+ , 0 6 >

* . 9

P. ultimum

3 -$= .

* .D d< 6 Z

, *= .* %+

(Notz et al., 2001) -G

Leben et al. .

(1987)

@3 /@6 ) ) "

9 6

*

#

* , . , *= .* %+

-:=

-:+ 6 #

P. fluorescens M-4 9 9

G

*

U*=

) * 6 _!

*

Verticillium dahliae -G

Kleb.

, 0 .

:

= -6 >1 ! e )

; 9

, *= .* %+

= /0 -:= I= &

-:+ 6 # 9

Bacillus megaterium B153-2-2

6 _!

* -G

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

" V , 0

* -:+ 6 5 9

* , . , *= .* %+

^ ; ) 6 f ( /+

* X 3 .

5 V

g /6 ) "

9 .D Z

(Zheng 5D

& Sinclair, 2000)

.

@ ) "

=

! " #

[T& #

* ] 14

-:=

-:+ 6 # )

Pseudomans fluorescens R. solani f (

-G 6

:= H

AG4 9

.%+ *G 9 9 = V

B%+ /+ $:=

* , 9-:+ 6 5 * G : H 9 ;

-G , -8& ^0 )B .h; *G 8&

* -G / .

$ % &

'#

( $ )*

+

, - .

P. fluorescens

/

0 $ R. solani 1

-6 9

\ Y H #

& Z )

G : H

* : ) 14

-:=

-:+ 6 # )

9 6*

. )

R. solani f (

-

` /6 / L%G I

Maurhofer et al.

(1994)

= -6 ) -G .

# /6 i 2 \-G /

6*

-G

)

, R6

( /6 1 +

* X 3 \-G % , -:=

-G /D j .

h= = I= & /+ .%+ R6

*

-:= ,

#

; 9

G : H

*

" V 6 5

* 5 10⁸ -:+ 6 %=

9 /:0OH

6 , %G

; 9

! 9 /3

f ( /6 JH X 3 2

/3 1

X 3 , -:=

/: + .

H #

?-g UJ ( Z

D 2& MF + )

>

16

&

* ] 14 -:=

-:+ 6 # )

7J = ; )

-:+ 6 ( D 9

f ( ( JH ; )

( D

-:+ 6 9 [(

5D-G \ Y -B& 8o .

G p- 1

* 6 Z; + 1 /q;

* 9 rS

4 -G H-6 /:$;

.

; 9 5= /6 H H Z

) G ' $%& 1

* /q;

;

* G 6 , . )

%<

* /

6*

-G ( .Y&

%T& /

* H >

9 :D-G -(

-G 6 9

&

* s@= #B , H $:= 6 ;

5

%

\ Y .

% ,"

*

/ + &

# 23

$ /

-:= v L: i /6

)

& 6 ) , *= .* %+

C 6

h= = I= & .%+ R6

* , 10⁸ -:+ 6 %=

9

)%*

-:*J 14 -:=

-:+ 6 # )

/ ) -G

, %G

; 9

! 9 X 3 , -:=

/: + .

]Ng -6

Yan et al.`

(2003)

/ G

* - 9 /0

; "6

4 5D-G ' 1 /:$;

. :6 /0

; -V I= &

F , 7

403 RO + I= & rh= /: vH

^6H #+

* - 9

403 .

,H rS g /6

D 2&

) /6

* , . 1

\-G /0

;

#J ,

; 9 250 )%*

-:*J 9

! 9

100 )%*

-:*J -@[ vH , -:=

' /6 /:L 1

5<-= 6 5< = 150

(

* /[

9

^:=

* -B

:D-G -(

. [ 1 )%*

-:*J h= =

* ,

; 9

-6 #J -; >1 ! 9

8&

* -= / /: -6 5(

.

[ 100

* J -B

*

5( -:

; 9 U=

9 T

* I

50+

6 L:

S1 ) -G ZLS .

8^ rS

9

& 6 B 9

27 V / x * %=

' /6 48

` 5< =

9-:+ 6

; y /+ 5D-G ' 1

" V

* -:+ 6 5 9 9 6 /0 . H

?-g UJ ( Z

D 2& MF + )

>

14

&

*

\ Y -B& 8o

5D-G .

; 9 5= /6 H H Z

)

^J

"& 7:

9-:+ 6

; -;

\-G /0 ( .Y&

%T& /

* H >

9

5D-G -(

-G 6 9

&

* , H $:= 6 ;

s@= #B 5

%

\ Y .

$ 4 5

*

/ + &

UTPF86 +

*

/ + 6

UTPF86

# /6

[ i

.%+ R6 \-G 4 9

/6 /:0OH

10⁸

× 1 -:+ 6 %=

9 )%*

-:*J -:=

UTPF86#

100 )%*

-:*J -@[ vH , -:=

' /6 5< = 4

150 (

* /[

9

^:=

*

#J -B

; 9 250

)%*

-:*J 9 /g O .

rh=

1 )%*

-:*J

h= =

* -= /: -6 >1 ! , 9

8& 5(

* /

) -G . [ 100

* J -B

*

5( -:

; 9 -i

/: -6 9

T

* + I

* { 6 ) -G ZLS /6

'

48 5< = 9

27 /V x * %=

& 6 B

8^

9

` ,H rS

5*" V -:+ 6 9

y /+ 5D-G ' 1

" V

* -:+ 6 5 9 9 R6 5=

.

i /6 5= -+| /6 \ C 6

) -:=

-i #

= -6 )

*

" V 4

* 5

* /6 \ ( ,H } [6 , .

8&

* /6 \ [ 5 & / ): H

4*& *6 .

` #

): H 4*& *6 -:&

#*%B*=

>B* $ -%+

$:=

.

4& :6 ) %+

T >1 !

* -:+ 6 & 50+ I 9

5i%O /%!- /6 /%!-

; 9 5 10 5 / 12 20 35 50

70 100 150 S ) S ) : H \ ) 6*

&

* -:& 4

#*%B*=

.

= rh=

) 5i%O /+

100ppm

#

: H ) 6*

&

* Nb& rS v L: 6 /6 ( 4

* 5

,H 5i%O 5i%O #

; 9 K%:L ) C 6 ; (

>B* $ -%+

; /6

*

&-& #

* U 5i%O & ` = #

100ppm

): H 4*& *6

-+ 7; \

(Glandorf

et al., 1992)

. 7'

* / + &

UTPF86

0 / 1

H #

` ]6 @ Z

Yan et al.

(2003)

\ Y

5D-G . h= = I= & .%+ R6

* , 10⁸ -:=

#

UTPF86

/ ) , %G

; ) 8 H X 3 /+

9 110 /V x * %=

/6 ' 4 5< =

J : ) := S -G . /: + 6

(Zheng &

Sinclair, 2000)

. / -6 9 /0

;

&-& /6

* U 7 14 21

28 g 5D-G \ Y R6 5 + "6 )

4 /:$;

" V [

* -:+ 6 5 9 9 /0

* , . , *= .* %+

= -6 -i /0

) -G

^J 9 , *= .* %+

"6 /0 4

/:$;

5= /6 H . H

?-g UJ ( Z

D 2& MF + )

>

4

&

* 16 5D-G \ Y -B&

.

7'

* / + &

UTPF86

89 / 1

-6 9

\ Y H #

` ]Ng :6 Z

Maurhofer

et al.

(1994)

HJ = 9 6 f ( 6 X 3

* . 9

R. solani

5D-G ' 1 .

[%& R6 rh=

*

6 s

h= =

* , 10⁸ := S X 3 /: + .

.

g ) 4

&-& /6 /:$;

* U 7 14 21 28 /6

Yan et al. `

(2003)

/ -6 9 5D-G \ Y

-*PW&

6 _!

* -6 -G

* , . , *= .* %+

Z; +

6*

9

= -6 ) 5D-G -(

. H

?-g UJ ( Z

D 2& MF + )

>

4

&

* 16 5D-G \ Y -B&

.

% : ; .Y&

%T& /

* H >

9 [ /

*

^

* /6 ' $1 #

#B `

) 05 /

P< 0 (

\- $:= 6

SAS .D

5D-G \ Y .

& $1 ) 6 -$1 < /+

*

# 8 H

N& 5 V

< >

9 5 0/ x+

$:=

-G .

A

$ '#

( $ )*

+

< # =

>* ? 1

@ A

! "

R. solani

/

$

>B /+ / G , ; 1

)

= -6 ) -P

-:+ 6 . f ( /6 JH X 3 ;

R. solani

, 0

-:86

# -*PW&

-:= /6 a 6-

UTPF86# )

6 /6 /+

* , . 69 Z; + d< 6 1 6*

9 5N /6

; -G JH

)

b -G .(

% ,"

*

&

/ +

< #

>* ?

; V /+ / G , 1

) ; 0

e : -G

9-:+ 6 ) %+ ` >1 !

9 /:D 9 ;

50+ I*T rS S1

4

# -:0*6 /+ , 0 /:$;

' ( , *= .* %+

# -:= /6 a 6- /0

UTPF86

/6 ( /+ 6

* %+

6 .%+ /0 , .

5*" V 10⁷

× 64 / 6 /0 \-G 9-:+ 6 %=

6

)

a -G .(

a

b c

cdcd de fefeg

fg g g

h

i j j j

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

UTPF86 UTPF75

UTPF18 UTPF83

UTPF54 UTPF82

UTPF63 UTPF59

UTPF24 UTPF76

UTPF68 UTPF5

UTPF61 UTPF84

!"#$

,,B

,C

>B 1 - .%+ /q; *G p- 9 *6 Z; + r = %D x = 9 ; # -:= -P )= -6

V 1 -

= -6 ) ' ( , *= .* %+

/0

; 9 I= & .%+

x =

r = %D

) -:+ 6 # -:=

9-:+ 6 %= 5*" V #*^ * /0 \-G -;

UTPF86 10⁷a

× 64 / 6

UTPF 75 10⁶b

× 21 / 5

UTPF 83 10⁶c

× 1 / 2

UTPF 63 10⁵d

× 15 / 4

UTPF 54 10⁵d

× 21 / 4

UTPF 82 10⁵e

× 07 / 2

UTPF 18 10⁵fe

× 1

UTPF 59 10⁵fe

× 29 / 1

UTPF 24 10⁴fg

× 23 / 8

UTPF 76 10⁴g

× 24 / 5

UTPF 68 10⁴g

× 09 / 4

UTPF 5 10⁴h

× 05 / 2

UTPF 84 10⁴h

× 64 / 1

UTPF 61 10⁴h

× 1

V #: <

*

^

* 5= -B& 8o # .

E -! 6 /+ , := -; <

, 0 , B s@=

5

%

EF:3 #B , H x = -6 ) "

9 .

$ 4

#

*

&

/ + UTPF86

*

/ + #6

UTPF86

:

%+ ` >1 ! e )

9-:+ 6

; 9 /:D

9 T

* + I

* { 6 ) -:+ 6 /+ -+ ~L0 9

6

" V

* 5 10⁷

× 52 / 2 -:+ 6 %=

9 R6 R6 \-G -6

.%+

* %+

. .

7'

* / + &

UTPF86

0 / 1

[ /

*

^

*

#

; 9

5= /6

^J H

9

, *= .* %+

g .%+ /0 )

-+ ~L0 /:$; 8o

" V 7+ -&

* -:+ 6 5 9 g rS )

/:$;

9

.D /i!F >6 ( Z 9

" V 6

* -:+ 6 5 9

10⁷

× 52 / 2 -:+ 6 %=

9 R6 \-G -6 .%+ R6 /+

* %+

/6 .

10⁹

× 16 / 3 -:+ 6 %=

9 9

\-G -;

= .%+ /0

* . -:+ 6 \ /:$; \ & "6 rh=

9

9

" V 7+ -&

* 5 10⁹

× 46 / 4

.D 6

+ Z )

, 0 . 5 RG "6 21

* , . , *= .* %+

-:+ 6 9 -6 9

= .%+ /0

* J . - ) , 0

" V s@=

* 5 10⁹

× 46 / 4 8:

9 /6 \ /:$;

10⁸

× 92 / 8

%[&

*

>

D 5 )

>B 2 .(

7'

* / + &

UTPF86 ! " 89

R. solani

>B /+ / ^ ; 3

) ; 0

/ [ -G

, .*

, *= .* %+

f ( _! .%+ /0

R. solani

)g rS , 0 7

_! 9-:+ 6 5*" V

9 * 6 Z .D -G *6 , 0

, .*

5*" V 9-:+ 6

10⁷

× 52 / 2 /6 R6 9 10¹⁰

× 81 / 2 9

/0

;

*= .%+ 9 .

5 RG rS := # 14

)g 9 /6 9-:+ 6 5*" V 7+ -&

5*" V 6 10¹⁰

× 07 / 7 f ( _!

/0

;

* %+

. . / e : 5= /6 H

)= -6

, *= .* %+

rS 21

>6 ( )J . -*= -^ *6

/i!F /6 5*" V 6 9-:+ 6 5*" V 9

10⁸

× 9 / 4 /: RG rS 5D >*%[&

28 9-:+ 6

/6 JH X 3 :+ .

)= T Z; + 6 5 & *

.%+ /0 \ = /:$; 9 8: 5*" V [ /6 5N

* %+

. 5*" V 6

10⁸

× 81 / 2 9 /0

;

6 -[:=

.

e b a c d

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0 7 14 21 28

8 log cfu/ ml

&DEF7'

)

# (

>B 2 - 9 ^J , *= .* %+

# -:= I= & .%+ /0

UTPF86

9 < I -

)g -G *6 4

/:$;

c d

b a

e

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0 7 14 21 28

8 log cfu/ ml

&DE,I+F7'

)

# (

B >

3 - 9 ^J , *= .* %+

# -:= I= & .%+ /0

UTPF86

_! I -

)g -G *6 4

/:$;

BC

D + 5iD T i /6 )

U=

>6 [ /0

/% !

* G -B

*

\.

; 9 6*

G : H > < -G

* 5

6

3 :6

-[: -$= . .

9-:+ 6

; 9 G : H

* 6 5 /6 (

* %+

, .

/[@

H-D :6 & 6 -$= . 6*

-: +

-Py Z[

9

(De Weert & Bloemberg, $

2006)

&

) -:+ 6 4 9 -6 9 , *= .* %+

/0

-6 \ C a- 9

J "D

* 6 -: + 5

* c J

%< 4

* f ( /

; 9

6*

/6 -G

(Keel & D?efago, 1997) )

.

-6 Z; •S # 9

-:= v L:

-:+ 6 -&-6 # )

= -6 i /6 )

, *= .* %+

H .%+ /0 ' 0

/ L%G 9 J

* -G \ Y / .

: H e / L%G ' 0 9

9 G 6 s@=

) -:= 8o -:+ 6 #

)

>6 [

6 > <

* .

R. solani 9 -:= -+ ~L0

#

; 9

UTPF86

/6

* , . 69

% 6 Z; + d< 6

* 9 -G /+

/i!F >6 ( EF:3 JH ; 6 9

, 0 .

q ;

* : #

* [ /Y /

* , . , *= .* %+

14 -:=

#

- r = %D x =

, 0 / L%G I

-:=

UTPF86 # 9

-&C 6 [ # , *= .* %+

6

" V

* 5 10⁷

× 46 / 6 + 6 %=

-:

9 -6 9

\-G -;

/0

6 .%+

. G /0

* D-€ , ;

*

" 5

* ) -i

* , .

, *= .* %+

.

x =

; 9 5 = %D /0

" V \ G

* 5 10⁵

&

10⁶ -:+ 6 %=

9

\-G -;

/0

* %+

. )

(Vincent et al., 1991) + .

" V

* 5

; 9 /6 ( [ -: + -*PW&

5Nb 9 G

*

6*

-: + )

(Weller et al., 2002) 6 .

-:= v L: rS

-&-6 #

UTPF86

H ' 0

/ L%G 9 8 ) -6 9

= -6 ) , *= .* %+

.%+ /0

5D-G \ Y .

6 )

" V

* 5

* %+

.%+ R6 + .

^ ; , 0 )

-:+ 6 /+

9

" V 6

* 5 10⁸ / )

)

/6 5= ( -G

* , . 10⁷

× 52 / 2 -:+ 6 %=

9

R6 \-G -6 .%+ R6

* %+

. -i /6

)

=

" V Z; + #

* 5 6 5%< /6

*

"& #:D # 9

8J %=

9 -:+ 6 9

& \ <

) G N o 8 H )

-[:=

9 5= R6 .

= -6 )

; 9 / L%G 9 9

* , . , *= .* %+

g ) /:$; 8o

g , 0

)

\ /:$;

, *= .* %+

X 3

<

9 6

* -G /6 g ) "

9

.D

, 0 Z

.

\ = /:$; 5 RG "6 rh=

\ 8o , *= .* %+

=

* J . - ) g )

! 1

/6 ) : ^J ! 9

Z; + /:$; -;

5D . : # e

6 /:D

;

Yan et al. 9

(2003)

5[6 @ 5

. 8 H

" V , 0

* -:+ 6 5 9 g /6 ) "

9

!

2

^J ! "6 7:

28 Z; + 5D

.

: e g /6 Tj

)

-6 5JC

-:= /B

#

UTPF86

)

&

6 3 /6 ) /0

; 9 .%+

* %+

.

/[@

S [6 ,FS .

* /+ o-; +

&

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. REFERENCES

1. Bull, C. T., Weller, D. M. & Thomashow, L. S. (1991). Relationship between root colonization and suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by Pseudomanas fluorescens strain 2-79.

Phytopathology, 81, 954-959.

2. Chabot, R., Antoun, H., Klopper, J. W. & Beauchamp, C. J. (1996). Root colonization of maize and lettuce by bioluminescent Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 2767-2772.

3. Chin-A-Woeng, T. F. C., van den Broek, D., Lugtenberg, B. J. J. & Bloemberg, G. V. (2005). The Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 sigma regulator psrA represses the production of the metabolite phenazine-1-carboxamide. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 18, 244-253.

4. De Weert, S. & Bloemberg, G. V. (2006). Rhizosphere competence and the role of root colonization in biocontral. In: S. Gnanamanickam (Ed.), Plant-Associated Bacteria, (pp. 317-333). Springer.

5. Glandorf, D. C. M., Brand, I., Bakker, P. A. H. M. & Schippers, B. (1992). Stability of rifampicin resistance as a marker for root colonization studies of Pseudomonas putida in the field. Plant and Soil, 147, 135-142.

6. Keel, C. & D?efago, G. (1997). Interactions between beneficial soil bacteria and root pathogens:

Mechanisms and ecological impact. In: A. C. Gange and V. K. Brown (Eds.), Multitrophic Interactions in Terrestrial Systems. (P. 27-46). Blackwell Scientific Publishers, London.

7. Leben, S. D., Wadi, J. A. & Easton, G. D. (1987). Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens on potato plant growth and control of Verticillium dahliae.Phytopathology, 77, 1592-1595.

8. Maurhofer, M., Keel, C., Haas, D. & D?efago, G. (1994). Influence of plant species on disease suppression by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 with enhanced production. Plant Pathology, 44, 40-50.

9. Notz, R., Maurhofer, M., Schnider-Keel, U., Duffy, B., Haas, D. & D?efago, G. (2001). Biotic factors affecting expression of the 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol biosynthesis gene phlA in Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain CHA0 in the rhizosphere. Phytopathology, 91, 873-881.

10. Parke, J. L. (1990). Pupulation dynamics of Pseudomonas cepacia in the pea spermosphere in relation to biocontrol of Pythium.Phytopothology, 80, 1307-1311.

11. Picard, C. F. D., Cello, I., Ventura, M., Fani, R. & Guckert, A. (2000). Frequency and biodiversity of 2,4-diacetyphloroglucinol production bacteria isolated from the maize rhizosphere at different stages of plant growth. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 948-955.

12. Schippers, B., Bakker, A. W. & Bakker, P. A. H. M. (1987). Interactions of deleterious and beneficial rhizosphere microrganisms and the effect of cropping practices. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 25, 339-358.

13. Vincent, M. N., Harrison, L. A., Brackin, J., Kovacevich, P., Mukerji, P., Weller, D. M. & Pierson, E. A.

(1991). Genetic analysis of the antifungal activity of a soil-borne Pseudomonas aureofacience strain.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 2928-2934.

14. Weller, D. M. (1983). Colonization of wheat roots by fluorescent pseudomonad suppressive to take-all.

Phytopathology, 73, 1548-1553.

15. Weller, D. M. (1988). Biological control of soil borne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria.

Annual Review of Phytopathology, 26, 379-407.

16. Weller, D. M., Raaijmakers, J. M., McSpadden Gardener, B. B. & Thomashow, L. S. (2002). Microbial populations responsible for specific soil suppressiveness to plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 40, 309-348.

17. Yan, Z., Reddy, M. S. & Kloepper, J. W. (2003). Survival and colonization of rhizobacteria in a tomato transplant system. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 49, 383-389.

18. Zheng, X. Y. & Sinclair, J. B. (2000). The effects of traits of Bacillus megaterium on seed and root colonization and their correlation with the suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot of soybean. Biocontrol, 45, 223-243.