:
; / 4 6 < 1&/ " * 1& 2&
=
, 8
"70 {" 3
$IF 6 NH 3 /MN10 a" b 3 "|u ,0 H# } /
$0 N ,+ N)4 3 N 3 3 . N
$ ,)*> L 4 M*j . $ / ( W3 , > $ x h 3 H8
3 N (
; ,AH "/
S 3 o( ,8 (3 . , [
N 3 & a'4 $*1 Z 3
$0 M10 . ,)*> L 4 N 3.
."Nb Z N c . ,N " N , N N
MOH D ,N% K "2 . F
"N b 3"N>
[ ZN 3 N - iNW ( N 0
iN # N
A%03 O%03
, L !4 3":4 U
4 , [
$ / 9 3 "
N
$2) 3 N ,+ N)4 3 N . "NA N $N 1 ,N03.3"/Z " N% 3 3
&
SN 3 3 N&" C3 N>3 $N S) 0 ~ & , H •€ ."4 ~ L [
,N &3 N 4
Z_4 0 3 &" $H Z 3 : 3 0 S0" H 3 . 3"
[ N 3 N Z 3
S 3 3 &" ,# 03 ,03.3"/ 3 [
$0 N 3 _N 3 M 3 /3 Z 3" H ,( N& N
3 & M 3 /3,)*> L 4 3 S/
[
6?
2 $ C2
M K ,)*> L 4 $0 .3
3. , S S
,8 (3 , H
• 4 S/
] U g U g a" mK • 4
] U g g
[ 3":4 A%03 , C 8 3 [email protected]
S
$ Z <0 S ">
Z N W4 MN10 . G + )4 3 a" b 3 "|u 2 . NHH#
NL 4 a" N b N ,8 (3 C O 03 , K."/ ,A ) 3"/3d 3 3 . S H • d 3 3 ."b . r < ,
N "A 2 [
$N $ xN ZN 3
~ NL &
L 4 $X3 ,)*>
$ iX 3.
" |u4 $20- ,)*> L 4
, , 0 S W>3. Z 3 3
$N# N
$ ."b . 3"/3 C 8 !0 , . H d " % ,8 (3
3"N/3 / H03 4
$ 3 3"> " |u4 S!4 G H
S 3 "4 :%
[ N $N(3 ,0 H# ,b 0 Z
$0 $# ,X 3"
."b 3 3"/3 :H4 Z NH? $N2 3 W4 "A G. _
. .3 .3 S ,%03 Z 3
3 HW :0-
N $ 3 [
"N )W4 $N
,)*> L 4 S G 8'+3 " ,H )
S 3 Z2 C.
"
L 4 G. } > .
"N|3 N N
$ . 3mA
" b !0 ,8 (3 K 3 3 "4
D
Freytag & eta, 2008: x
F[
3. ,&"
" 70 ,8 (3 H V
a3 ‚ Y , t 3 cN 3. N:/$N# NHH#
."b d 3 3 . 3. , 63 i x "A 2 3 :0- , H
S 3 ,8 (3 [
ZN 3 3 .
$ 3"/3"A W4
$ G ,N . N! ~ N& ,N ."b S } 8 iX 3.
. N
3. , 0 T "+ 3 " 3 Z 3 o ƒ3 , & H
."b Z Hj ,N B _43 ,
N /3 [ , N 0
3.
."Nb N} 83 NL 4 . d 3 3 HW $ , & H
$NL L & N N 3"N/3 N
."b 3. (. i K " "A
, & H N 3 ,)*N> NL 4 S :0 $# S 3 ,8 (3
, 2 [
Z 3 Z )4 E 5
. 3"N/3$N# N $ xN ZN 3 N:/ NH 0 N
."b 3. , 0 T "+ 3 $0 Aj ,
, " |u4 3"/3 •3 , & H
„ N0 3mb
."b $0 Aj 3"/3 0 3
, ,
„ HH#
D
McGarty, 2004: 161-162
F[
1. Stereotype 2. Samuel E. Ash
3. Psychological Representation
M K " 70 - c)4" _ " . ,)*> L 4 C :_
.3
$% #
… W)4 .
$ +
, " . † ! ! 3 $ mb , , 8
+ .
$ 3 3 . Z 3
& S 3 3mb"|3. : K ,8 5 3 H8 S 3 "# ‡ _; 3
[
M K . ,)*> L 4
$ .3
- " |uN4 . MN10 . 3 N(. qN 3 ( i ( !0
"+ < " b S 0" 3 ,&" . -
SN 3 [
N:( N%# oN*ƒ
, a'4 M K T "+ 3
."b . C3 >3 "2 . E 0 $0 *
"A 2 $ ,
.
$% # 3 M K
" b 3"> !4 . $ O4 … W)4 . .3 [
$ Nk 3 NH8
M .JK 0 "
, C O03 $H Z 3 $0 * , ,N 8 "N|3h N oN*> . " b
$>'8 &3 , 3"> 3 H
" b D
See: Abrams and Houston, 2006
[F
$ ." 3
$1)+ iX 3.
H N 3 N(. $NW ( "N $N# ,N_ < x .
2 14 " b H
iN1)+ "N 70 , & . _ 3" K , 4 v X& .
. S Z S > ,8 (3
[[[
[
$W ( iW ( . N ? K . E H4"K 3
G. _4 d $# S 3 $ ) ; Z 8
$ C3" ;3 ."Nb . C3 N>3 NA ( . B 1;
N
, # , j j . ,
$ , ,A ) . G ;. ‡ _; 3" a'4 "4 { N 3 NH8
G ."5 3 , :0 S 3 - " mK 0 203
[ . ,)*N> NL 4 3 & a'4 $*1 Z 3
$0 M10
."b Z c3.
" b 3"> MOH . , " , [
T ' M K . ,)*> L 4 .3
C3 N# N " % ,)*> L 4 „S 3 , 3 8 $j 3 "|u
S H( 3 h D
3 " 0 F
„ 3 E Z M10 2
,)*> L 4 " # . " b
1. Prejudice
„S 3 3 $j 4 3"/3 = 3 S W5. Z -
2 .
$X3 ,)*> L 4 " # . " b 3
3 (.
„ 3 2N 3 $j 4 3"/3i0 - ,)*N> NL 4 " N# . "N b
"N " |uN4 $j 3" 3 Z " . • 4 S IH "/$ H) K 9 ;3 „S 3 3mb" |u4 ."b S } 8 „ 3 ,)*> L 4 , > iH . , r <
D N "ˆ*d "4 9 /
"#
F
2 ,%10 $j
C3 N# $ " % $( 4 „ 3 ,)*> L 4 " b N(. 3 h N
S D
$_ + ,0 :( . , ": , > 3 F
C3 # „S 3 & ,)*> L 4 ‰"+
h
,+ )4 3 . 3 D
Z_4 S0" H 3 3 G N8 )X . N 3 4 3"
F
€ ."N4
."b . C3 >3 $ S) 0 ~ & , H • 0 $W (
M1 s
„ 3 "4"|
$R Z 3 0- 3 M . S 3 ,03 < . ,A ) E 0 3 , "
$ 5 "/$2 N
H 0 "70 b
D
" b ,H N% K N F
N " = Z N cN 3. N N) 83 N >
a"A0 :0- Z ,A ) 24 L 4 .
HH#
b M "K
$N 0 . , N 3 d ' N
3 & !4 [
,H N% K " b N C N8 G ."5 . S W>3. Z 3 $ 8•3 Z 5
$ 5 "/,&"
, b- N MN10 " % $# M<
N H 3 N 0
3 "N5 ;
‰"X 0 3 ,
[
$ 5 "/Z 3
H Z Hj
]
$
"70 , d 3 3 . L 4 ."b "A 3
S N H( 3 ,W N4 , N
D g
"
F 3 $ S 3 Št ;3 $# HW Z
,)*> L 4 N0 3 " N% 3 "N N
S 3 [ Z 2 . 3"/3
" # . " b ,)*> L 4
X 3 i
‹ 3 (. 9 2W
N M 3 N/3 3"N/3 ZN > " $# HW Z D
"N 70 ,O0 N N " = 3 "|uN
T > S& H , b- . $ "O4 a" b W4 3"A d "4
C3 N>3 "A Z /
": . [[[
F ,)*> L 4 , M #
[ ON%03 L >3 A K Z .
NL 4
."b "A :0- ,)*>
, N 3 N(. $NX 3 [
$N NH) K 9 N ;3
M N# oN( 3"N 3 Z "N . • 4 S IH "/
,)*N> NL 4 ,N
N [
$H 3J0 . , >
D
"# "* •- 9 / F
2
" b ,)*> L 4
$H " " % 3"/3 > " ,HW ‹ 3 S)k ,%10 NHH# N #u4 N& , N> N
o*> W " % Št ;3 ,
0 [ Z_4 " 70 ( ,+ )4 3 . . 3"N
$2) 3
N 4 . $ 0 . $ 1 3
2N a" N b . "N b
"2_4 0 3 "4"|s M10 ,)*>
[
$0 3 3"/3 > "
_N 3 " N% ,( &
a"A0 HH#
,)*> d 3 3 . :0-
, M 3 /3 "A 2 )>
[
D
Z 3 0 S 3 ,% K . "70 M< . " % [
Z )4 "70 M<
+3 !4 . M03 . G 8'
iH ( , 8
. ,N . , > S $ M 3"b
"N - " |u4 ,)*N> NL 4
M NK . a. 3 _N 3 N N N 3 & a' N4 .3
q (
$0 < # .-
H 3
,K † ! "70 [
a. 3 MN< Z 3
,_6 4 N
, $ /"b ": , !4 [
C. M<
,% K a. 3
":
$ /"b
, . ,03 G W*X h H24 3 _ 3
M "K
$N 0 D
$N , N6 3 3 N 3 3 NH8
, "
F S/"b 3 & C O03 [
Z 3
$*1 Z A0 _*-
"#
.
\ )0 M "K
" 3"
g U ,N
"A0 N $N# N
S 5 . )> > , K . ,0. ,0 M<
S 3 [
•N<43 N ZN 3 "N .' 8
,NN 3. . , NN K ,NN_# "NN2 . D
a. 3 _NN 3 NN oNN H $NN0 b Hj NN
1. Survey Method
, "
F u4 D a. C ON 03 . $N0 0 NO; N ,/#
, & HN MN "K
$N 0 F
H / D
$0 0 z !6 f < 03 3 T > !4 . $ O4 .
F
" # .
M "K
$ 0 N > S!6 3 $# S/"b 3"> $( 4 0 SN 3 3 N&" ,*N)>
[
C"0 3 _ 3 Z H?
3 /3 SN!4SPSS
Windows
3
$N N
3 N - SN
T "+
M "K
$ 0 N "N = NHj N !4 . ,NH )4 ,_N6 4 zXN $
SN/"b 3"N> , N 3 . !4 [
( 3 N !4 . $N O4 SN:
,_N6 4 N - 3 N
D Z A0 ,03.3"/
6 . F[[[
5 "/ - S:( .
$ ,+ )H 3 - 3 D-
. t
Hj "b
" = F _ 3 [
Z 3 - iW (
0 , "
AN%03 ON%03 iN # N
N 3"N:4
, L !4 U
4 ,
"N e* :0- 3 W4 $#
R 3 N SN 3 "N_0 [
ZN 3
$*1 3 03 9 1 j K " b
$ 5 "/. $
$N0 0 NO; SN 3 $NH 3 .
NH +3 zX Œ
N "N 3" 3"N:4 AN%03 P
3"N N 3 N .-"N "N_0
. " % X& ." 3 " b ( NH +3 o "N5 " t Z H?
NHW N N 3
-
" |u4 "# # . M "K
$ 0 Z2 $# ,
$ G 6 N 24 y > N0 0 N
3 W4 UU M "K
$ 0 $/53 - $ [
,H 3 W S :0
M "K
$ 0 {mN; . N
3 W4 a. < 3
^ U M "K
$ 0 , :0 !4 3.
[
N$ U 7 $$
V 4U 9
; $# S 3 , _ $ ( 3 ,)*> L 4 C N 8
3. . ,8 N (3 ,N H
" NN# ,8 NN (3 3
[ l3.
Stereotype
l3. . C NNƒ 3 3 ,0 NN0
D F
1. T-test
SN 3 $ /"b 2 ]
stereos)
F 3 N 3 . S<N NHW $N .
typos)
F
$N
S '8 HW
$0 %0 d 3 3 . 3mNb [
l3. iN *.3 NHW SN11;
Stereotype
o*> . /G !_6 $ , A03
<
f 1% *4 3" $# ,
‰"N+
3
$ , #
S 3 3 S/
D
Schneider, 2004: 6
F[
Hj
$#
, .- "
]
$NN NNHW . $NN Št NN ;3 l3. ZNN 3 ,NN NN#
SNN 3 $NN / ]
o NNL 4 .
H0 [ 3 l3. Z 3 , >. Z 3" H
$ 3"/3 v )4 3 ,N N#
"N
$2H 3 ,HW L 4
,)*>
. H o L i
3 3 N 3 3"/3
$L L &
, $ 03 ,: % 0
Miller, 1982: 4D
[F
$N N 3 3" Z H? ,)*> L 4 l3. "> 3 3 4 V
, N N /
Y .
$ 3"24 . o L A*3$ 3 3" Š)*ƒ "> S <0 i 0 ,N #
SN/
[
$L L & $ " % l3. Z 3 € 3 " # 3 SN iN K "N $N# SN 3 N 3 , N
, 3 S) 0 3"A $ S H( S >
N D
Schneider, 2004: 6
F[
Z •N *"N *3.
NN^
$ 0 . , N2 " - i (" A0 3 NH8 N N& f N # $N# N "N/Z N <0 NN
, 8 2/3 D
F
> L 4 3 3"N> ,N 8 , " . † ! 3 ,)*
[ .3 "N70 3
HW $ ,)*> L 4 V
$% 03 . o*> .
$N $N# S 3 ,H •$ &3 "K . $ &
,N ,N6 & Sx . I0 & 3" K c ! 3 ,L < d 3 3
$N . N%<
G N6
, 1H "A 0 $ , 0 3 ,8 (3 Y
D ,> 6
# . , / , "
Q^
] R [F
Z •* b 3 ,)*> L 4
N " N% . H N 0 $N "O4 "N ,NH ) Š3 *3
$ K 3 H8 , , 0 , L < H 3"/ 3 $# 0 $ & H 3
0 N [ W N 3
1. Solid and Firm
2. Blow, Impression and Engraved Mark 3. Rigidity
4. Walter Lipmann 5. Public Opinion
.3 :%
,)*> L 4 ,HW
V 3 Z • $# " . L 4 Y
3 N $N( 4
, 3 G. _4 $ ,N E ( 3 - $ $# , W>3. . ,H •" . L 4
oN ( N
, H#
[
"N )W4 Z 3 N
3. oN ƒ3 N $N#
SN 3 €N 3 ,8 N (3 N H N
,)*> L 4 S W>3. 3 -" $20- 3 M
N ,N14 - 3 € H . ,H 8
, $ 03 " . L 4
. S 3 $ M10 Z • $#
b :( 3 3
, 2 ,8 (3 [
$0 %0 " . L 4 Z 3 , , 0 3 ,
$N N $# H#
3 NH8
$L L &
."b , ,14 :0- } 83 . ,8 (3
H#
[
$N# , NAH Z 3" H
, "2/ ."b -
$L L & - H#
,N X& Z •$ b- & 0 NH#
D
Amodio and Lieberman, 2009: 179; Semin, 2009: 2
F[
Z NNHj d N Z •N *
3 3 H 3"/
i , "
S 0 &
] V r NXWH "N ƒ N j 3 "N4
NL 4
,)*>
; 3 0 (. 10 . a - Y
D
Weber & Crocker, 1983:961
F[
T $ V 4U 2 &
l3.
M K .3 l3. 3 ,H 4t
Praejudicium
a" mNK NHW $N $# $ /"b
M K $ *.3 Ž "/
. S 3
$
!0 l3. N c)4"N ,AH4 AH4
Prejudge
3 NHW $N
S 3 "# G. } > M K [
l3. , 8 G 3 M K
, N_ N c)4"N .3
M NK . ,N_H G. } > " 70 SN 3 N j ,N&" N 3"N/3 ,N&" qN_0 $N .3
[
M K
, .3
03 4
$
$8 O 3 H8 MH#3. 3 3
N N $N# N "|s
$ 3"/3 iX 3.
$1)+ :0- S } 8 3 ~ & H
D
Schneider, 2004: 25
[F
M K
$N S)N 0 y <N $N# SN 3 ,%H#3. S 3 $ "O4 " C 1 2; .3
N "O4 $N0 b" 3 M NK N j "/
i SN 0 $N "O4 "N ,NH ) . 3 ,NW>3.
[
1. Preliminary or Presumption
M K
$ .3
$ { W +
0 _L H " ƒ a"A0 3 H8 i
,_H ."Nb h $X 3
$ $# S 3 "/ ,8 (3 ,N ,14 ."b - } 8 3 H8
N D
Dovidio, 2001:
[F824
b ,&"
$)H( "
M K ,_H SN 3 N #u4 .3
[
$N N+
0. 3 k M K
Z Hj 3 .3 , r "W4
H#
]
M K
"N y <N% ,N ."b $N S)N 0 $0 L & . ,_H a"A0 .3
L 4 9 3 S 3 S 0 y > 0 G 8' +3 3 , 0
[
"
Z 3 9 3
,N $N _b b" b N $N 8 ,NL < $N# N
. oNL W4 N K
M K S) 0 $0 L & / 3 4 .3 $# S 3 - L 1 3 .3
$
$ 3 K
D { )O# . ,0 QR
] [F
, $ % " )W4 S /
0 ] V M K
3 N Z 3 S . .3
$N " N% Št N W $N# SN 3 ,8 N (3 ."b h 0- S } 8 * $ 3"/3 3 3 3 ,_H " b Y
D 3"A . ,0 O •- Q
] Q [F
$ + M K , # .3
$0 _L H " ƒ a"A0 3
"N/S N} 8 - H) $# S 3
S 3 ~ & , ."b [
, ."b C - 3 03 4
SN N ZN S H( 3J0 ,
M K .3 $ S) 0 $# , # 2%4 ~ &
9 G. _4 3 .3
$ 3 "A D
d 3" 0 N Q
] P [F M NK
"N .3 . SN 0 G N8' +3
3" b HH#
,H ) 3
$ ,8 (3 H 3"/ $# S 3 , S
- [ oN( $?0-
M K , 3"A $ S) 0 .3
$_*s N1)+ 3JN0 N G. _4 " 70 , i
SN 3 ,N . ,NAH "/ NL >3 NA ( Nb 3 S > S H( ,8 (3 [
$ / 3 ,# ; (
a" mK $# S 3 - ,)*> L 4
,NH ) "2_4 c)4"
M K "
, a" mK .3 C ( . v" . >
SN 3 $0 3"b D
Carter, 2006: 111
[F Št N W
1. Unfair Negative Attitude
M K , 0 Z 3 y < .3 )H( 3 . .
i )H( $ ,_H i
,N 0 )4 S)k . N
• 3 3 - $# S 3 S W>3. Z
, _4
D QP ] PU N R [F
6 0 -" 2
a 3 S
,14 "+
!0 .
$ $# S 3 :( 3 "/S& H G N6
, ) , b- 3 , 2
,N NO 3 ,A N ) . C O 03 ,8 0 $W ( . NH#
[
0 2 Z 3
, 8 ,0
SN N 3 8 $# H#
,< N4 ,NAH "/ N . ,N
3 ,X N N _b NH03 Z N H ,N5 W4 . . H )0 14 , /3"=(
$ 0 .- (.
D
Norval, 2003: 275
[F
$ "O4 T W4 9 ;3 9 N ;3 d " N% • 3"N .
N - 3 3 &" E (3 $ 3"/3 :W4 N: . d " N% N . . N
$N 3 "N4
SN , N H . , N ,N ,NW ( SNN 3"N/3$N
N%<
D
Weedon, 2005: vii
F[
S H 3"/
3"/3 ,
"b . v 10 , W4
, O 3 N:0- 3 ,N&" $# H#
$
$# $?0- $W ( , 8 y L & 3 H8 V
, & . T &
Y , 0
$N /" mK
03 [ 183 SH . a 3
' ,>'&3
‚ , ) T q5 , & H
" b N
/3"=( 0 K , 3
$N "O4 TN W4 9 N ;3 0. % & , d " N% • 3"N .
N - 3 3 &" E (3 $ 3"/3 :W4 9 ;3 d " N% N . . N
3"N/3$N
, S $W ( %<
D
"70 U ] Q N Q [F
."b 3 7H
Z 3 ,
"
, ."b , 4
$ .
H
" 70 , ]
$_ + , 3 S
,N SN C :_ •,A ( $# S 3 , . ,H , > 3
, 3">
0" b [ i6 "8 , S . INH4 AH4 c 3. . ,0 03 d " % /3"=(
H4 , 2 "A 2 0-
" b [
$ x , , b- & . S N 3 3
S
,NW ( 0 K . T W4 9 ;3 ,W ( S ( . , " 70 , _ 3 $#
: . , H - S ,< 4 ) 83 . S*6 3 $ 3 "4 [
$H :/
, N
$H u4 .
$W ( , - , & H
. ,N , Nb- (. 3 03 4
0 O 3 3 , [
:0 " )W4
,N 3 ,N S ,
N 0 r N "W4 Z NHj 3 N4 ]
V a 3 NA*3, ‚3 " _4 . r "W4
"+ N& N 0 N N
XN 3 . N
SH S 4 • 3" $# S 03 , ,N 2%4 3
SN y <N%4 . NH
- ,AH "/"6 H8 . A*3 3"/3 Y
D S 3 Q
] U N [F
3 $8 O , > S
& , H . & , > ."b } 83 "/
o j" . A0 %0 3 _ 3 S 3 , >
[
, Z O /
NHW $ , > ."b $# H#
$ "/h $# S 3 Z 3 K " . ,8 (3 +
i
$L L &
S ,AH "/
a3 3"A 3
3 ( D
1978: 9
[F
• 4 N 3 SN > C N:_ $0 /2N , A0
. 3 3"> $( 4 -
3
$ , ,AH "/ $(. h 3 H8 3"NA 3 3 3"/3,&" $# 03
, 3 ( H#
[ , t 3 .3 ."b Z Hj $# H#
"N ,NH ) $N# H N , / " b ,
,8 (3 , j j ,2 / ,AH "/ W
3 o H4 - W Z 3 $# S 3
(1989: 11)
[
$ , > ."b "7H Z 3 3 2 , 63 i 3 H8
$ , > S H 3
C " 3 , $W ( "A 3"/3 3 3 & $# S 3 d " % IH "/ 3 3 h N . NH
, 2%4 3 J. ,0 03 q ( H
[ 3 03 3 ,2 , > S
,!X . ,W ( S E
Z K ,NbJ. . G NL <% $N8 O $ $# S 3 , S 3 "4 B'N+3 ,NAH "/ N
, , "A C3 >3 3 3 C > h $#
} 83 Z . H#
$N T W4 9 ;3 C > h
- . "# O 3 "A , O H 3
H#
[ Z 3" H N:
3 C N> h N G N6 L & Z "N4
, 3 4 S 03 " 3
] XN 3 ,W>3. d " % # 0 Z "N d " N% C N0 3
a 3 d " % f3 - . C , d " % } / d " % d " % d " %
;3. ."b h $ T W4 9 ;3 . D
14 . ‰3 0 o 0
QR ]
^Q N
^P [F
1' T S1 WI. &
9 2 $0
a"A0 . . 3 M10 3 "|u
$0
$N /"b 2N ,W ( N03
[
$ " &3 i . 8 Z 3 S 3 N 4 . N 3 . SN 3 $N / M 3 N/3G N
$ 0 . H
$ O . N . . SN0" H 3 "N 70 ,4 N8'+3 Z 0 3 3 3" $
Z_4 " 70 ,+ )4 3 3 8 $ 3"
N)4 ~ N& "N2_4 . N O 3 3mb" |u4 ,
03 [
$0 Z 3 M10
$
" b N 3 $# # # v )4 3 ~ L &
N
$0 T "+ 3 3 : , a b
, H
$ (" 0 H
$
"70 , N D
Bandura,
1994: 61-90
F[
$0 . MH b $( 4 T "+ 3 ,W ( B3"Nƒ3 " _4
‚ N 3 N -
, ,W a 3 HH#
HH# S )k4 )+ < 0 3 ,6 & OH . [
. C.3 N N "(
$0 , 0 "2 q>3. :( 3
$
"+
d 3 3 " >
. MHN#3.
N)+ < N
, " |u4 , Ž "/Z Hj )+ < Z • 3" 3mb , N 0 ZN 3 $N# N
N Z N8
S 3 S W>3.
D ,H W
"/
QQ ] RP [F C 8 3"A% .JK ,N Ž "N/o ƒ3 ,8 (3
NHH#
$0 $#
$7;' > M10
, N 3 f j Nj N . N# N N7H4 3
SN :0- N c)4" 3"j . ,4 8 5 $j $2H 3 . 0 3 3"/3d 3 3 [
"Nb3 $N# N; N4
o+ < " 3mb"|3
? K , "2/ 3"/3
$N 0 . HH#
N 4 . N
b
` 2WH 3 :0- ,
HH#
[
$0 C K S 3 Z2 C "
$ 3 , j Nj 3 H8
2N 3" 243 >
$N N% . "N b ."Nb N v N)4 3 ~ NL &
"N ƒ N
H 0 L 4 $) "ƒ. 0. % &
D
Abrams and Houston , 2006: 48
[F
$0 N . ,)*N> NL 4 N v )4 3 ( , 3 6 3 ,N 3 N
3 N4
$
"# " G 6 ]
[ C K , 4
$0
$ 0" 3 83 3 C"b"
$ 0" " HH#
ZN 3 N
$0 ."b 3 3"/3C.3 2 $ , " L 4 $ 3 , r <
H%#
[
[
# Z 3
$%
‚3 3 $ i
$ 0"
,_H " b $ 0 3 M 3"b
[ ,HW
."b , ,/"W ,_H G _6 o; 6 3 E (3 3 ,L <%
$N)H( . NHH#
N
, %0 3 :0- S)k G L <% 3 ,# 03 H
[
[
$% # E 0 Z 3
$& M . #
$0 r <
3 N(. N
:0- $ . a.
, )0 $H Z 3 3 ,0 2
HH#
[
N 3 H N SWH6
$ G 8 )X . 4
$N% # ZN 3 ,AH N G 6
. N0 3 S#"N N
, S 14 3 "A 2 HH#
[
^ [ M 0 Z 3
$ 0" .
$ 3 G # Z W o+ < ."b 3"
,N6 & G 6
, HW HH#
[
$ ,0 )+ < J.
."Nb N ,N 8 9 4 $#
N0 3 0 † N! N N [
$ 0" " &3 M K $ 1 3" ,8 H
$% # . .3 ,:b-
N
f. p NH G 8'+3 " K . ) ,0 4 O4
S N
N 4 N
$ 0" . / S 3 $ 3mb 3"(3 $ 3
D
Paluck, 2009: 575
[F
$ 3 ‘ _*3Z 3 ,0 W )+ < 9 3 Z 3 "
,N "+ N&
N& iN7/; . 0 •N
, " &•
HH#
[
$% # HW q>3. Z 3 S 3
D ,H W
"/
QQ ] P N PU [F
Hj "
$0 3"/3 3 3 M10 3 "|u
$N N)O 3 N N& N& $
f < 03
"2_4 ,8 0 , 0 ~ & MH#
, 3"/3 , } /Ž 8 3 HH#
0 .-
f O4 $#
3 "/NH "|sN N / $N# , . $ . 3 & ,8 (3
8 0 : 4 H#
[ N4 NH# 3"/ 3" 3 ,)*> L 4 S 3 Z2 IH "/
$ A03 " b 3"> " # h J43" 3 !0 3 ,
4 4 H# 3"/ 3"
G. _4 . ,N&" $# " $ 3 ,8 (3 f O4 0 z "%4 3 , ."b
N 0 S 3 N $ (" 3 ,)*> L 4 D
Schneider, 2004: 211
F[
3 "|uN
, " 3 Z 3
"N f NO4 . T 3 N "N 70 , 3 N8 N v N)4 3 3 $0 M10 3 4
y <
. , HN N OH N . 3 0 & M10 "/, & H ,b ? K 3
:0 A*3
3 3"> $( 4 "2_4 [
6&&W$ ) "G* X $O M< Z 3 3 !4 . $ O4 T "+ 3
qN ( N ,N " $N N .-
$ /
$ 5 "/ - . ,_6 4 , $ &3 "K
[
>
$ / S ,_6 4
N6 ,03.3"/ 6 ,03.3"/ ,_6 4 .3 ( r < " = 9 3 "
- 3 & ,W O4 ,03.3"/
[
$ 5 "/ - $ C. S >
N " = " N . N
- T "+ 3 v "
N - Z " •N 3 . " K ,A ) " 70 , N !4 t
3 "K "b . ` 0 3.
, $ &
[
Y Z
$[- X $O
S W ( " = i $ , " Z 3 " =
$ N 3. . 1 , & H
3">
, 0" b [ S W ( " = $j"b3
$NH N , & HN N " = 3 ,N%< 3
1
$ 5 "/
$ Z2 * H a' N4 A<N K 3 N b " NL 4 i‚3 3 7H
$ $#
+ (
$ &3 "K " = Z 3 $ 1 " = " 3 3 [
$N 3 3
$ " = 3 h " ,_6 4 , " € 0 3 & $‚3 3 $0 b
[
< =>+ 1 =?
@
, 7 ) < =4 f < 03 - i0 0 , "
W ( 3 i
S N H( ‘ N!* 3 O%03 -
. ( $# +
D F ,N N%
,N N%0 N
r NL 0 ŠN) "14 $N# N
"A r L 0 . " A< K H
[
5 A
; , 7 ) < =4 ( B 7
< =4
>
&
> &
, U
g
^ g
^
UQ P
g U P
g U
CD
^ U UU
UU
, 7 ) 9
ŠN) "14 A< K Z Z A0 N
D
"N!03 3 0 N 3 {3 P
g F
$N# N
A< K 3"/3 Z >3 ; P
"k#3 ; . 0- Z
^P S 3
[ Z
S 3 3 &" ,03.3"/Z " % 3 [
. ( D F ."b ,03.3"/q 4
S 3 3 %0 O%03 ,H
[
5 .
;
, 7 ) 9 ( B 7
-
>
&
> &
+D &
./
E AF R
g
^ R
g
^ R
g
^
.G E .A
^
^ g P
g g
PP
.H E .I R
P g Q
g g
.F
=3 R
Q g Q g
Q UU
CD
^UR UU
J 7K%
^
CD
^ U
$‚3 3 - $# + . (
D F
, %0
B N_43 $ o "> S "k#3
K A<
D g PP 6 F ,H ."b P
4 0 3 3">
[
, 7 ) !=L $ < =>M . ( D F 3.3"/q 4 O%03 , L !4 qX1 ,0
, %0 3 [
5 G
;
, 7 ) !=L $ BNK ( B 7
!=L $ BNK
>
&
+D &
( D P
P g P
g
D g
P R
g PP
D P^
Q R
g
1 D Q
^ g
^ UU
CD
^ U UU
$‚3 3 € 0 9 3 "
. ( D F ,N03.3"/Z " N% , H # qX1 O%03
3 ~ L &3 & $ 3 03
[ S 3 ,03 # O%03 $ v " ,03.3"/Z " # [
#( %
5 I
; B 7 J +( (
#( % =?
!@ 1
% , O=
>
&
> &
+D &
P &
R g
g R g
R
QD !=@
Q P
g g
g Q
QD R
Q g R g
P g
R 7 PQ
^ g P
g P^
P g
Q R
g Q g
!=@
P R
g R P
g R UU
CD
^U g
Q UU
J 7K%
P P
g
CD
^ U UU
. ( $# + D
^ F
, %0
R
$0 N 3 3"N/3 N6 ,N &3 N
, 0 _ 3 HH#
[
$ h 0
^U
# ; 6
D ,N & . N# " N1 f ;3
# F
$0 3
, _ 3 , &3 NH 0
[ N; 3"N/3 OHNK h N $N h N 0
. c
N ; 0 C :j h
D N ,N & . N " N1 f N ;3 N F
$0 )+ <
H , &3 [
$0 3 _ 3 ,03.3"/q 4 . ( ,( &
D F
$N# S 3 - b
$0 3 3"/3 OHK h $ h 0 ,N 0 _N 3 ,( &
NHH#
[
$N h N 0 U
# ; 6
D
;3
# , & . # " 1 f F
N; C :j h " e*
; 0 3 1 Z . ; . c
D ,N & . N " 1 f ;3
F
$0 o+ <
H ,( &
[
5 S
;
+( ( B 7
J
#( % =?
@ 1
% , O=
>
&
> &
+D &
P &
P^
Q
^ g Q
^ g Q
QD !=@
RP g
R P
g R g
QD U
g
^ g g
^P
R 7 U
R g g
R R
g P
RU R
g
^ g
^ R
g QQ
!=@
^R g
^ g UU
CD
^U Q
UU
J 7K%
Q
CD
^ U UU
"#•$ C t
$# S 3 3 _N 3 3 N "N .'8
$0 N 3 ,( N& . ,N &3 N
O%03 3s
Z_4 S0" H 3 3 ,+ )4 3 . $#
. N 4 3"
C3 # 3 ."b . C3 >3 $ S) 0 ~ & , H •€ ."4 h
"4"|sN MN10 $W (
3 0
$‚3 3 € 0 T X A< K . (
D R F Z 3 $ s3 3 • K 03
[
5 H
;
67T #3 < 4( % < = U V C W K( ( B 7
X!=
>
&
> &
7 g
Q g
< ( Q^
g U g
9%!
+ U^
^ g g
P
,7 O 7!
g g
7 Q
g
CD Q^
P g UU
J 7K%
R g
R
CD
^ U UU
. ( $# +
D R F , % ,N03.3"/Z " % 3 4
C3 N>3 $N S)N 0 ~ & , H • € ."4 ~ L & ,+ )4 3 . "A $ 1 S 3 3 &"
[ S 3 3 &" ,# 03 ,03.3"/ 3 3 Z 3 [
\ Z
$[- 8 % ' %
$*1 3 M< Z 3 . 1 " = Z c 3. , " $
, $ 3.
3 "NK [3
H 3 5 "/ - , " $ .3 M< ."
$ M< . " = . c 3. o*>
5 "/,! "%4 , " $ W
$ 3 & $ &3 "K " = Hj c 3. o*>
[
=? R 3 XN3 9=3
#(
YT 7L
$ X 3 , " 7H i
$0 ,)*> L 4 3 N $N# N ‰"X $ 5 "/$
$0 3 _ 3
C3 # $2H 3 . ,( & . , &3 MN10 ,+ N)4 3 N . 3 h N
[
• K 3 HW 5 "/ !4 .
i 3 & , " " = c 3. M< E 5 Z 3 c)4"
[
a" b "4"|s ,)*> L 4
, 3 0 3
[
$ 5 "/ $ 3 3
$N*1
, " $ .
:0- - .
3 & $ &3 "K [
$N
$ N5 "/ N - N7H N
3
,A ) o "5 . N( - € N 0 $N# N _ 3 " Kr
D P F N $N‚3 3
S 3 [
" = r 6 4 M<
D . ( P F S *.3 $
NH ON%03 N
i
C3 # $2H 3 a" b "4"|s M10 ,+ )4 3 . Z 3 3 h
NL 4 ,)*N>
3
S 3 3
[ 3 3"/3 > " #=M
$0 NHH# _ 3 " % , &3 ,)*N> NL 4
, M # :0- [
3 3"/3 > " #=M
$0 HH# _ 3 " % ,( &
,)*N> NL 4
, M 3 /3 :0- [
$‚3 3 € 0 9 3 "
( . D P F
$ 5 "/ - iX 3 $# S_b
HW
0 3 _ 3 Z 3
i . , &3 ,)*N> L 4 3 N0 N(.
[3 ZN 3 . ZN 3
, $ 5 "/
[
$0 3 _ 3 M 3 /3 3
,( &
D
$ 0"
. N 3 N
,( & 4
F 3 "
,)*> L 4 ."b
3 & . /3 , [
5 F
;
N3 3 V (
X
#( %
YT 7L
4 + Z M % 3
r ,7 =
CK 4 =?
4 + Z M
> [ N 1 : 0
#
> \
X( %
!@
U^Q g U PR
g U P
X( %
@ RR
g U UU
g U PQ
M Z_4 " 70 ( ,+ )4 3 . #=
$2) . 3"
3
$ 1 3
2 4 . $ 0 .
0 3 "4"|s M10 ,)*> "2_4 a" b . " b [
- . ( $# + D
P F ,N N u4 $ 5"/Z 3 3
$N# NHW ZN 3 $N N
N> NL 4 a" b "|s M10 ,+ )4 3 . N0 3 ,)*
[ MN< € N 0 N T NX
. ( ,_6 4 D
R F ,+ N)4 3 N . MN10 3 SN *.3 Z " N% O%03
Z_4 4 $ o 4"4 $ ,_H S H •€ ."4 S0" H 3 3"
3 3 . 3
03 [
5 ]
;
% < = U V C W K( 3 V (
#3 < 4(
- 67T 3 #> 1
0 @ ,7 ' %
#
@ X
1 '
> [ N 1
>
^ g
^ UUU
g U Q^
=? * R 3
$ 5"/ - $ &3 "K " = . c3. , " $ c1/
[ . Z N cN 3. Z /
, . S 3 !4 ƒ- c1/ " = . Z 3 3 4
"# z "%4 3 c3 [
NHW "N# N 3"N
h N H24 $ $ 3 HW . , 8 Z )4 $ 0 . - S :/. " = . Z iX3 , N
a. $# 3 0
h H24 Z 3 $ ( 3 " = Hj !4 S
[ ZN 3 iN ` NK
h H24 S 3 $ _:0 - " H# C :_
D 9 3.
Q ] P [F cN 3. z "N%4 3
3 & $ &3 "K " !4 . " = Hj "b , " $ " = . [
=? * ,7= - 0" b" $0 b Hj "b
$ 3. " = h D
W " = F
. .
1 " = Hj D
M K ,H HH#
F S 3 [
$
"N = NHj 3 M N " b N#
M K ,NH NHH#
M NK SN> Št N W ,N M 3 N/3 3 ,NH
N [ o 3"N5
$0 b Hj ,A )
RD
%0F
H 3 ,N0 . qN ( . W " = Z $X 3
M K " = ,H
S 3 HH#
[
$O 0
R2D
F
"N = ` 0 3. 3 1 {"W
W D
$ 3.
F
$# S 3
$ i . M K " = 3 ,) #"4 ,H
Z N )4 NHH#
, D
9 4
0 . QR
] U [F
"b 3"(3 € 0 ,N 3 N NHj $N# 3 %0 C b $ C b
3 N4
N f N< 03 NOH 3 " = Z " % 3 3 $# ,* Z2 * "# p3"< 3 [
ZN 3
."b c 3. T W4 $ M 3"b " = 3 _N 3 3 N , N>
$0 S 3 . . 3 0 & M10 . ,( &
[
$N‚3 3 € N 0 9 N 3 "
N
. ( D F
$ $( 4 " = $ Z 3 W4 Z W4 o "5 3 1
. N; N UQ
g U
` 0 3.
,)*> L 4 , Z )4 3
HH#
[
,A ) 3 Z H?
D 3 1 Fr
3 ,) #"4
" = $ Z 3 ,)*> L 4
$ h 0
g U S 3 [
5
^
;
& @ X (7= - 5
r K 9==> Z M
R2:
\ C > 9==> Z M
W = ( 1 N@
=3
Q g U UQ^
g U UP^
g U
^ U g Q
. ( D U F HW € 0 Hj Z 3 3 ,0 "b 3
, %0 " = [
HW zX $ $( 4
- 3
,0 N "b N ZN 3 F
NHW SN 3 3 [3 ZN 3 .
, , 3 " = $ Z 3 $# S_b 3 4
* W 3 4
i 3 3"> ,0 "b [
5 A/
; (7= - C=!$ 6 _( 1 3 5 3
5
`_ a7+_
X 1 '
`_ 9= ( = F K
> [ N 1
,7= - Q
g Q R R^
g R Q R
g Q UUU g U
( +=T3 Q Q
g U R Q
g P
B+
P g R Q
. ( D F NHW zXN . N " = ,0 N "b 3 0 3 o 3"5 3 N:0- 3
, %0
[
$‚3 3 € 0 9 3 "
{3"N!03 ;3. h M 3 /3 . ( Z 3
3 N1 ,N03" 3 C3 N>3 N cN 3. T W4 $ M 3"b " = 3 0 3 Q
g U N;3.
$0 3 _ 3 "|3 " H# ,)*> L 4 3 3 3 0 3 {3"!03 . ,( N& N
, $ # . . 3 0 & M10 [
$0 N 3 _N 3 3 0 3 {3"!03 ;3. h M 3 /3 3 N ,( N& N
R g U
$N M 3"b " = "|3 " H# 3 0 3 {3"!03 ;3.
N cN 3. TN W4
3 N "N N . . 3 0 & M10 . ,03" 3 C3 >3 ,)*N> NL 4
,N . N/3 N
[
3 0 3 {3"!03 ;3. h M 3 /3 . . 3 0 & M10 $X 3 Z H?
."Nb $ S) 0 3 0 & . . S)k a" mK
3 N $N , N N
P g U
3 3 0 3 {3"!03 ;3.
3 ,)*> L 4
$N M 3"Nb N " = "N|3 "N H# N
$0 3 _ 3 . ,03" 3 C3 >3 c 3. T W4 , $ # ,( &
[
5 AA
; Z M
1 =? (7= - (
(7= - 5
1 =?
( Z M
:3
\ t K
> [ N 1
- ( 67T 3 R 3 b =+> #3 W Q
g U
’ R
g
’ UU
g U
X( %
@ R
g U g
UU g U
, 7( @ W K(
P g U
’ P
g
’ U Q
g U
* W i
" = $# ,4 6 ,0 "b ,)*> L 4
D FY
$N M 3"b " =
,03" 3 C3 >3 c 3. T W4 D
X1
F 3 _ 3 0i
,( N&
D
X2
F . 3 0 N& MN10
. D
X3
F 0
$ G 6 S 3 "
]
Y = -0/185X1 + 0/169X2 - 0/173X3
=4 C=!$
$ "70 !4 $ $( 4 N "A " = - c3. 83 0 . - 8
"
- $ 3 3 $#
$
$# f < 03 , :0 3 H8
$ $( 4 " = c3. -
Z W4 S:(
HW . ,X& "A t N 3 "N ,H ) c3. Z 3 . S 3 3
S 3 "70 [
. C3 N>3 S& HN , > S " = " = . c3. , " $j"b3
$X3 , &3 i0 3 _ 3 N " = ZN 3 Z2 N*‹ H N 3 0 ,)*N> NL 4 N 3
TN "+ 3
$ ,O0 " =
$# S 3 ,W>3 Z Hj . 0 3mb" |u4 ,)*> L 4 " 1 " ƒ +
S " = c3. r %# " # h H24 " !4 [
* $-1 2 $0 ,)*> L 4 M K .
.3 N K 3"N . H N ,:(. NHj . N ? K , N
, :0- !4 . , 3
2 $# ,0 b 0 b t . 3 8 $ S
N:0- " b
$ 0"|s S "A0 ,) #"4 G 6
[ ,)*> L 4
,8 (3 , . 3 -"
" N b f j j h 3 ,%< & $# S 3 L >3 . . NOH & N
S 3 ,#3 3 [
a 3 $# ,W 3 ( $# S 3 ,:
,
"N 3" S 0 N 03 "N 70 .
2 " # S 3 #u4 " % S*3 8 M K " b
, .3
"Nb3 . N
a"A0 Z Hj , ,14 $5 8 h " % " A 2 ,
NH 3"/h N N4 N
,W )+
[ 2 , 3"j !4 3" Z 3" H
" b ,)*N> L 4 cN ,A0 NAj .
N
$ :0- Z / !4
Hj ,4 6
$ , 8 S "A0 $ x
[
%j , ;
3 03
, #
$NH $N "N70 r X8 " .' 8 S 3 $ "4
h N & N N( N
3 ,( & 3 8 M10 $W ( S/"b "70
[
$ Z W4 ƒ
& N N HH#
NL 4 . N . ,&" a" mK C 8 a" mK q 3 ( , &3 MN10 3 "|uN
Z W4 HH#
2)
$ 3
S 3
$2)N . N ,8 N (3 r N < N
M10 NH 3 /,H "/- a"NA0
d 3 3 . N N
,
NO N 0 $N# N
N
$ , % 03 S8"
$ 0" 9 3 " Š} W .
"N 3"/ #3" ~ & ,
H o "<4 { ,0." .
% 03 , C O 03 . S ,
[
"|s a' 4
$0
. 3 H . 3
$0 "2 8 •14 3
$N ,W ( . N 3 JN .
$ 4
3 3 3 ,2 $ k s
"|
3 , H - ,< 4 † 3
C3 N>3
. d " % 0 M NK . ,N_H 9 N ;3 . . ,N
"NA $N S)N 0 .3
."b 3 ,
S [
!"
# $ %&
' () *+ , $ -
*. $!/ 0*!1
# $2"
# 34 5 )6 7$894 :&
"
% 2!
!
"
#$ % &! !'($ $)
*
# ; ; < 0!1
$!
# 1 =
* > ?@ 1 ( + , - ./ A
0*!1 *!B C $*D E
%" "
!"
' 3 ? F $!/ G "
0 A 12( $,
$ ) 3
3 4 H*D
HD 7 9 5 9%
2> 1 I % "
5 6 7
J K 2L 0!1
"
$4 7 %"
E M N4 K O +
#
G ? >" P . '
8
% 3 3 Q <P 40!1
R" P Q <4 L5 K
F D
*! ? 2P R 2" L S
9 :;T
< $ % 3
$ !$=$!: % 3 U
V <>*; L
6 > 3 ?@
* 7 !P (2 &
N ?
* (. A
%
*1 # K *W G !?$2*" 0*!1
$<3FR X
4 9 1
2< /
# $ M A BT A C D
16!E , % ( @ F 3
G @ H (
F 1(I3, 6 U
V <>; L 3 JK ../
Y !P G G "
(2Z&
[ M\
<2 !9B L
5 )
9 :; $ 6T
, % 3
"
/L M % , ! N O
% F9 3 5 6 P ,!E U
V <>; L 3 JK ../
7 !P ] 7 M
(2Z&
\ [ AM
, 8 "70 {" 3 D U [F
! < 7 = o OkV
Q * D D ! p
E(
Y[
$ H NL /
! >YN
3.
: ] Q
’ P [
14 ,) O . 5 "*3 )8 ‰3 0 oN 0
D QR [F
! 7T< 7 3 4( < = $ j 4k =qpV Y[
#> $ O ,
% .
4 ] R
’
^ [
Abrams, Dominic & Diane M. Houston, (2006). "Equality, Diversity and Prejudice in Britain". Report for the Cabinet Office Equalities Review, October: University of Kent Center for the Study of Group Processes
Alexander, V. Brewer, M. B. and Herrmann, R, (1999)." Images and Affect: A Functional Analysis of Out- Group Stereotypes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 78- 93
Amodio, David M. and Matthew D. Lieberman,(2009). "Pictures in our Heads". In Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination. Edited by Todd Nelson.
NewYork: Psychology press
Aronson, Eliot, (2006). "Adventures in Experimental Social Psychology: Roots, Branches, and Sticky New Leaves". in Reflection on 100 years of Experimental Social Psychology. Eds by A. Rodrigues and R. Levine. Los Angeles, Westview; Abrams: 58 Bandura, A, (1994). "Cognitive Theory or Mass Communication" in J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (EDS), Media Effects: Advanced in Theory and Research, Hillsadle, NJ: Erlbaum: 61-90 Brown, Rupert, (1995). Prejudice: The Target's Perspective. San Diego: Academic Press Brown, Rupert, (2001). Prejudice: It's Social Psychology. Oxford, Blackwell
Carter, John D. et al, (2006). "Individual differences in the acceptance of Stereotyping", Journal of Research in Personality, Volume 40, Issue 6, December: 1108 (1103-1118 . Dovidio, John F, (2001). "On the Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: The Third wave". Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, No. 4 : 629- 849
Feagin, J. R, (1978). Racial and ethnic relations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Freytag, Peter; Yoshihisa Kashima, Klaus Fiedler (Eds),(2008), Stereotype Dynamics:
Language-Based Approaches to the Formation, Maintenance and Transformation of Stereotypes, New York: Taylor & Francis Group[
Jahoda, (2001)." Beyond Stereotypes". Culture & Psychology. 7: 181-197
McGarty, Craig,(2004), "Forming stereotypes of entitative groups", In: The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity and essentialism., Psychology Press, pages 161 – 178
Miller, A.G, (1982)."Historical and Contemporary Perspective on Stereotyping". In:
Miller, A.G. (Ed) in the eye of Beholder: Contemporary Issues in Stereotyping.
NewYork, Prages:1-40
Norval, Aletra J, (2003)."The Politics of Ethnicity and Identity". In: Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press
Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, (2009)." Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: A Field Experiment Rwanda", Journal of Personality and social Psychology, Vol.96, No.3, 574-587
Perdue, C. W. and others, (1990)."US. And them: social categorization and the process of intergroup Bias". Journal of Personality and social psychology , 54: 175- 186
Schneider, David J, (2004). The Psychology of Stereotyping. New York: The Guilford press
Semin, Gun R, (2009). "Stereotype in the Wild", in Stereotyping Dynamics: Language- Based Approaches to the Formation, Maintenance, and Transformation of Stereotypes.
NewYork: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Stangor, Charles, & Jost, J.T, (1997). "Commentary. Individual, Group and System Levels of Analysis and their Relevance for Stereotyping and Intergroup" in R, Spears; P. J Oakes; N. Ellemenrs & S. A. Haslam (Eds). The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life, Oxford, UK: Blackwell: 336- 338
Thompson, R. H, (1989). Theories of ethnicity: A critical appraisal. New York:
Greenwood
Weber, Rence & Crocker, Jennifer, (1983). "Cognitive Processes in the Revision of Stereotypic Beliefs", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 45, No.5: 961- 977
Weedon, Chris, (2005). Identity and Culture (narratives of difference and belonging).
Open University Press
