: *
!
"#$%
: 3661843 -
E-mail: [email protected] 0912
Rhizobium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
! !
*1
#$ % $ &' (
$ *+ 2 3
1 !" # " $%&' ( ')*
+ , "
'- (
.#
/0 1'2* !3 4 /
2 3
%#
7
)
9: ;
: 14 / 2 / 88 - A 'B ; : 24 / 3 / 90 (
- .
#
/0 F 'G % ( 4 H I 3
%J
$ !-
spp. +
Rhizobium
2*
K L $
(AG-4)
Rhizoctonia solani
M N *
G 'O $P+
" 90 ( Q
$ R2G S
!
/ ' !" $J (
O' ' % ! 9 O + ' H T L !I $ + $2U-
# V !
!
# W ': !
# G
! .
% Y
!- $
RH3 $ G!
!"
K L
% Z H[
"
( Q +
9"
.
$ !-
RH4 +
RH3) (RH6 RH6
$ A
% ' Z O'
!
#
+ W ': !
# V !
! ' '& ! .
\%#
&
]
" %#
$ R2G Q H[
$% ^(
# _
$
$ !- +
%
4!"
U
!`
a % U b& "
+
!"
' 9: G L
.
$ !-
RH4 + c: RH5
&
d G ')3 G U
% Z H[
! %"
. + $T G e d
$ !- +
%
%J '%
! ' $ N
U
" 90 Q
9 U $ R2G U
O !
!-
RH3 $ U 80
% a % 'U .
% Y
!+
' $ '
a %
$ !-
Rhizobium +
$ g $
+ U '"
2 S G !" $ 0 c
d
! . T Z Z
$ !- +
% '
' $ !
/:' ( 9 c
# h%J + O'
!
! S
$%: G
! '"
.
#/
0
solani :
Rhizoctonia Rhizobium
a % V'O' d 'O c #
'G % ( 9J
2
( )
*
$+ , ( -
Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (
./
!(
( /0 1 2 1
3 1%4 ( 5 67 "
1 8 .9
(Census of Agriculture, 2005). .
;1< 5 - 3
(*
= 3
>?
3 . 8 1? = !$ @ 5 !
= A "
- 2 % ( !(
* 3 B
* C - C D1 E(
* !FG -
5
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. H I 8
1 .
"
(*
3 )
* ( "
2 1 1345
J % 1=K
3 L 1< 5 5 I 8
MC N1 O
(Etebarian, 2002)
.
! @ 3 G P$?Q
! C "
R + 3 *(
3 G
#$?Q - S
* B 1
* C - D1 E(
C
* B !FG
* C - B !I
* C - T( !9 D1( .
LTU -
(Agrios, 2005) (
Safaee et al..
(1999)
<
- 1(
- G 3 ( V
* 2 8
5 ? A 1C ! 3
W R + 2 + !( 2A AG-4
$ - X 1
D1 !9
C
* ( ) !FG
* . 2 1 .
8 ( , 1(
* R
? 8
% [
* 5 ( X
5 \5
% W !( ]
*
( ) E(
* 5 R/I 8 S !( . 8
1?
( "
* 3
. , 1
(Okhovvat, 1999)
. ] 1( 8
.;A Z8 G
? 2 *) -< - * * 3 G 8 3
1Y + TX9 5 1( !(
)A 2 K 3 ^ V -C
(A -C )A .98 1 5 -_
3 - * 5 1 5 3 =
. 35 98 ^ V
.
/*81% "* K L1` ZG 8 .=@ OT% 5 1
* abc% ^ V .*#*8 2 1(4 ( S !( - *
. B 35 98
8
!$ @ 2A 5 ! -
2 % !(
8 1(
( 31?8 G ( R + 2 + !(
* 8 ( 1?
* G1C 3 C
* G -
8 G 3 (*
d ) e 8
1 . ( X C
* 1 3 31?8 ( G 3
C ? A
* .
!$ @ 5 O
- G . 8
! 8 1?
3 *(
G . !?;1C 1I !@ % .
- 1(
G
. 2 9
8
R. leguminosarum !
Sinorhizobium meliloti Bradyrhizobium
japonicu
b; < !(
* . A
* M 3
$+
* ( !
* G1C 3
I K -
!( a$>?
[ @
Macrophomina3 G
Phoma
Fusarium
!(
8
(Ehteshamul-Haque & ?;
Ghaffar, 1993; Ozkoc & Deliveli, 2001)
.
X
* ,M G - 8
! 5 1C "
31?8 ( G 8 1?
3 *(
G
!(
8 - C
* 1 R : 1( .( I 3 8 ]
1< 5 "GA ) % a
*
*
(Carrillo & Del G ;
Rosario, 1992; Arora et al., 2001)
) %
*
? A - (*
% e*
(Chakraborty & Purkayastha, 1984; G
Ehteshamul-Haque & Ghaffar, 1993)
1c%
e
C
(Siddiqui et al., 2000; Siddiqui & Mahmoud, *
2001)
b) 3 . b
*
?
(Abdelaziz et al., e*
1996)
. .
bc%
*
? S !( 1_ 0 a
* ( - 5 L G !(
1
. !?;1C W
:
1 . 1(
- 1*fg%
31?8 ( G 3
Rhizobium [ @ 1(
3
R. solaniH I 1
5A J G h9 -
2 . 1(
- V1( 2 % -
! @ 3 G 1
Rhizobium -
) % spp.
* ( ? .*) G 3 K I _ -
1 J
5A G h9 -
3 . 1(
- 1*fg%
%
* ( E(
31?8 ( G
Rhizobium 3
spp.
8 ( 1?
* 3
1 1S
! Q$C J
$ 3 4
>% a*bc% "
i B
! @
!( a$>? , *( M
! C
R. etli (RH5) 3 G
R. leguminosarum bv.
phaseoli (RH3, RH4, RH6,RH7)
H I
(*
(AG-4) 1C
R. solani
8 ( !
* M - 2A 3 ( )
*
/f !(
* (
* ( ) E( M
*
$C jI M/
-
(Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Goli)
1I #?
.;1C .
! @ 3 G ( M
* ( H I ,
* ( ) E( 1C
*
%1% !(
* bc% ! k 5 ]
*
V b
^ 2 1=% \A
9K I 2 * X$8 -
1C
*C -X MB .+ 5 1C
1B % / lTW [
8 5 9 3 /< m(
*
>
- h9
2 1=%
.;
.
! " # !$
% $ ! "
&
'(
) O a( 7
Hagedorn et al.
(1989)
1?8 ( 3 G
!(
! W
!7b 3
!$W ; ( 5
/ 0 -?
1?
!/) 5
e?9%
3 G 1?B 3 0 3 c
*
PDAJ 8 .9 .
48
>( .+
e e ( H I 2 @ ! C1B 5
* 1C
1 8 M e?9%
3 G 1?B 3 1I .
1?B 3 G
R = % -X
H I 2 @ ! C1B 5
R. solani
.c%
Jo 1 X ( 2 . e?9%
3 G 1?B 3 3 26
!@
p * $ X
=h % ( 3
. 1(
3 b
!
C 5 ( I -
! @ G 5 R/I
* 2
!( H I !
1?B !/) 3
!$W ; G 8
$ - 31?8 ( G H I ! C1B %
5 31*C
* h
* 2 5A p 1( = A "
X
"
?0 67 1
% ( X 1h b 1C ! . 5A Z
l1< ]) I rT 8
; `%
-
% ! X .;1C , Y 1 .
(
* ( + ! , *
!- . $
/ (
!0 1
1(
3 1(
- ) % 2 %
*
* J % ;
! @ 3 G
( M
* 5A , O 5 Z
Alexander & Zuberer
(1991)
#?
. c
*
CAS J - CA e?9%
3 G
1?B 3
! -?
31?
5 % m B
.*$
G J % e
1. Potato dextrose agare 2. Chrome azurol S
5 t ) 8 .9 24
!?+
31?8 ( G W !(
!7b 3
b$%
* 6 . 31?B G 3 27
!@
p * $
X
=h % ( 3
. Y !) G 17I ./
- L 1<
31?8 ( G 17I !(
8
$ - 31?8 ( G 5 ! ) ?
-
1(
-
* h
* ( !/ c 5 ! "
X 1h
b 1C ! . 1( S !(
- ) % 2 %
* M A 5 % 1B j
J % 31?8 ( G c 5
*
SMA J ) 15 B ,1C
* 1
5 / 0 1 Q `+ ,1C 13
/ 9 CA ,1C e
)*
\A 1?
17b ( 8 .9
!7b 3 31?8 ( G 3 c "
* a( 7 J
et al. O
Maurhofer (1995)
#?
. 9%
*X R
( !) G
* L 1< u 1 8
$ - 31?8 ( G ) >; ! 9
* .
. = A 5 % 1B .
17I !( !) G 17I ./
8
$ - ( 8 1?
3
5 31*C .
G *) % 2 % "**>%
* 2d
*
*
(HCN)
J % lTW O 5 #? (
Alstrom
& Burns (1989)
1C , Y .
" !(
c 5 S
* J
*8 u (
(KB) - 0 3 4 / 4 ,1C TC
* ) 1G "
* 1?
c
* J 8 EU G 3
; W - 1 L1> $c !( !?9UA 8
]
5 8 (1 j
* B X*
1 e 5 / 0
%
#?
.
e?9%
3 G 1?B 3
; B J %
*
2 j$
X 1I % ( .
) % W
* G
* 2d
*
* 8
; W EU - ) u 5 L1> !( !?9UA
*
!( 5 !
8
(I),1
=I 3
"
=I (II)
3
%
*
(III) 1 1@A 3
v%
**
u 1 - (IV)
( .
"
Z 5A G l1< ]) I
rT 8
; `%
-
% ! X
.;1C , Y 1
* h
*
"
G 2 5A p 1(
X
?0 67 "
1
% (
X b 1h 1C ! .
"2 3
G E(
3 ( )
*
$C jI -
I ! !(
* ( !b
G
* w 8 1$
. j 5 / 2
#+ _ W -
c7 -
1? 17b \A ( =K [w
!? R
.
!(
M G S -
C =x
*
!( E( G !FG 48
1( .+
3 c
*
WA J 1
% J -X
X % ( 3
26 p * $ !@
=h 3
%
!9 1G x !K .
!?9UA S !(
5 3
!( E(
! @ 3 G C ? A
*
O 5 .
Weller & Cook
1. Skim milk agar 2. Water agar (1986)
( 8 - v%
**
#? 1 .
1(
3 S "
e
5 t ) 8 .9 48 1G !?+
e 5
! @ 3 G ( M
* ,
5A Z 3 c
* J 8
YMA .9 ) 10 ,1C
*
? 1 / 0 ,1C 8 1$
j e 1 Q `+ ,1C
2 / 0
#) ,1C
* M , 5 / 0
# ; ,1C 3
?B
* j
e ,1C 8 (1 8
$
* j 15 CA ,1C e
)*
\A 1?
17b ( T; !(
e G 3 100 -$*
31?*) 0 3 30
-$*
1?*) c 5
*
YMB J
!( Rb?
48
.+
X*
1 X .+1 ( % ( 120
I
*
!b
3 27 p * $ !@
?;1C 1I .
$ 3 G
( 8 1?
- 1? 5 #? ( d #
) !(
10 I
*
!b
6000g
(
$c ( ( \
e
;
* M d ) e I ( m; S !(
* EU $c
-
9?
.
$ 3 G ( 8 1?
- 1? ( Y d #
5 5 @ $c "
3 w
* ) $ 2 - 5
> @ ( = A
* . 109
× 1
$c e
W 8 (1 8 -
?
*
=% M) $ R
*
! . ( ) E(
* w 2 2 *
3 G
( 8 1?
-
!( [w !?Q
e .+
3
X*
.+1 ( 1 70
I
* !b 3
1I z %
?;1C .
% E(
*
$c 2 G
e W
8 (1 8 -
?
* ( I ; M) $ R 8
1?
3 !< U .
E(
1@ {1> !?9UA G 2
3 1?
9V G R e
.
=%
*
! b$% !
* H I 6
R. solani
O a( 7
Pal et
al.
(2001)
W .;1C
" !(
i B S e
5
8
I 5 ! .9
( H
* 1C 3 c
*
PDA J e
") 500 -$*
31?*) 0 3 4 D1( B ,1C
!9
( )
* 100 V 25 E( ,1C
*
% ( V [
8 T
1I .
!?#G !( ") 3
27
p * $ !@
X 1I % ( .
1VA
5 ,1C b$% !
* 5 !( RW 0 6 3
e
*8 V ,1C $
^
) %
* 1C !; _ M E( + ! 2 $C 1G
% ! ( X l1< ]) I 1 rT 8
; `%
- 8
!?
.
W `V
*
;
* M X
*
* - V
^ 5A
Z
@ 1
. A
.
3. Yeast mannitol agar 4. Yeast mannitol broth
@ 1 - W `V
*
;
* M X
*
* - V
^
#?
.
.; ( V PH ^
EC (ds/m) O.C
(%) N
(%) T.N.V
(%) P
(mg/Kg) K
(mg/Kg) Fe
(mg/Kg) Zn
(mg/Kg)
) - 6 / 7 4 / 1 6
/ 0 05 / 0 12
9 180
3 8
/ 0
2 $C W !( G e
5
* (A 4 ( 5 2
* 3
- .
!?#G ! 5 >(
!9 T !( G 5 .
\A 1
( !?
* 3 p 1( = A v% O
**
1
Kim et al. !?;
(1997)
5 ( - .;1C 1I .
b
* p G - 5 W !(
.;1C , Y 1 .
1#W
= C
* G 2 ( j) 2 G
* T+ } C )A j -
1
= 8 5 1?
10
% ( . )A !9 e
=I jV5 3
< !( !?V \ ?;A 8
5 1?
e -?
1?
3
!I <
. 2
= (*
5 1?9 10
% )A !9 jV5 ! % ( .
=I 3
< !( !?V \ ?;A 8
5 1?
e -?
1?
3
!I <
.
3
= 8 5 1?
20
%
=I jV5 ! ( . )A !9 3
! % < !( !?V \ ?;A -?
1?
3
!I <
.
4
= (*
5 1?9 20
% jV5 ! ( . )A !9
=I 3
% !?V \ ?;A
* w e*
( < !(
* 5 1?9
! -?
1?
3
!I <
.
5
= C D1
*
V 5 2 A 5 [B !FG
^
(Postemergence)
C <
*
!FG 8 i B 5 1?
-?
1?
. .
6
= B
* C - E(
C D1
* 5 2 A 5 R/I !FG
V
(Preemergence) ^ .
5 100
3
1 ×
= ==× m
) n DI (
% i
m i
( ~V
*
(DI) 3 5 #? ( W ] 01(
5 1;
1C !/ c 1 8
! - 2 % ( 8 j 8 5 2A 2 1
+ 100 W 8 ( 1?
* 3 !/ c .
ni
: C )A ~V -
C
*
!FG
:I
C
*
!FG
:m
C >%
*
!FG G 3
% X 1
1. Disease index
2 # 4 5 bc%
* b 1_ 0 a
!
* h
*
#W "
5 ( - 5A K 2 5A O !( ! Q$C h9
! 3 X
%1% !( "
*
?0 67 ] )
01 /
PG 0 (
) 05 /
PG 0 ( A l1< ]) I 3
rT 8
; `%
- (
5 #?
,1 M;
A
MSTAT C 3 )
!Q 2 / 1
h9 .)
* 9
* 2 h ( .;1C , Y
.
56 7
3 G
? !( • (1 i
Z 5A 3 G
!?;1C W
1 5A J h9
%1% !( ! Q$C
*
@ ] 2
)
?0 67 1
(%
@ 3 )
?0 67 5
(%
. 2 9
.
* 2
! @ 3 G 1(
-
@
RH3 ! 5
(*
1?9
% "
- C 5 ( -
2 H I 5
?9%
e 1?B 3
?0 67 ( V1(
1
% (
! @
RH53 G A LT?V RH6
3 - >
3 2 9
)
@ 2 .(
( 1 "
* 1h . ]$7 "
8
!
! @ 3 G
Rhizobium P$?Q b
#$?Q 1 -
5
1%
*8 K I _ / -
) %
* - 8
Arfaoui et al. .
(2006)
2 9 8
! 8
?9% 2 H I ZG e
1?B 3 (
*
!$
! @ 3 G ( 8 1?
- 5A
Z
9%
*X
!) G R C 5 ( -
- 5A 5 8 1% 2 1
*8
% / -
? A 2 K - (*
% e*
M A G j
G 3 MY%
! 8 ) $ -
M A € `Q(
J % 5 % 1B j 31?8 (
G c 2 !(
* J
8 . .9 .
- 1(
3 G
>?
3 2 9 - G 8 ) % !
*
1%
*8 f / _ !
K I - 2 F G
* G ;
? A - (*
% e*
M A G j
G 3 MY%
! 8 (
*
!$
31?8 ( G 3
Rhizobium spp. [ @
!( 1Y 8 1?
(*
G1C 3 K I -
(Ehteshamul-Haque & -
Ghaffar, 1993; Perdomo et al., 1995; Siddiqui et
.
al., 2000)
. bc%
* 1_ 0 a
* M
! @ - G 8 1S 5 !
) %
*
? A - (*
% e*
M A G ( 1%1( 5 % 1B j
= % !
1 5A J
(in vitro) h9
% - (*
1?9 3
C $@
* 1 3
1 2 9 H I 5
! Q$C J
* M
5 1?=(
! @ 3 G ( 1h
* 3 8 1?
8 1
Bardin .
et al.
(2004)
* 2 9 M 8
V1( ! -
! G 3
R. leguminosarum bv. viceae
1( T+
8 1(
!( 2
2 + 8 5
? - M;
Z
* 2 M
! @ 5 - Q
* 9 X I 1
*
% 5 G ( p -
8 ( 1?
* 3 D1
C
* B !FG
*
?
* - Q
*
? G V1( M .
* * 2d *G 5
1% 1h
*8 K I _ / -
.
! - 5 ( , C
! 3 G
*
P. putida 2d
!( 1Y
8 H I 1?
Septoria tritici (Flaishman et .
al., 1996)
. 2 5A 5 RW 0 i ?
*
! 2 % - 8
*) %
5 * * 2d *G
@ i B 31*C
!
- .( f r4 - *( M 5 -V1( !8 8
31?8 ( G 3
*( M 2 % -
*) % - E) HCN
= A 2 %
. *) 31?8 ( G 1I e* d * 3 .
" !( 9
J % ( "*) i ?
Antoun et al.
(1998)
O MC
. 2 9 2 9 0 !8
3
5 W
!
*( M 3 G 2 % -
*) % . HCN
r * f
.*) ( ? " *) % 2 %
(HCN)
@ "*(
! 3 G
2d * - *( M
* . * 2 X M .
(
! C ! 8 3
!
@
RH6 ! 0 5 8 1•
% "
-
@
RH5 ! 5
RI 0
% "
-
) ( V1(
-
!( !@ % (
- 1(
3 G
! Q$C 3 r4 ?0 !?;1C W 1% "
*8 ]
Zb 8 1?
3 8
. 1S H I 1?
5 ( 1
*
"
! @ 3 G I 3
>_
* 5 P 1S "
8 ( 1?
* 3
#%
- >
3 1h G 9 .
;1< 5 -
!( !@ % (
# 1f - G
* 2d
*
* ) ( ? 1(
* d1 j 3
!9
@ 2 -
! @ ! b Z 5A - *( M 3 G
(RH3-RH7)
-C 5 ( !) G 17I "*h * 1S 5 5 % 1B j M A *) % (mm)
) 31?8 ( - $8 17I !( !) G 17I "*h * (
; * )
-) ? 5 ! 31?8 ( - $8 17I !( !) G 17I "*h * (
2d *G * *
@ ( ! 8 1?
3 C 5 ( !) G
(mm)- M A
5 % 1B j
*
;
*
* G
* 2d
33 RH3 /
9 ±0/16A 28
/
2 ±0/10A 08B
/
±0 56 / III 1
67 RH4 /
7 ±0/15B 03
/
2 ±0/08A 09A
/
±0 79 / III 1
07 RH5 /
1 ±0/12D 03
/
0 ±0/005B 11C
/
±0 27 / I 1
33 RH6 /
5 ±0/20C 30
/
2 ±0/07 A 05C
/
±0 32 / IV 1
RH7 67
/
6 ±0/18BC 20
/
2 ±0/08A 06C
/
±0 28 / 1 III
37 LSD / 1 387
/ 0 087
/ 0
( !( 9 L 10
* A LT?V , + 1h 3
?0 67 1
% . .
@ 3 -
! @ 1*fg%
M 3 G Z 5A , *(
(RH3-RH7)
~V !FG *C D1 3 *( 1(
-$C jI *( ) 3 G
H I ‚0
R. solani
! @ 31?8 ( 1? 8 W
3 *(
3 *(
1% 25 - G , 25
!9 1%
e9V 25 , - G 3 G 25
!9 e9V
48 RH3 / 81 11
/
1 ±0/08c 10
/
3 ±0/18b 87
/
0 ±0/06b 30
/
0 ±0/04bc 07
/
0 ±0/008ab
78 RH4 / 77 33
/
1 ±0/11bc 50
/
3 ±0/15a 64
/
0 ±0/09c 35
/
0 ±0/04ab 05
/
0 ±0/004ab
63 RH5 / 79 22
/
1 ±0/09bc 52
/
3 ±0/15a 12
/
1 ±0/10a 39
/
0 ±0/03a 10
/
0 ±0/007a
22 RH6 / 72 67
/
1 ±0/16b 94
/
2 ±0/19bc 95
/
0 ±0/11ab 25
/
0 ±0/02cd 08
/
0 ±0/008ab
93 RH7 / 75 44
/
1 ±0/12bc 11
/
3 ±0/12b 03
/
1 ±0/05ab 30
/
0 ±0/03bc 08
/
0 ±0/006ab
G )A 56
/ 5 67
/
5 ±0/23a 33
/
0 ±0/06d 09
/
0 ±0/01d 04
/
0 ±0/005e 02
/
0 ±0/003b
439 LSD / 0 052
/ 0 105
/ 0 234
/ 0 052
/ 0
?0 67 3 A LT?V , + 1h *( !( 9 L 10 5
% . .
C
(Defago et al., 1990) *
! @
RH6 3 G
!( ./
1
! @ G
% - 8 1?
3 M;
25 Z
, 1%
G 3 G - +1( 2 9 V 5 X
@ [
!
$( I 5 RH5
* ( .
* 1?9 3 5 ( V1( 1S "
)
@ 3
Guerinot .(
(1991)
2 9 8
! 31?8 ( G 3
( M
* -
+ I
- 5
*
% G ; )*
8 .
(1993) Plessner et al.
2 9 8
V1( ! -
! G 3
B. japonicum
5 I
* G ; 3 ) %
* V
* G ; 3 ƒ 1h ( M
8 1?
= 3 V
^
#?
b+ !(
*
= A
% "
- -
% e C„
-
1( ./•
3
\ Q?
"
31?8 ( G 8 + 1?
R
(*
C 1C
* G - M;
$ + Z
X C 1
* 2 G
\ c .
bc%
* 1_ 0 a
*
%1% !( M
* ]
! @ 3 G
( M
*
RH4 - ) % … c) 5 RH3
*
* 5 ;
$( I
* ( .
* 1?9 3 ( V1(
. - 1(
3 G
! Q$C 3
0 jG -8 5 8 A 3 (*
1?9
"
! @ G 8 1?
(*
. 1S 1C
. 1C G 9 8
!
@
!
( M
*
RH5 - ) % 1S 5 !K1C
* -? A e*% *(
G
M A G 5 % 1B j
* 2d
*
*
*
$( I 5 G ;
* .
8 1?
3 !( ./
1
! @ G . % ( V1(
1 ( ! Q$C J
* 3 ( Q(
- 8 1?
1S 5
~V G 3 3 1?=(
? "
* Y
! 1Y . a/<
- 1(
3 G J % !?;1C W
Chakraborty &
Chakraborty (1989)
! G 3 ( M
* - 8
!
!(
!) G
C 5 ( -
>_
*
# - ( H I 5
*
?9% 2 1C e
1?B 3
1Y - X
1c% ( . "
e
* + ; j?
-
C
* ( 1( 1( 2A 5 .S; c !( 1Y
* 1C
0 b
* .b "
! M; !( 1Y G ) % Z
*
;
* ) ? X
*
"
C
* - . Q%
* 5 "
- 8
! h?
-
"
@
!
*
!( M ) "
* . R .
6
? i bc% 5 RW 0
* 0 1_ 0 a -8
% 5 -
! @ 3 G 1 - ( M
* , 8 ( 1?
* d ) e (*
3
B
* C - C D1 E(
*
!FG M 8
?
* - ( )
* . .
2 9 1 "
- G 8
!
! @ 3 G ( M
* - -
%
A 3 M e
@ 5 h
„ 3 R + 2 + !(
(*
8 1?
!( ./
( R + 1
* 8 V1( 1?
( .
4 89! :!
G 5 X 3 5A ,1?c R 1B h9
8 1?
(*
d ) e 1B [ 8 5 9 3 /< m(
*
>
- h9
1@ 2 1=%
3 bc% "
* a - - I 1X9%
1C .
REFERENCES
1. Abdelaziz, R. A., Radwansamir, M. A., Abdel-kader, M. & Barakat, M. A. (1996). Biocontrol of faba bean root-rot using VA mycorrhizae and its effect on biological nitrogen fixation. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology, (31), 273-286.
2. Agrios, G. N. (2005). Plant Pathology. (5th ed.). Academic Press, London.
3. Alexander, D. B. & Zuberer, D. A. (1991). Use of chrome azurol S reagent evaluates siderophore production by rhizosphere bacteria. Biology of Fertility Soils, (12), 39-45.
4. Alstrom, S. & Burns, R. G. (1989). Cyanide production by rhizobacteria as a possible mechanism of plant growth inhibition. Biology of Fertility Soils, (7), 232-238.
5. Antoun, H., Beauchamp, C. J., Goussard, N., Chabot, R. & Lalande, R. (1998). Potential ofRhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on non-legumes: Effect on radishes (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant and soil, (204), 57-67.
6. Arfaoui, A., Sifi, B., Boudabous, A., El Hadrami, I. & Cherif, M. (2006). Identification of Rhizobium isolates possessing antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceris, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpea. Journal of Plant Pathology, (88), 67-75.
7. Arora, N. K., Kang, S. C. & Maheshwari, D. K. (2001). Isolation of siderophores-producing strains of Rhizobium meliloti and their biocontrol potential against Macrophomina phaseolina that causes rot of groundnut. Current Science, (18), 673-677.
8. Bardin, S. D., Huang, H. C., Pinto, J., Amundsen, E. J. & Erickson, R. S. (2004). Biological control of Pythium damping-off of pea and suger beet by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.Canadian Journal of Botany, (3), 291-296.
9. Carrillo, G. C. & Del Rosario, V. M. (1992). Comparative study of siderophore like activity of Rhizobium phaseoli and Pseudomonas fluorescens.Journal of Plant Nutrition, (15), 579-590.
10. The Ministry of Jahad-e Agriculture. (2005). Census of Agriculture. Agricultural Planning Economic and Rural Development Research Institute. Agronomy & Horticulture. 2(1). (In Farsi)
11. Chakraborty, U. & Chakraborty, B. N. (1989). Interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi on pea-affecting disease development and phytoalexin production. Canadian Journal of Botany, (67), 1698-1702.
12. Chakraborty, U. & Purkayastha, R. P. (1984). Role of Rhizobiotoxine in protecting soybean Glycine- Max roots from Macrophomina phaseolina infection. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, (30), 285-289.
13. Defago, G., Berling, C. H., Burger, U., Haas, D., Khar, G., Keel, C., Voisard, C., Wirthener, P. H. &
Wutrich, B. (1990) Suppression of black root rot of tobacco by a Pseudomonas strain. In: D. Hornby (Ed.), Potential application and mechanisms in biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. (pp. 93- 108).
14. Ehteshamul-Haque, S. & Ghaffar, A. (1993). Use of rhizobia in the control of root rot diseases of sunflower, okra, soybean and mungbean. Journal of Phytopathology, (138), 157-163.
15. Etebarian, H. R. (2002). Vegetable diseases and their control. (2nd ed.). Tehran University Press, Iran.
(In Farsi).
16. Flaishman, M. A., Eyal, Z., Zilberstein, A., Voisard, C. & Haas, D. (1996). Suppression of Septoria tritici blotch and leaf rust of wheat by recombinant cyanide-producing strains of Pseudomonas putida.
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, (9), 642-645.
17. Guerinot, M. L. (1991). Iron uptake and metabolism in the rhizobial legume symbioses. Plant and Soil, (130), 199-209.
18. Hagedorn, C., Gould, W. D. & Bardinekkii, T. R. (1989). Rhizobacteria of cotton on their repressi on see dlingdisease pathogens. Applied Environment of Microbiology, (55), 2793-2797.
19. Kim, D. S., Cook, R. J. & Weller, D. M. (1997). Bacillus sp. L324-92 for biological control of three root diseases of wheat grown with reduced tillage. Phytopathology, (87), 551-558.
20. Maurhofer, M., Keel, C., Haas, D. & Defago, G. (1995). Influence of plant species on disease suppression by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 with enhanced production. Plant Pathology, (44), 40-50.
21. Okhovvat, M. (1977). Study the effect of some fungicides on Kühn. Rhizoctonia solani the causal agent of bean seed rot and damping-off. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 13 (1, 2), 1-8. (In Farsi)
22. Ozkoc, I. & Deliveli, M. H. (2001). In vitro inhibition of the mycelial growth of some root rot fungi by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli isolates. Turkish Journal of Biology, (25), 435-445.
23. Pal, K. K., Tilak, K. V. B. R., Saxena, A. K., Dey, R. & Singh, C. S. (2001). Suppression of maize root diseases caused by Macrophomina phaseolina,Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium graminearum by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Microbiology Research, (156), 209-223.
24. Perdomo, F., Echaves, B. R., Ahmed, M. & Schroder, E. C. (1995). In vitro evaluation of bacteria for the biological control of Macrophomina phaseolina. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, (11), 183-185.
25. Plessner, O., Klaptch, T. & Guerinot, M. L. (1993). Siderophore utilization by Bradyrhizobium japonicum.Applied Environment Microbiology, (59), 1688-1690.
26. Safaee, N., Minasian, V., Rahimian, H. & Bani-Hashemi, Z. (1999). Isolation, recognition and study of the pathogenesis of rhizoctonia species from different plants in Khozestan. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 35, 1-8. (In Farsi)
27. Siddiqui, I. A., Ehteshamul-Haque, S., Zaki, M. J. & Ghaffar, A. (2000). Greenhouse evaluation of rhizobia as biocontrol agent of root infecting fungi in Okra. Acta Botanica, (53), 13-22.
28. Siddiqui, Z. A. & Mahmoud, I. (2001). Effects of rhizobacteria and root symbionts on the reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica and growth of chickpea. Bioresource Technology, (79), 41-45.
29. Weller, D. M. & Cook, R. J. (1986). Increased growth of wheat by seed treatment with fluorescent Pseudomonas, and implication of Pythium control. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, (8), 328-334.
