æ
ŢƟŚƿŹŵ æ ê æèîå ƁźƿŸě
æ î æèîå
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ
ææ æ æ èè æèîç
ƶºƴĩŢºǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ
ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ
Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
ƶºưƘƏƹ
ƽ Ʊō
ƶºƴĩ ƽ
Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
ƭźųƱŚŤſźƸƃŹŚǀųƕŹřżƯŹŵ
ŵŚŝō
ƾŰŤƟśƺƤƘƿƽźƠƘūŹŚƿźƸƃ
Źƺě ƹ*
ƾƿřźǀŰŝƶŤƃźƟ
ƵźƄůƵƹźĭ ƵŶĪƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩƾſŚƴƃ
ƽ ƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩ ƱřźƸţŽŹŶƯŢǀŝźţƵŚĮ
ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫřŢƀ욌ŞţŚĪƯƩƺŘƀƯ*
fathi@modares.ac.ir
Population fluctuation of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), in cucumber fields of Khorramabad, Iran
Sh. Jafari, Y. Fathipour* and F. Bahirai
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding author, E-mail: fathi@modares.ac.ir
ƵŶǀĪģ ƶººƴĩƾƿŚººƌƟƖººƿŻƺţƽƺººĮƫřƕƺººƳƹŢººǀƘưūšřźººǀǀƜţ
ƽ źĭŹŚĪººƃ Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes
ƶººưƘƏƹ ƽ Ʊō
ƶººƴĩ ƽ
Tetranychus urticae Koch
ƶƤƐƴƯŹŚǀųƕŹřżƯŹŵ
ƽ ƭźųƱŚŤſźƸƃśźƛŹŵƾƿŚĮƴģśřźſ
ƩŚſŹŵŵŚŝō ƽŚƷ ÎÐÕÔ ƹ ÎÐÕÕ ŵŹƺºƯ
ŢƟźĭŹřźƣƾſŹźŝ
ƶƴĩšřźǀǀƜţƾſŹźŝŪƿŚŤƳ
ƽ ƶưƘƏƹźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƽ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱō
Ʈĩřźţ ŢǀƘưū ƶƴĩ ſŹŵŚƷ ƩŚ ÎÐÕÔ Ƃǀŝ źţ
ƩŚſŻř ÎÐÕÕ ŵƺŝ ƩŚſŹŵ ÎÐÕÔ ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūũƹř
ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ƶƷŵŹŵƽř ƽ ŵřŵźƯƩƹř ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūũƹřƹƵŚƯ
ƽ N. barkeri ƶƷŵ ƽ
ŹƺƿźƸƃƩƹř ŵƺŝƵŚƯ ƩŚſŹŵ ÎÐÕÕ ŢǀƘưū ŵřŵźƯźųřƹřŹŵƶƳƺĭƹŵźƷ
ŹƺƿźƸƃƪƿřƹřƹƵŚƯ
ƂǀŝƽřŹřŵƵŚƯ
ŵƺŝƾƳřƹřźƟƲƿźţ
ƾſŹźŝ
Ɨ žĪ ƶƴĩƪưƘƫř ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ N. barkeri ŢŞƀƳ ƶŝ Ʈĩřźţ ŢǀƘưū ƶƴĩ ƽ ŢƟō Śŝƶĩ ƲǀǀƘţ ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ Ʋǀŝ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Ʈĩřźţ ŢºǀƘưū ƶºƴĩ ƽ
ŢƟō ƶƴĩƹ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ ƲǀǀƘţ ƱōƲǀŝŢŞŨƯƾĮŤƀŞưƷƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŶƃ
ŵŹřŵŵƺūƹŚƷ
ŵřŵƱŚƄƳŪƿŚŤƳƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƶºƴĩƶºĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ N.
barkeri ƶŝ ƵŵŚƯšŹƺƇ ƽ ŹƹŹŚŝ ƶŝƹ šŹƺƇ ƽŹŚŞūřźǀƛ ƱŚŤƀƯŻħŚųƪųřŵ
ƾƯƾƳřŹŸĭ Ŷƴĩ ƽƺĮƫřƲǀǀƘţƽřźŝ
ƖºƿŻƺţ ƾƿŚºƌƟ ƶºƴĩ ƽ
ƶưƘƏƹźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƽ ŹƺƬǀţƾƳƺǀſźĭŹƁƹŹŻřƱō
ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƶŝƾƘưŬţƕƺƳŻřƶƳƺĭƹŵźƷƽřźŝƺĮƫřƲƿřƹŶƃ
ŶƯōŢſŵ ƍŚºŞţŹřƲǀºǀƘţ
ƱōźĭŹŚĪƃƹŢƟōĨƿƾƿŚƌƟƖƿŻƺţƽƺĮƫřƹŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ
ƾƯ ƶƯŚƳźŝƽřźūřƹƾůřźƏŹŵŶƳřƺţ
ƯŢƟōƱōŚŝƾƤǀƠƬţƩźŤƴĩƽŚƷ Œ
źŧ
ŶƃŚŝ
ĥřƹ ƱŚĭ ƽŶǀƬĩ
ŹŚǀųŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţƾƿŚƌƟƖƿŻƺţƽƺĮƫř Neoseiulus barkeri
Tetranychus urticae Abstract
Population density and spatial distribution of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes and its prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in cucumber fields of Sarab-e Chengaei region in west of the city of Khorramabad, Lorestan province, were studied in 2008-2009. The population densities of both species in the first year was higher than the second year. The population densities for T. urticae and N. barkeri reached their peaks in late July and late August 2008, respectively. In 2009, the population peaks for both species occurred in late August. The reaction of N. barkeri to different population densities of its prey, with linear regression, was described as density independent. It was also found that mated females of N. barkeri overwintered in soil. The Taylor's power law regression method was used for finding the spatial pattern of the predator and prey, which was aggregated for both species. The correlation between the population fluctuation and spatial distribution pattern of the pest and its predator can effectively help to improve the strategy for a successful IPM program.
Key words: spatial distribution pattern, population density, cucumber, Neoseiulus barkeri, Tetranychus urticae
ƶƯŶƤƯ ƶƴĩ ƽ ƲţŹŚţ ƶƨƫƹŵ ƽř
Tetranychus urticae Koch
ƶƴƯřŵƹƂƴĩřźěƽřŹřŵšŚƟōŻř
ƽ ƾƯŵŚƿŻƾƳŚŝżǀƯ
ŶºƃŚŝ
Ʋƿř ƶºƴƧ śźºŴƯŻř
šLJƺºƈŰƯšŚºƟōƲƿźºţ ƞºƬŤŴƯ
ŚºǀƳŵƞºƬŤŴƯƍŚƤƳŹŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩ ƶºŝ
ŶºƿōƾºƯśŚºƀů
(Bolland et al., 1998)
ƵŶưƗƁƹŹ
ƽ ƩźŤƴĩ ƶƴƧ ƲţŹŚţƽ ƶƨƫƹŵ
ƽř ŢƟōŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř
Ƃĩ ƽŚƷ ƃǀ ưǀ Ś ƾƿ Ţſř Żƹźºŝ
Ŷě ƿ ƵŶ ƽ ƘưūŹŵŢƯƹŚƤƯ ǀ
Ţ ŚƷ ƽ ŢƟōƲƿř ºƃŚƳƶĩ ƾ Żř
ŻũŚŤƳŵřŶƘţ ºƿ
řƵŚºţƺĩźºưƗƩƺºƏƹŵŚ ºƿ
ŢºſřƶºƴĩƲ
ŻšLjƨººƄƯ ººƿ
ŵŚ ƽ řŹ řźººŝ ƽ ŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººŝƱōƩźººŤƴĩ
ŢºººƟō Ƃºººĩ ŚºººƷ ƽ ºººƃ ǀư ǀŚ ƾƿ řƿ ŢºººſřƵŵźºººĩŵŚºººŬ
(Luczynski et al., 1990)
Ï ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźƠƘū
ŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ
ƶƴƧ źĭŹŚƨƃƽ
Neoseiulus barkeri
ŝƪºƯřƺƗŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř ǀ
ĥƺƫƺ ºƿ Ĩ
ƶºŝ ƹ ºƿ ƶºƴĩƵĦ ŚºƷ ƽ
źĭŹŚĪƃ
Phytoseiidae
ƿ ºĪ ƾ ƁƹŹŻř ŚºƷ ƾƿ ƶºĩŢºſř
řźŝ ƽ ƶƴĩƩźŤƴĩ ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ ƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯ
ƽ ƱřƹřźƟ
ŢſřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣ
ŻšŚƗLjƏř ƿ
ŵŚ ƽ ŜſŚƴƯŵŹƺƯŹŵ
Ʊŵƺŝ
ƶƴĩ ŚƷ ƽ ƶŝƲţŹŚţ řźŝřŸƛƱřƺƴƗ ƽ
ƶƴĩ ŚºƷ ƽ
Phytoseiidae
ŻšŚƘƫŚƐƯƹŵŹřŵŵƺūƹ ƿ
ŵŚ ƽ ŵřŵƱŚƄƳ Ƶř ƶºƴĩƶºĩŶºƳ
ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ ƿ ƶºưƘƏĨ
ƽ řźºŝƩƺºŞƣƪºŝŚƣ ƽ
ŵřŶºƘţ
Ż ººƿ ŵŚ ƽ ƶººƴĩŻř ŚººƷ ƽ řźĭŹŚĪººƃ ººƿ
ƵŵřƺƳŚººųƲ Ţººſř
(Kostiainen & Hoy, 1996)
źºĭř ºųźŝƶºģ ƾ
ƶºƴĩ ŚºƷ ƽ
ƇŚƈŤųř ƾ řƿ ŶºƴƳŚƯƵŵřƺƳŚºųƲ
Phytoseiulus persimilis
Athias-Henriot
ƶŝ ƤƟƺƯŹƺƏ ǀ
Ţ Ưō ǀż ƽ řźŝ ƽ ƶƴĩƩźŤƴĩ ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ
ƶŝ ƹƿ ƶƳŚŴƬĭŹŵƵĦ
ŚƷ
ŹřźºƣƵŵŚƠŤſřŵŹƺƯ
ººƯ ƾ ĭǀ ŶººƳź
(McMurtry, 1982)
řŚººŝ
ƿ Ʋ ƩŚººů ŽŚººſřźŝ
ſŹźŝ ƾ ŚƷ ƭŚŬƳřƽ ƵŶºƃ ƶºƴĩ ƽ ƶºĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚºţ ř
ƽ Ǝºſƺţ
ƯƺºưƗƽŚƷźĭŹŚĪºƃ ƾ
Ƴ ºǀ ƶºŝż ŝƺºų ƾ ºƯƩźºŤƴĩ ƾ
ººƃ ŵƺ
(McMurtry, 1992)
ƶƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ
Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes
ƢƬƘŤƯ
ƶŝ ƵŵřƺƳŚºų ƽ
Phytoseiidae
ƹƵŵƺºŝ ŸƜţƑŚºŰƫŻř ºƿ
ƶř ƽ
Ōżū ƶƴĩƭƺſƵƹźĭ
ŚƷ ƽ ƵŵřƺƳŚųƲƿř
Ţſř ƵƹLjºƗƶĩ źºŝ
ŸƜţ ƿ ƶƴĩŻřƶ ŚƷ
ţřźƄůŻř ƾ źţŶƴƳŚƯ ƿ žĜ ƳŚºƷ ºǀ ŸƜţż ºƿ ƶ
Ư ƾ Ŷƴĩ
(Bonde, 1989; Gerson et al., 2003)
ŚƳřƺţ ƾƿ řƿ Ʋ
ƶƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ řźŝ ƽ ƩźŤƴĩ ƶƴĩ ƽ ƶºĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚºţ ř
ƽ Ƴ ºǀ ż
ŻŹřŵŹƺƯ ƿŝŚ ƾ ƶºŤƟźĭŹřźƣƶƘƫŚƐƯƹ Ţºſř
(Fouly & El-
Laithy, 1992; Momen, 1995; Jafari et al., 2010)
ſŹźŝ ƾ ŶƳŵřŵƱŚƄƳŚƷ
řźºƃŹŵƶºĩ ƿ
ƘưūƶºƳŚŴƬĭƎ ºǀ
Ţ
ƶºƴĩ ƽ ƶººĪƫƹŵ ř ƽ řƎºſƺţ ººƿ ƶºƴĩƲ ƽ źĭŹŚĪººƃ
ƂƷŚººĩ
Ư ƾ ƿ ŶŝŚ
(Karg et al., 1987)
ƶƴĩƲƿřƂƴĩřźěƑŚŰƫŻř
ƽ
ƵŹŚƣŻřźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƵŶºƃƁŹřżºĭƞºƬŤŴƯƽŚƷŹƺƄĩƹŚƷ
Ţſř
(Moraes et al., 2004)
ƱřźƿřŹŵ
ƶƴƧ ƽ
N. barkeri
Ʋǀƫƹř ŹŚŝ ƞƬƗƽƹŹ
ƙŚŝŻźƷƽŚƷ
ƽŚƷ šŚŞĩźƯ ƹ ƶǀƯŚŝ Żř
ƱŚƯźĩ ŶƃƁŹřżĭ
(Daneshvar, 1987)
ƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƶƴƧƲƿř
ŝƽƹŹ ƶţƺ ƽŚģƽŚƷ Żř
ƽŚƷƹŶƴĩƪųřŵƹƱřŹŶƳŻŚƯƱŚŤſř ŹƺŞƳŻ
ƪƀƗ Żř ƾºŝźƛƱŚºŬƿŚŝŹŷō
(Kamali et al., 2001)
ŜǀſŹŚǀųƽƹŹ
ĨƄưţ ƹ ƶūƺĭ ƽ ƾºŤųŹŵ ƱŚŤºſřŻř
ƱLjǀººĭ
(Hajizadeh, 2007)
ƙŚººŝ ŚººƷ ƽ śźººƛšŚººŞĩźƯ
ƱřŹŶƳŻŚƯ
(Shiroudbakhshi et al., 2008)
ƙŚŝ ŚƷ ƽ ºſ ǀ Ŝ
ƱŚŤſř ƱŚºŬƳŻ
(Rahmani et al., 2010b)
ƹ ųƕŹřżºƯ ºǀ ŹŚ
ƱŚŤſźƫƱŚŤſř
(Jafari et al., 2010)
ƁŹřżĭ ƵŶƃ Ţſř
ƶƘƫŚƐƯ į ƽŹŚǀƀŝ Żř ƾĭĦƿƹ ƽŚƷ ŵ ƿ ƯŚƴ ǀ Ʈƀ ŢǀƘưū
ƶƴĩ ŚºƷ Źŵ Ǝƿřźºƃ ƭżƬŤºƀƯƾƿřźŰºƇ
ƶºƳƺưƳ ƽŹřŵźºŝ Żř
ŢǀƘưū Ʊō ŚºƷ Ţºſř Źŵ ƶºƳƺưƳ ƽŹřŵźºŝ ºƿŚŝ Ŷ ƶºƯŚƳźŝ ƽ
ŜſŚƴƯ ƹ Ʀǀƴƨţ ŜſŚƴƯ ƶƳƺưƳ ƽŹřŵźŝ ŵŹƺƯ ţ ƶūƺ Źřźºƣ
ĭǀ ŵź ƶƯŚƳźŝ ƽ ƶƳƺưƳ řŵźŝ Ź ƽ ƪƯŚƃ śŚŴŤƳř ƱŚƯŻ Ŷůřƹƹ
ŜſŚƴƯ řźŝ ƽ ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ
ŵřŶƘţƲǀǀƘţ
ŜſŚƴƯ ƶºƳƺưƳ ƹ
ƲǀǀƘţ ƖƿŻƺţ ƾƳŚƨƯ Ŷůřƹ ƶƳƺưƳ ƽŹřŵźŝ ƾƯ ŶƃŚŝ Śºƴŝ ƶºŝ
źƔƳ
Liu et al. (2002)
řźºŝ ƽ ºůřźƏ ƾ ƶºƯŚƳźŝ ƽ ŜºſŚƴƯ
ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ Ĩƿ
ƵźƄů řŶŤŝř ŶƿŚŝ ƺĮƫř ƽ ƖƿŻƺţ ƿŚƌƟ ƾ
(spatial distribution)
ƶƳƺĭ řŹ ǀƘţ ǀ ŵźĩƲ
ƺĮƫř ƽ Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ŻřƶƧ ƹƿ ĭĦ ƾ ƽŚƷ ţřŷ ƾ ƶºƳƺĭ
Ţſř ƘƋƹ ǀ ŹřźƣŢ ŵřźƟřƲŤƟźĭ ƿ
ƘưūĨ ǀ ƶºŝŢŞƀƳŢ
ƮƷ ŵ ƿ ŹŵřŹźĮ ƿ
ƱŚƄƳƱŚƯŻĨ ƾºƯ
ŶºƷŵ ºţŢºŰţƹ Őŧǀ
ź
ŹŚŤƟŹƪƯřƺƗ ƽ
ŰƯƹ ǀƐ ƾ ƯƪĪƃ ƾ ĭǀ ŵź
(Taylor, 1961)
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƿ ŹŵƶºƳƺĭĨ ŵŦºŰŝ
ƿ ƯŚƴ ǀ ƘưūƮºƀ ºǀ
Ţ
ƀŝƕƺƋƺƯ ǀ
ưƸƯŹŚ ƾ Ţſř ƺĮƫřƲŤƀƳřŵ ƽ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ
ƿ ŻŹřŹŵƱōźĭŹŚĪºƃƹƶưƘƏĨ ºƿ
ŝŚ ƾ ºƀƳŚŤě ǀ Ʋưºƃŵƪ
ŞƏ ǀ ºƘ ƾ ºƀŝ ǀ ŢºſřƮºƸƯŹŚ
(Slone & Croft, 2000)
Śºŝ
ſŹźŝ ƾ Ɯţ ǀǀ Ƙưūšřź ǀ
ƳŢ ǀ ºƯż ƾ ƹƵŶºƳŻƪºƯřƺƗƱřƺºţ
ƛǀ ƵŶºƳŻź ƽ ţ Őŧǀ ƱōƂººƤƳƹŹřŸºĭź
ƹŹřŹŚºƷ ƽ šŚƳŚººſƺƳ
Ƙưū ǀ źƷŢ ƘţƶƳƺĭ ǀǀ ŵźĩƲ
ŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ ųźŝ
ƾ ƶƴĩ ŚºƷ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ ŶºƴƳŚƯ
Amblydromella kettanehi Denmark & Daneshvar
Typhlodromips caspiansis (Denmark & Daneshvar)
Arutunjan khosrovensis
) Anthoseius (
Typhlodromus
ƹ
Zetzellia mali (Ewing)
Źŵ Ʊřźººƿř ŵŹƺººƯ ƶººƘƫŚƐƯ Źřźººƣ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
Ð
ƶŤƟźĭ Ţſř
(Arbabi & Baradaran, 2001; Jalaeian, 2003;
Khodayari et al., 2009; Rahmani et al., 2010a)
ŚŬƳōŻř ƾƿ ƶƴĩƶĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ
N. barkeri
ƕŹřżºƯŹŵ
ų ǀ ƭźºųƝřźƏřŹŚ
řŹřŵŵŚºŝō ƽ Ƙưū ºǀ ޺ſŚƴƯŢ ƾ
Ţºſř
(Jafari et al., 2010)
ºƟźƏŻřƹ ƾ
ƶºƘƫŚƐƯ ř ƽ ƯŻŹŵ ǀ ƶºƴ ƽ
Ɯţ ǀǀ Ƙưūšřź ǀ
ƺĮƫřƹŢ ƽ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ řƿ ƭŚŬƳřƶƳƺĭƲ
ºƏŢºſřƵŶƄƳ ƾ
ƩŚºſ ŚºƷ ƽ ÎÐÔÕ ƹ ÎÐÕÕ Ɯţ ºǀǀ šřź
Ƙưū ǀ ƺºĮƫřƹŢ ƽ
Żƺţ ºƿ ŚºƌƟƖ ƾƿ ř ºƿ ŜºƫŚƣŹŵƶºƴĩƲ
ƫŚƘƟ ǀ ƬƈƟŢ ƾ ŢƟźĭŹřźƣƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯ
ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
řźºŝ ƽ
Ƙţ ǀǀ ƣŵƲ ǀ ƺĮƫřƢ ƽ Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƶƳƺĭƹŵźƷ
ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ
ſźĭŹƁƹŹŻřƶưƘƏƹ ǀ
Ƴƺ ƾ ţǀ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřŹƺƬ
ŵřƺƯ ƁƹŹƹ ŚƷ
ŢºǀƘưūšřźºǀǀƜţƾſŹźŝ
ƶºƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ
N. barkeri
ƹ
ƶƴĩ ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ
ƽř
ƶººƳƺưƳ Źřŵźººŝ ƽ ųƕŹřżººƯŻř ººǀ
ŹŚ ƶººƤƐƴƯ ƽ śřźººſ
ŚĮƴģ ƾƿ śźƛŹŵ ƭźųƱŚŤſźƸƃ
ŵŚŝō ƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƶºƴĩ
ƽ
źĭŹŚĪƃ
N. barkeri
ƹŹ ƽ ų ǀ ŹŚ ƫŚƘƟƩŚůŹŵ ǀ
ƯŢ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ
Źŵ řƿ ƶƤƐƴƯƲ ľLJƺưƘƯ ųŢƄĩ ºǀ ºŝŹŚºƸŝŹŵŹŚ ƶ
šŹƺºƇ
ŵŚŝŚŝƍƺƬŴƯ Ƴ
ƶūƺĭƱŚŬ
ƾĮƳźƟ ƯŚŝ
ǀ ŝƺƫƹƹŶĩƶ ǀ
żŞſŚ
ŚěŚţƹƶŤƟźĭƭŚŬƳř ǀƿ
ƶţƺŝż ŚºƷ ƽ ų ºǀ ƣŚºŝƶºƗŹżƯŹŵŹŚ ƾ
Ư ƾ ŶƴƳŚƯ řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ
Ŷƴģ ƿ Ʋ řŹŵƶºƗŹżƯ ºƿ
řźºŝƶºƤƐƴƯƲ ƽ
ſŹźŝ ƾ Ɯţ ǀǀ Ƙưūšřź ǀ
ƘţƹŢ ǀǀ Ʋ ƺĮƫř ƽ Żƺţ ƿ ŚºƌƟƖ ƾƿ
ƶƴĩ ƽ ƯƹźĭŹŚĪƃ ǀ
ŶƳŶºƃśŚŴŤƳřƱōƱŚŝż
ųīźºŝ ºǀ ŹŚ
ƶŝ ƶƳƺưƳŶůřƹƱřƺƴƗ
Źřŵźŝ ƽ ŶƃśŚŴŤƳř ƹ
ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźºŝ ƽ
żǀƳ ƶŝ ƟŵŚƈţšŹƺƇ ƾ
ŢºƟźĭƭŚŬƳř
ƶƬºƇŚƟƶºŝ
ƽ è ç
ƶŤƠƷ Ʀƿ ƶƳƺưƳŵřŶƘţŹŚŝ
ƽ ŢưƀƣŻřƭŻLJ
ŚºƷ ƽ ƞºƬŤŴƯ
ƶţƺŝ ƶƀǀƧƪųřŵƹřŶūŚƷ
ŚƷ ƽ ŶºƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣƾƨǀŤſLjě
ƶƳƺưƳ ŻŚſřŶūŻřžěŚƷ ƽ
ƶƬƇŚƟLjŝ ƪºƤŤƴƯƵŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōƶŝ
ŶƳŶƃ Źŵ ŚƯŻō ƿ źŤſřĨưĩŚŝƵŚĮƄ ƿ
Ưƺ ǀ ŵřŶºƘţĚĪſƹźĪ
ƶƴĩħźŰŤƯƪůřźƯ
ƽ ƶƴĩƹźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƽ ƶºĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ
ƹŹŵƺūƺƯ ƽ
ŶƳŶƃƁŹŚưƃīźŝźƷ
ƶƳƺưƳ ƱŚºƯŻŚºţŚƷ ſŹźŝ
ƾ ŚƯŵŹŵ ƽ Ñ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ºƀƬſ ǀ ƪºųřŵŽƺ ƿ
ƩŚºĤŴ
ƶĮƳ Źřŵ ƽ ŶƳŶƃ ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ ŝŚƷ ǀ šŚƗŚſƲ æç
î ŮŞƇ
ŶƃƭŚŬƳř
Ƙţ ǀººǀ ƶººƳƺưƳŵřŶººƘţƲ
ƽ LJ
ƭŻ ĨººưĩŚººŝ
ººƿ Ĩ
ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ ţŚƯŶƤƯ ƾ ŶƃƭŚŬƳř ƵŵřŵŚºŝ ŚºƷ ƽ ƶºŝ Ţºſŵ
řŻřƵŶƯō ƿ ƶƳƺưƳƲ Źřŵźŝ ƽ ţŚƯŶƤƯ ƾ
ŚºƐųƪƯŚƗ ƽ
޺ƀƳ ƾ
(RV)
ƶƐŝřŹŻř ƽ
RV = (SE / m) × 100
ŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯ
ŹŵƶƧ
ƶºƐŝřŹƲƿř m
ƹƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯ SE
ƵŵřŵŵŹřŶƳŚŤºſřƽŚºƐų
ƽŚºƷ
ƶƳƺưƳ ƾºƯƶǀƫƹřƽŹřŵźŝ
ŶƴºƃŚŝ
(Hillhouse & Pitre, 1974)
ŹřŶƤƯ RV
ƝřŶƷřƶŝƶŤƀŝƞƬŤŴƯšŚƘƫŚƐƯŹŵƁźƿŸěƪŝŚƣ
ŢſřšƹŚƠŤƯƶƘƫŚƐƯ
šŚƟōŢƿźƿŶƯƶŝƍƺŝźƯšŚƤǀƤŰţŹŵ
ƾƿŚƌƟƖƿŻƺţƽƺĮƫřƲǀǀƘţƹ
ŹřŶƤƯ RV
Śţ ÏÒ żºǀƳŶºƇŹŵ
ƾƯƩƺŞƣƪŝŚƣ
ŶƃŚŝ
(Snodgrass, 1998)
ƶºƳƺưƳŵřŶƘţ
ƽ ƭŻLJ
ŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝ ƶƐŝřŹ
ƽ
N = [(t × S) / (d × m)]2
ŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯ ƶĩ
N
ƶƳƺưƳŵřŶƘţ
ƽ
ƭŻLJ t
ƩƹŶūŹřŶƤƯ
student
Ŝƀůźŝ
ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŵřŻō ƽ ƶƳƺưƳŵřŶƘţ
S
ƵŵřŵŹŚºǀƘƯƝřźºŰƳř
ŚºƷ ƽ
ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ ţŚƯŶƤƯ ƾ
d
źŨƧřŶºů ŚºƐųŢŞºƀƳ
ƽ ƪºŝŚƣ
ƩƺŞƣ ƹ m
ƵŵřŵƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Ʒ
Ś ƽ ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ ƶǀƫƹř Ư ƾ ŶƴºƃŚŝ
(Pedigo & Buntin, 1994)
ƶƴĩ ŚƷ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃƹŢƟō
ƝŚƠºƃŻřžºě
ƹƱŶºƃ
ƶǀƸţ ƽ ŚƷŶºǀƬƧƦºưƧŚŝƱƺǀſřŹŚěźě ƽ
ƿŚºſŚƴƃźºŞŤƘƯ ƾ
ŶƳŶƃ Ʋƿř ºƗřŹŻƩŚſƹŵƩƺƏŹŵŹŚƧ ƾ
ÎÐÕÔ ƹ ÎÐÕÕ
ŢºƟźĭƭŚŬƳř
ƭźºƳŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚºŝ
żºƟř Źř
Excel
ŹřŵƺºưƳ
Ɯţ ǀǀ Ƙưūšřź ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ ŚƷ ƽ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
ƹŵŹŵ
ƩŚſ ŹƺƧŸƯƾƗřŹŻ ſźţ
ǀ ŶƃƮ
ƾſŹźŝ ƲĩŚƯř ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƶƴƧƾƳřŹŸĭ
ƽ źĭŹŚƨƃ
řźººŝ ƽ ººſŹźŝ ƾ ƘººƋƹ ǀ ƱŚŤººƀƯŻŢ
ƳřŹŸººĭ ƾ ƶººƴĩ ƽ
źĭŹŚĪƃ
N. barkeri
Żřžě ŢƄĩƭŚưţř
ŝ ƶ ƷŚƯŹƺƏ ǀ ƶºƳŚ
ŰƐſƂŴŝŻř ƾ
ƢưƗŚţ ÏÍ ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ ƽ
ƥŚºųŮƐºſ
ƞƬƗ ŚƷ ƽ ŻźƷ ƹ ŚƤŝ ºƿ Ś ƽ ĭ ºǀ ƷŚ ƾ ƶºƗŹżƯŹŵŵƺºūƺƯ
ƽ
ƖưūƶƳƺưƳ
Źƹō ƽ ƹ ƪƤŤƴƯƵŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōƶŝ ŶƳŶƃ
ƶƴĩ ŚƷ Śºŝ
Ñ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźƠƘū
ŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ
ƶƴƧ źĭŹŚƨƃƽ
Neoseiulus barkeri
żǀƫźŝƞǀƣŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř ƿ
Ś Źřźºƣ ƹŚºůīźºŝƱŵřŵ ƽ
ƶºƴĩ ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵ ř ƽ ƹŹ ƽ ƶƳƺưƳ řźºƃŹŵŚºƷ ƿ
ŚƯŻōƎ ƿ ƷŚĮºƄ ƾ řŶºū
ŶƳŶƃ řŚŝ ƿ ƪŰƯƁƹŹƲ ƱŚŤƀƯŻ
ƾƳřŹŸĭ ƶƴĩ ŚƷ ƩƺºƏŹŵ
ƪƈƟ ƱŚŤƀƯŻ Ƙţ ǀǀ Ʋ Ŷƃ
ƶƴĩƾƿŚƌƟƖƿŻƺţƽƺĮƫřƲǀǀƘţ
ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţƽ
ƹƽř ƶƴƧ ƽ
źĭŹŚƨƃ
N. barkeri
ŽŚſřźŝ ƶºƳƺưƳŻřƪƇŚůŪƿŚŤƳ
żºƯŹŵƽŹřŵźºŝ ƕŹř
ƶƤƐƴƯŹŚǀų
ƽ ƭźųƱŚŤſźƸƃƝřźƏřƾƿŚĮƴģśřźſ
ŵŚŝō
ƩŚſƹŵƾƏ ÎÐÕÔ
ƹ ÎÐÕÕ
ƆųŚºƃ ƶºŝƍƺºŝźƯƽŚºƷ
ƹƾĭŶººƴĩřźě ƽƺººĮƫř
ƾƿŚººƌƟƖººƿŻƺţ ƶººƴƧ
źĭŹŚƨººƃƽ
N. barkeri
ƶººưƘƏƹ ƽ Ʊō
(T. urticae)
ƶººƿŚěźŝ ƽ ƁƹŹ
ŹƺººƬǀţƾƳƺǀººſźĭŹ
(Taylor’s power law)
ººǀƘţ ŶººƃƲǀ
(Southwood & Henderson, 2000)
ƁƹŹ ŚºưƳ ƾƿ ţǀ ŹƺºƬ
řźººŝ ƽ ººƇƺţ ǀ ŚººƷƺĮƫřƞ ƽ
Żƺţ ººƿ ŚººƌƟƖ ƾƿ Ƙưū ººǀ Ţ
ěšřŵƺūƺƯ ǀ
ŶƃŵŚƸƴƄ ŢſřƵ
(Taylor, 1961)
ŽŚºſřźŝ
řƿ ƁƹŹƲ
Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ŹřƹƹƲ ƿ ƘưūžƳŚ ǀ
Ţ ŚºƷ ƾƿ řŹřŵƶºĩ ƽ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƶƫŵŚƘƯŚŝŶƴŤƀƷ
ƽ ŚưƳ ƾƿ
S2 = amb
ƶºŝ ƮºƷ
ƶŤºƀŝřƹ ŶºƳř ƩƺºƯźƟ
log S2 = log a + b log m
ƁƹŹŹŵ
ţǀ ƵŵŚƠŤſřŵŹƺƯŹƺƬ
ƾƯŹřźƣ ƶºƧŵźǀĭ ŝm
ºǀ ƯźĮƳŚ ºǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ
Ƶŵřŵ ŹŚţźƷŹŵŚƷ ƿ
ƶƳƺưƳŲ Źřŵźŝ ƽ
S2
Źřƹ ƿ ƶºƳƺưƳžƳŚ
ŚºƷ
ŹŚţźƷŹŵ ƿ
ƶƳƺưƳŲ Źřŵźºŝ ƽ
b
ºƃ ǀ ºſźĭŹƎºųŜ ǀ
ƹƱƺ
log a
ƣLjţƪŰƯ ƾ ſźĭŹƎų ǀ
ŹƺŰƯŚŝƱƺ y
Ţſř a
ƹ b
ƶĩŶƴŤƀƷźŤƯřŹŚěƹŵ a
Ƴřƶŝ ƵŻřŶ ƽ ĮŤºƀŝƶƳƺưƳ ƾ
ŵŹřŵ ƹ
ƯŢŞƀƳźŝ ǀ
ĮƳŚ ǀ ŹřƹƶŝƲ ƿ ţžƳŚ Őŧǀ Ưź ƾ ŵŹřŸĭ ŤƯřŹŚºě ź b
ƱŚƄƳ ƵŶƴƷŵ ƽ Ư ǀ ƖưŬţƱřż ƹŻřƹƵŵƺŝ
ƿ ºĭĦ ƾ ŚºƷ ƽ ƶºƳƺĭ
Ţſř
(Taylor et al., 1978)
řŚŝ ƿ Ʋ ƩŚů
ƤŰţ ǀ ƱŚºƄƳšŚºƤ
Ƶŵřŵ Ţſř ŚºƷƺĮƫřƶĩ ƽ
ŹŚºŤƟŹ ƽ ŰƯƪºƯřƺƗƹ ǀ
ºƐ ƾ źºŝ
ţƱōŹřŶƤƯ Őŧǀ
ŶƳŹřŵź
(Banerjee, 1976)
řźŝ ƽ ƶ޺ſŚŰƯ ƽ
ƆųŚƃ ţǀb
ƵŵřŵŹƺƬ ŚƷ ƽ ŹŚºţźƷƶŝƍƺŝźƯ ƿ
ƶºŝŲ ŹƺºƏ
ŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵƶƳŚĭřŶū
žĜſ Źřƹ ºƿ ƯƹžƳŚ ºǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ
Ʊō ƶŞſŚŰƯŚƷ ƹ
ƱōŻř ŹŚºĮƫŚƷ ƿ ŶºƃƶºŤƟźĭƮŤ
ƶºƐŝřŹ ƽ ſźĭŹ
ǀ ƐųƱƺ ƾ ŝǀ ŹŚĮƫƲ ƿ ƮŤ ŚºƷ ƽ Ư ºǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ŹřƹƹƲ ºƿ žƳŚ
ŝƶ ƃƹŶƯōŢſŵ ǀ
ƎºųŜ (b)
Ƙţ ǀºǀ ŶºƃƲ ºƃ ǀ ƎºųŜ
īŹżŝ ƹŚƀƯźţ ƽ Ĩºģƺĩƹ
Żřźºţ Î ƶºŝ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ ŝºǀ źĮƳŚ
ƘưŬţƂƴĩřźě ƾ
ƟŵŚƈţ
ƾ ƹ ƿ ŢųřƺƴĪ Ư
ƾ ŶºƃŚŝ řźºŝ ƽ
Ƙţ ǀººǀ ƯƲ ººǀ Ʊřż b
ƶººŝ ƁŻřźººŝŹƺººƔƴƯ Î
b
ƩƺººƯźƟŻř
t = |b–1| / SEb
ŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſř
ƶººĩ
SEb
ŝ ºǀ ŚººƐųźĮƳŚ ƽ
ƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ǀ
ſźĭŹƎųŜ ǀ
ŢſřƱƺ ŵŚƤƯ ƿ ƶŞſŚŰƯź ƵŶƃ
ŵŚƤƯŚŝ ƿ ź t
ƶŞſŚŰƯ ƶºūŹŵŚºŝƵŶƃ
ƽ ŵřŻō ƽ Ï n
ŵŹƺºƯ
ŚƤƯ ƿ ƯŹřźƣƶƀ ƾ
ĭǀ ŶƳź źĭř t
ƶŞſŚŰƯ ƵŶƃ
(tc)
Ʈĩ Żřźºţ t
ƩƹŶū
(tt)
źƠƇƉźƟŵƺŝ Î
b
Ÿě ƿ ºƯƶºŤƟź ƾ ƹŵƺºƃ
ƯƱŚƄƳ ƾ ŻƺţƶĩŶƷŵ ƿ
ƘưūƖ ǀ ƟŵŚºƈţƕƺƳŻřŢ ƾ
Ţºſř
ţŹƺƇŹŵ ƾ ƶĩ
tc
īŹżŝ Żřźţ
tt
źƠºƇƉźƟŵƺŝ Î
b
ŵŹ
Ư ƾ ºƃ ƺ ŵ ƹ řŹŵ ºƿ šŹƺºƇƲ Î
>
ƹb
Î <
b
ƶºŝ źţ ţ ºǀ Ŝ
ƱŚƄƳ ƵŶƴƷŵ ƽ ƷřƺųŢųřƺƴĪƿƹƾƘưŬţƖƿŻƺţ ƴ
ŵƺŝŶ
ŪƿŚŤƳ ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţƾſŹźŝ
ƽŚºƷ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
ƾƗřŹŻƩŚſŹŵ ÎÐÕÔ
ƾƴŰƴƯ ƶºƴĩŢºǀƘưūšřźºǀǀƜţ
ƽŚºƷ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
ƶƤƐƴƯŹŚǀųƕŹřżƯŹŵ
ƽ śřźºſ ŹŵƾƿŚºĮƴģ
ƭźųƱŚŤſźƸƃśźƛ
ƽŚƷƩŚſŹŵŵŚŝō ÎÐÕÔ
ƹ ÎÐÕÕ Źŵ
ƪĪƃ Î ŢºſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳ
ŪƿŚºŤƳ ƶºĩŵřŵƱŚºƄƳ Źŵ
ƩŚſ ÎÐÕÔ ƶºƴĩƲǀƫƹř
ƽŚºƷ
T. urticae
Õ ŢºƄƸŞƿŵŹř ƹ
Ʋǀƫƹř ƶƴĩ ƽŚƷ
N. barkeri
ÏÒ ŢƄƸŞƿŵŹř
ƵŚƯ ŹŚǀųƽƹŹ
ƵŶƷŚƄƯ ŶƳŶƃ ƶƯřŵř ƽ ƶºƳƺưƳ ƽŹřŵźºŝ ƶºĩŵřŵƱŚºƄƳŚºƷ
ƶƴĩŢǀƘưū
ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ
źºǀţƪƿřƹřŚţƽř
ƱřŶºƴģƵŚºƯ
ř ƹŹƱōŢºǀƘưūŶƘŝƶŝŲƿŹŚţƲƿřŻřƾƫƹŢƟŚǀƳƂƿřżƟ ŵŚƿŻƶŝ ŹŵƹŢƃřŸĭƱŶƃ ÎÎ
ŵřŵźƯ ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūƵŚƯ
ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ
ŶǀſŹũƹřƶŝƽř
ÎÔ ÏÑ źƷƽƹŹƶƴĩŵŶƗ
īźŝ ŢƟŚƿƂƷŚĩžĜſƹ
ƪĪƃ A
Î
Ƙưū ǀ řŢ ƿ řƹřŻřƶƴĩƲ ƿ
ţƪ ǀź řƹřŚţƵŚƯ ƿ źƸƯƪ ƵŚºƯ
ƎſƺŤƯŻřźţLJŚŝ ÎÍ
ƹŹƶƴĩŵŶƗ ƽ
ŵƺŝīźŝźƷ
Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
Ò
ƪĪƃ Î Ɯţ ǀǀ Ƙưūšřź ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ
Neoseiulus barkeri
ƹ ƶưƘƏ
Ʊōƽ ƶƴĩ ƽ
Tetranychus urticae
ųƕŹřżƯŹŵ ºǀ
ŹŚ
ƶƤƐƴƯ ƽ ŚĮƴģśřźſ ƾƿ
śźƛ ƭźųƱŚŤſźƸƃ
ŵŚŝō ƩŚſŹŵ (A)
æèíì ƹ (B)
æèíí
Fig. 1. Population fluctuation of Neoseiulus barkeri and its prey Tetranychus urticae in cucumber fields of Sarab-e Chengaei region in west of the city of Khorramabad in (A) 2008 and (B) 2009.
Ƙưū ººǀ ƶººƴĩŢ ƽ ƶººĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚººţ ř
ƽ ƱŚººƯŻƩƺººƏŹŵ
ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ ŝŚƷ ǀ Ʋ ÑÏ Î Śţ ÎÔ ÏÑ ƹŹƶƴĩ ƽ īźºŝźºƷ
ŵƺŝƱŚſƺƳŹŵ
źºųōŚºţ ƿ ŹŚºţƲ ƿ ƶºƳƺưƳŲ Źřŵźºŝ ƽ ƿ ºƴƘ ƾ
ÏÏ Õ ÎÐÕÔ Ƴǀ ƶƴĩż ŚƷ ƽ ƹŹƲţŹŚºţ ƽ
īźºŝ ŚºƷ ƽ ų ºǀ ŹŚ
ŶƴŤƃřŵŵƺūƹ
Ƙưū ǀ ƶƴĩŢ ƽ ƹřŚţźĭŹŚĪƃ řƿ
ƪ źºǀţ ƵŚºƯ ƬƗ
ƾ LJŚŝƮƛŹ ŞƀƳƲŤƟŹ ƾ Ƙưū ǀ ƶƴĩŢ ƽ ƶºĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ
Ʈĩ Żřźţ Ð Í ƹŹŵŶƗ ƽ ƣŚŝīźŝźƷ ƾ
ŶƳŚƯ řŻř ƿ ŹŚţƲ ƿ Ų
ŶƘŝƶŝ
ƶŝ ŹŚţŹŵżū ƿ
Ų ÏÎ Ñ ÎÐÕÔ Ƙưūƶĩ ǀ ƵŹŚºŝƹŵŢ
ƂƷŚĩ ƿ ƘưūŢƟŚ ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ ƹŹ
ƽ īźºŝ ŚºƷ ƽ
ų ººǀ ŹŚ řżººƟřƶººŝƹŹ ƿ
ƶŤººƃřŸĭƂ ŹŚººţŹŵƹ
ƿ Ų Ô Ó ÎÐÕÔ
(A)
(B)
Ó ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźƠƘū
ŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ
ƶƴƧ źĭŹŚƨƃƽ
Neoseiulus barkeri
Ƙưū ǀ ƶƴĩŢ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ ƶŝ źţLJŚŝ ƿ ŵřŶƘţƲ ŵƺºų ÍÕÔ Î
ƹŹƶƴĩ ƽ īźŝźƷ ƗřŹŻƩŚſƩƺƏŹŵ ƾ
ºſŹ ǀŶ ƪĪºƃ
A
Î ŝ ƶ ƬĩŹƺƏ ƾ
Żř ÎÎ ŵřŵźƯ Śţ ÎÑ źƸƯ ƵŚºƯ
ƎºſƺŤƯ
ŵřŶƘţ ƶƴĩ ŚƷ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ ŻřźţLJŚŝ Ò Í ŵŶƗ ƹŹ ƽ īźŝźƷ
ŵƺŝ Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƶƴĩŵřŶƘţƲ
ŚƷ ƽ ŝźĭŹŚĪƃ ǀ
Ʋ ÍÒ Í Śţ ÍÕÔ Î
ƹŹƶƴĩ ƽ ƜŤƯīźŝźƷ ǀ
ŵƺŝź ƶŤƠƷŻř ƽ ƭƹŵ źƸƯ ƶºŝƵŚºƯ
ƘưūŶƘŝ ǀ ƶƴĩŢ ƽ ƮƷźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƶŝƹŹŚƯŵƂƷŚĩŚŝƱŚƯŻ
řƹřŻřƹƶŤƃřŸĭƩƹżƳ ƿ
ƘưūŶƘŝƶŝƱŚŝōƪ ǀ
ŶƃƮĩƱōŢ
Źŵ ŹŚţ ƿ Ų ÎÏ ƱŚŝō ƵŚƯ ƿ ƴƘ ƾ źųō ƿ ŹŚţƲ ƿ ƶºƳƺưƳŲ Źřŵźºŝ ƽ
Ƴǀ ż ƶƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ ƘưūƎſƺŤƯŚŝ ǀ
Ţ ÍÒ Í ƹŹƶƴĩ ƽ źƷ
Ɩưūīźŝ
Źƹō ƽ ƃ Ŷ
ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţƾſŹźŝ
ƽŚºƷ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
ƾƗřŹŻƩŚſŹŵ ÎÐÕÕ
ƶŝ ƾƬĩŹƺºƏ
ƶºƴĩŢºǀƘưū
ƽ
N. barkeri
ƶºƴĩƹ ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ
ƩŚºſŚºŝƶƀƿŚƤƯŹŵƽř ÎÐÕÔ
Ʈºĩ ŵƺºŝźºţ
ƾſŹźŝ ƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŚƷ ƩŚºſŹŵ
ÎÐÕÕ ƶºƴĩƲǀºƫƹř
ƽŚºƷ
ƲţŹŚţ Źŵ ÏÏ ŢƄƸŞƿŵŹř
ƶƴĩƲǀƫƹřƹƵŚƯ
ŹŵźĭŹŚĪƃƽŚƷ
Ï ŵřŵźººų ƵŚººƯ ƖººưūŹŚººǀųƽƹŹ
ŶƳŶººƃƽŹƹō
ƶººƯřŵř ƽ
ƶƳƺưƳ ƽŹřŵźºŝ ƶºƴĩŢºǀƘưūƶºĩŵřŵƱŚºƄƳŚºƷ
ƽ ƲţŹŚºţ
ƶĪƫƹŵ źǀţƪƿřƹřŚţƽř
ƮĩƵŚƯ ƎſƺŤƯŻřźţ ÎÍ
ƶºƴĩŵŶºƗ
Ź ƶºŝƹŹŶºƘŝƶºŝŲƿŹŚºţƲºƿřŻřƾºƫƹŵƺŝīźŝźƷƽƹ
ŹŵƹŢƃřŸĭƂƿřżƟř ÏÕ
ŵřŵźƯ ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūƵŚƯ
ƽ ƲţŹŚţ
ƶĪƫƹŵ ƵŶǀſŹũƹřƶŝƽř
ÖÕ ÎÔ īźŝźƷƽƹŹƶƴĩŵŶƗ
ŢºƃřŸĭƂƷŚºĩƶºŝƹŹžĜſƹ
ƪĪºƃ B
Î ƶºƴĩ ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ
ƶƳƺưƳŲƿŹŚţƲƿźųōŹŵƽř
ŹŵƾºƴƘƿƽŹřŵźŝ
ÏÑ ƱŚŝō ƖưūżǀƳƵŚƯ
Źƹō Ŷƃƽ ŵřŶƘţƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Ʋºƿř
ƶºƴĩ
Ʋǀŝ ÍÕÐÐ Í Śţ ÖÕ ÎÔ ŵŶƗ ŵƺŝźǀƜŤƯīźŝźƷƽƹŹ
ƶƴĩŢǀƘưū
ƽ
N. barkeri
Śţ ŲƿŹŚţ ÎÓ ŵřŵźƯ ŚŝƵŚƯ
ƾţŚƳŚſƺƳ Ʈĩ
źţ Żř Ð Í ŵŶƗ ƶƴĩ īźŝźƷƽƹŹ ŵƺŝ
ŚƯř Żř
ŶƘŝƶŝŲƿŹŚţƲƿř ŢǀƘưū
Ʊō ŢƟŚƿƂƿřżƟřƾĩŶƳř
Źŵƹ
ŲƿŹŚţ ÏÕ ŵřŵźƯ ƵŚƯ Ƃǀŝƶŝ źţ Ʋƿ ŵƺųƱřżǀƯ
ÓÒ Í ƶºƴĩ īźŝźƷƽƹŹ
ŶǀſŹƾƗřŹŻƩŚſƩƺƏŹŵ
ŻřŶºƘŝ ř ºƿ Ʋ
ŹŚţ ƿ ƘưūŲ ǀ Ţ Ʋºƿř ºƫƹŢºƃřŸĭƂƷŚºĩƶºŝƹŹƶºƴĩ ƾ
ŵřŶƘţƎſƺŤƯ Ʊō
Śţ Ò źƸƯ ƵŚƯ ŻřźţLJŚŝ ÑÒ Í ƹŹŵŶºƗ ƽ
īźŝźƷ ŵƺŝ Żř Ǝſřƹř źƸƯ ƘưūŶºƘŝƶŝƵŚƯ ºǀ
ƶºƴĩŢ ƽ
ƮƷźĭŹŚĪƃ
ƶŤºƃřŸĭƩƹżºƳƶºŝƹŹŚƯŵƂƷŚĩŚŝƱŚƯŻ ƹ
źųō ƿ ƶƴĩƲ ŚƷ ƽ ŹŵźĭŹŚĪºƃ ÎÑ
ƱŚºŝō ƵŚºƯ Ɩºưū Źƹō ƽ
ƃ Ŷ ŶƳ Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ŵřŶƘţƲ Ʋƿř ŝƶƴĩ ǀ Ʋ ÍÏÒ Í Śţ ÓÒ Í ŵŶºƗ
ƹŹ ƽ ƜŤƯīźŝźƷ ǀ
ŵƺŝź ƪĪƃ B
Î
ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūƲǀŝƾĮŤƀŞưƷ
ƽŚƷ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
ſŹźŝ ƾ Ư ǀ ĮŤºƀŞưƷƱřż ƾ
ºŝǀ ƘưūƲ ºǀ ƶºƴĩŢ ŚºƷ ƽ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
ĮŤºƀŞưƷƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƾ
ºŤŞŨƯ ƾ
ŝǀ ƜţƲ ǀǀ Ƙưūšřź ǀ
řŢ ƿ ƶƳƺĭƹŵƲ
ƩŚºſŹŵƮºƷ
ÎÐÕÔ
ÍÍÖ Í
Pvalue
ÓÒÎ Í r
ƩŚºººſŹŵƮºººƷƹ
ÎÐÕÕ
ÍÍÍ Í
Pvalue
ÔÖÖ Í r
Ţºººƃřŵŵƺºººūƹ ř
ºººƿ Ʋ
ĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾ ŮƐºſŹŵƩŚºſƹŵźºƷŹŵ ÍÎ
Í ºƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƹ
Ưǀ Ʊřż Ʊō ƩŚſŹŵ ÎÐÕÕ ŝǀ ƩŚſŻřźŤƄ ÎÐÕÔ
ŵƺŝ
ƱŚŤƀƯŻŢǀƘƋƹƾſŹźŝ
ƶƴĩƾƳřŹŸĭ
ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ
N. barkeri
ƱŚŤƀƯŻƲĩŚƯřƾſŹźŝ
ƶºƴĩƶºĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƾƳřŹŸĭ
ƽ
źĭŹŚĪƃ
N. barkeri
ƶŝ ƵŵŚƯšŹƺƇ
ƽ ŹƹŹŚŝ ƹ ŶºưƗ ľŚţ Źŵ
ƢººưƗ ÎÍ Ò ƾŤƳŚººſ ƶººŝħŚººųƪººųřŵƽźººŤƯ
šŹƺººƇ
ƱŚŤƀƯŻƽŹŚŞūřźǀƛ
ƾƯƾƳřŹŸĭ
Ŷƴĩ ƕŹřżºƯħŚºųƩŚƤŤƳř
ƱŚŤƀƯŻŹŵŹŚǀų ƶŝ
ŹřźƣƹƵŚĮƄƿŚƯŻō
īźŝƱŵřŵ ƽƹŚºů
ƶƴĩ ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵ ħŚųƲƿřƽƹŹƽř
ƶºƴĩƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŚƷ
ƽŚºƷ
ƵŵŚƯ ƽ ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ºŰƯƶºŝƩŚƤŤƳřŻřžěƶƬƇŚƟLjŝƱřŹŸĭ ǀ
Ǝ
ŚƯŻō ƿ ħŚųŮƐſƶŝƵŚĮƄ
ƹŹƹ ƽ īźŝ ŚƷ ƽ ƹŚů ƽ ƶƴĩ ƽ
ƶưƘƏ ƾƯ Ŷƴƿō ƶƴƧƲƿř ŚƷ ŸƜţ ƿ ƶ ƵŵźºƧ ƳƱƹŶºŝƹ ºǀ
ƶºŝŻŚ
ŢƠū ĭ ǀź ƽ ƮºŴţƶºŝƕƹźƃ Ź
ºƿ ż ƽ ºƯ ƾ ƴĩ Ŷºƴ ƶºƴĩ ŚºƷ ƽ
ƱŚŤƀƯŻ řŹŸĭ ŹŵƹŶƳŶºƃƵŶƷŚºƄƯħŚºųƪºųřŵƎƤƟƱ
Śſ ƿ ƞƬƗŶƴƳŚƯƲĩŚƯřź
ŚƷ ƽ ŻźƷ ƿ ŚƤŝŚ ƿŚ ƽ ĭ ǀ ƷŚ ƾ ƪºųřŵ
ƶƗŹżƯ
ƶƴĩ ƽ ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƳƵŶƷŚƄƯƱřŹŸĭ ŶƄ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
Ô
ƩƹŶū Î ƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě ŵŹƹōźŝ
ƶƿżŬţƎſƺţƵŶƃ
ƽ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ
Taylor’s power law
ƽřźŝ ƾƿŚƌƟƖƿŻƺţƽƺĮƫřƲǀǀƘţ ƶƴĩ
ƽŚƷ
Neoseiulus barkeri
ƹ
Tetranychus urticae
ƩŚſŹŵ ƽŚƷ ƾƗřŹŻ ÎÐÕÔ ƹ ÎÐÕÕ
Table 1. Estimated parameters by Taylor’s power law regression method for determining the spatial distribution pattern of Neoseiulus barkeri and Tetranychus urticae in 2008 and 2009.
Taylor’s power law Species
Year
Pvalue
r2 tt
tc
Slope ± SE Intercept ± SE
0 < 0.0001 0.970
2.179 2.448
1.140 ± 0.057 0.307 ± 0.037
N. barkeri
2008 T. urticae 0.888 ± 0.084 1.689 ± 0.086 7.971 2.160 0.967 0 < 0.0001
0 < 0.0001 0.977
2.160 5.286
1.286 ± 0.054 0.385 ± 0.043
N. barkeri 2009
0 < 0.0001 0.968
2.131 8.180
1.614 ± 0.075 0.802 ± 0.064
T. urticae
ƾƿŚƌƟƖƿŻƺţ
źŝ ƶƳƺưƳŽŚſř
Źřŵźŝ ƽ ţŚƯŶƤƯ ƾ ƭŚŬƳř ƵŶºƃ Ư ºǀ Ʊřż
RV
řźºŝ ƽ ƶºƴĩ ƽ ƶºĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚºţ ř
ƽ ƶºƴĩƹ ƽ
N. barkeri
ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ÐÓ ÎÏ ƹ ÍÓ ÎÑ ºưŴţ ǀ ŶºƃƵŵŻƲ
ºƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
ƶƳƺưƳŵřŶƘţ
ƽ LJ řźŝƭŻ ƽ ƶƳƺưƳ Źřŵźŝ ƽ řźºŝ ƽ ƶºƳƺĭƹŵ ƽ
ŚºŝơƺƟ ÏÒ Í ƶºŝŚºƐų ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ ÖÑ ÒÕ ƹ ÏÓ ÔÓ ƶºƳƺưƳ
ŵŹƹōźŝ ƃ Ŷ Źŵ řƿ LJŚºŝŢºƸūƂƷƹĦěƲ
źºƋƱŵźºŝ ƿ
Ŝ
ưƏř ǀ ſŹźŝƹƱŚƴ ƾ
ƶƐŝřŹ ƽ ĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾ Ư ºǀ ƘưūƹŵƱŚ ºǀ
Ţ
řźŝƶƳƺĭƹŵ ƽ
ƶƳƺĭƹŵźƷ
ƽ
ƶưƘƏƹźĭŹŚĪƃ ÕÍ
īźºŝ
ƶƳƺưƳŹŚŝźƷŹŵ
Źřŵźŝ ƽ ŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵ
řźƋ ƿ ƹŌřŶºŞƯŻřƉźºƗŜ
ºƃ ǀ ƯƹƎºųŜ ºǀ
Ʊřż
ŚƐų ƽ ƱōŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř
ŹřŶƤƯŚƷ t
ƶŞſŚŰƯ řźºƋƹƵŶºƃ ƿ
Ŝ
Ƙţ ǀǀ ƯƲ ǀ ſźĭŹƁƹŹƁŻřźŝƱřż ǀ
Ƴƺ ƾ ţǀ ƩƹŶūŹŵŹƺƬ Î
ŢſřƵŶƯō
řŹŵ ƿ ƃŹřŶƤƯƁƹŹƲ ǀ
ƎųŜ (b)
ƶŝ Ţºſŵ
ƶºƐŝřŹŻřƵŶºƯō
ƽ ºſźĭŹ ǀ ººƐųƱƺ ƾ ºŝǀ ŹŚºĮƫƲ ƿ ƮŤ ŚººƷ ƽ
Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ŹřƹƹƲ ƿ žƳŚ ƶŞſŚŰƯ
ƵŶƃ Źŵ ƩŚºſƹŵźƷ řźºŝ
ƽ
ƶƴĩ ŚƷ ƽ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
īŹżŝ Żřźţ Î ŵƺŝ ƾƴƘƿ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƹŵźƷ ƶƳƺĭ ƘưŬţƕƺƳŻř ƾ
Ţſř ƩƹŶū
Î ŵŚƤƯ ƿ ź t
ƶŞſŚŰƯ ƵŶƃ
(tc)
řźŝ ƽ ƶƴĩ ŚƷ ƽ
N. barkeri
ƹ
T. urticae
Ƴǀ īŹżŝƩŚſƹŵźƷŹŵż
Żřźºţ t
ƩƹŶºū
(tt)
ŵƺŝ ƶĩ ƱŚƄƳ Ư ƾ ŶƷŵ źƠºƇƉźºƟ Î
Źb
ºƯŵ ƾ ŵƺºƃ
řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƟŵŚºƈţƶºƳƺĭƹŵźƷ ƾ
Ƴǀ Ţºƀ ƹ
ŹřŶƤƯƱƺģ b
īŹżŝ Żřźţ Î ŵƺŝ
ƯƱŚƄƳ ƾ ƶĩŶƷŵ ƺĮƫř ƽ Żƺţ
ººƿ ŚººƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƩŚººſƹŵźººƷŹŵƶººƳƺĭƹŵźººƷ
ƕƺººƳŻř
ƘưŬţ ƾ Ţſř
ŦŰŝ
ƢǀƤŰţƲƿřŹŵ ƶŝ
ƾƯźƔƳ ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūƶĩŶſŹ
ƽŚƷ
ƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯ ŹŚǀųƽƹŹ
ţƾƐǀŰƯƪƯřƺƗźŝƵƹLjƗ Ǝſƺ
ţŢŰţżǀƳƽźĮƿŵƾƠƬŤŴƯƪƯřƺƗ Ő
ŤƟźĭŹřźƣźǀŧ Ŷºƴ
ƶºĩ
ŢƟōŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř
Ƃĩ ŻřƾƗřŹŻƩŚſƩƺƏŹŵƾƿŚǀưǀƃƽŚƷ
ţŐ źǀŧ ƱōƲƿźţŹřŸĭ
ŢſŚƷ ŢºǀƘưūƶºĩŵřŵƱŚºƄƳŪƿŚºŤƳ
ƶƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ
N. barkeri
ƪƿřƹřŵƹŶůŻřƩŚſƹŵźƷŹŵ
ŵřŵźų īźŝƽƹŹƵŚƯ
źƷŚƓŹŚǀųƽŚƷ ƾƯ
ŵƺƃ šŶƯŹŵƹ
ĩƾƳŚƯŻ Ʈſƶ ŹŚǀųšŚƟōƶǀƬƗƾƃŚě ƾºƯšŹƺºƇ
ŵźºǀĭ
ƶººƴĩƲººƿř ŢººſřƾƴǀƿŚººěƾººŤǀƘưūšŚƳŚººſƺƳƽřŹřŵ
Żř
ƾƳŚƯŻ ƶĩ Ʈſ ƂƷŚºĩƪºǀƫŵƶŝŹŚǀųƽƹŹƾưǀƤŤƀƯƾƃŚě
ƾưƳƭŚŬƳřƩƺƈŰƯƱřżǀƯ
ŵźǀĭ ƾƴƘƿ
ƽźĮƿŵšLJƺƈŰƯ
ŵŚŝŶƴƳŚƯ Ư ƾƬƇřƩƺƈŰƯƶǀƯŚŝƹƱŚŬ
ƶŝ ƾƯśŚƀů
Ŷƴƿō
ƶƴĩŢǀƘưū
ƽ
N. barkeri
ŻżºǀƳ ŵŚºƿ ƾºƯ ŵƺºƃ ƶºģźĭř
ŢƟōƶŝŢƯƹŚƤƯ
Ƃºĩ ƽŚºƷ ŻřƽŵřŶºƘţƽřźºŝƾƿŚǀưǀºƃ
ƶºººƳƺĭ ƽŚºººƷ
Phytoseiidae
ŢºººſřƵŶºººƃƁŹřżºººĭ
(Gerson et al., 2003)
ƲƿřŚŝ ƶºŝƩŚů ƾºƯźºƔƳ ƶºĩŶºſŹ
ƾºŤůƹŽƹźƬĪƿŵŢƿĥŹŚěƹźěƱŚŞſŹƹŵŶƴƳŚƯƾƯƺưſ
ƶŤºƃƪƯŚºƃŹŚºǀųšŚºƟōƩźºŤƴĩƽřźŝƶĩƱŚƠƫƺſƹŶƳř ƶƴĩƹžĜƿźţ
ƽ ƹŵ ƶĪƫ ŝƽř ƶ ƾƯŹŚĩ ŢǀƘưūŶƃŹźŝŶƳƹŹ
ƶºƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ
N. barkeri
ºţ Ő ŶºƳŹřŵƾºƠƴƯźǀŧ
ŪƿŚººŤƳ
Õ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƽźƠƘū
ŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ
ƶƴƧ źĭŹŚƨƃƽ
Neoseiulus barkeri
ŢƟōƭƺưſƾƠƴƯšřźŧřŻřƾƸŝŚƄƯ
ŢºǀƘưūƽƹŹƂºĩ
ƶƴĩ ƽ
T. (A.) khosrovensis
ƙŚŝŹŵ ŵŚºŝōƞŬƳŜǀſƽŚƷ
ŢſřƵŶƃƁŹřżĭżǀƳƱŚƸƠƇř
(Jalaeian, 2003)
ƾſŹźŝ ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƾƳřŹŸĭ ƶƴƧ ƽŚƷ
Phytoseiidae
ƱŚƄƳ
Ƶŵřŵ Ţſř ƵŵŚƯŚƸƴţƶƧ
ƾºƯŻƺěŚºƿŵŵŹřƹƚƫŚŝƽŚƷ
ŶƳƺºƃ
ƶºººƴĩ ƽŚºººƷ
Amblyseius fallacies Athias-Henriot
A. andersoni (Chant)
N. cucumeris (Oudemans)
ƹ
T. rhenanus (Oudemans)
ƱŚŤƀƯŻƽřźŝ
ƾƳřŹŸĭ ƲĩŚƯřƶŝ
ŶƴƳŚƯƞƬŤŴƯ ƲǀƯŻ
ƽŚƷ ŹŵƹƾƷŚºǀĭƂºƃƺěƽřŹřŵ Ʊƹ
řƺƯ ƪųřŵŶƿřŻŵ ƮŤƀǀſŹŵħŚų
ƾƛŚºŝƽŚƷ ƶºŝ
šŹƺºƇ
ƵŵŚƯ ƽ ŹƹŹŚŝƚƫŚŝ
ºƯƵŚƴě ƾ ŶºƳźŝ
(Chant, 1958; Putman,
1959; Johnson & Croft, 1981; Veerman, 1992)
ƿ ƶŤƟŚ ŚƷ ƽ ŚŤƳƎſƺţơƺƟ ƿ
ŚƯŪ żǀƳ ţŐ ǀƿ ŶƃŶ
ſŹźŝ ƾ ĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾ ŝǀ ƘưūƲ ǀ ƶƴĩŢ ƽ
T. urticae
ƹ
N. barkeri
ŵƱŚƄƳƩŚſƹŵźƷŹŵ ĮŤƀŞưƷƶĩŵř
ƾ ŤŞŨƯ ƾ
ººŝǀ ƘưūƲ ººǀ řŢ ººƿ ŵŹřŵŵƺººūƹƶººƳƺĭƹŵƲ
Śººŝ řƿ Ʋ ƩŚººů
ŚŬƳōŻř ƾƿ ƶƴĩƶĩ ƽ
N. barkeri
ƿ ƯƺºưƗźĭŹŚĪºƃĨ ƾ
Żř
ƶƴĩƭƺſƵƹźĭ
ŚƷ ƽ
Phytoseiidae
ƶŝ ŸƜţƑŚŰƫ ƿƶ
ř ƽ Ţſř
(McMurtry & Croft, 1997; Gerson et al., 2003)
ƹŹƹ ƽ
ų ǀ ƳŹŚ ǀ Śſż ƿ šŚƟōź
ƶºƬưūŻř
Thrips tabaci Lindeman
ŶƴŤƃřŵŵƺūƹ ƶºƧ
ŸƜţ ºƿ ƶ ƽ ř ºƿ ƪºůřźƯŻřƶºƴĩƲ ƽƹŹLJ
ŹƺƧŸºƯžĜƿźţ ŶºƃƵŶƷŚºƄƯŚºƷŹŚŝƪºƈƟƩƺºƏŹŵ
ƹ
ƶƿŚěźŝ ƽ ƬŞƣšŚƘƫŚƐƯ ƾ
ƶƧƵŶƃƆŴƄƯżǀƳ řƿ
ƶºƴĩƲ ƽ
źĭŹŚĪƃ řŹřŵ ƽ ƀƳŚŤě ǀ ŞſŚƴƯƪ ƾ ŸƜţŢƸū ƿ
Żřƶ
T. tabaci
Ţºſř
(Hansen, 1988; Bonde, 1989)
řźŝŚºƴŝ
ƿ ŞƏƲ ǀ ºƘ ƾ
ƜţƶĩŢſř ǀǀ
Ƙưūšřź ºǀ
ƶºƴĩŢ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ
N. barkeri
ƜţƶŝƶŤƀŝřƹľLjƯŚĩ ǀǀ
Ƙưūšřź ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ ƽ ƶºĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ
ŶƃŚŞƳ ƟźƏŻř ƾ Ƙưū ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ LJŚŝ ƽ ƶƴĩ ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ
ƫƺţŚŝƵřźưƷƶĩ ǀ
ŻŹŚţŶ ºƿ ƶºƳŢºſřŵŚ
řżºƟřƶºŝŚºƸƴţ ƿ
Ƃ
Ƙưū ǀ ƶƴĩŢ ŚƷ ƽ ƯƺưƗźĭŹŚĪƃ ƾ
ưƳĨưĩ ƾ ƶºĪƬŝŶƴĩ
řźŝ ƽ řƿ ƶƴĩŻřƵƹźĭƲ
ŚƷ ƽ řźĭŹŚĪƃ ƿ
ƹƵŵźĩƪĪƄƯŵŚŬ
Ʋƿř ƶƴĩ ŚƷ
ƶŝ ƹƿ ƵĦ ƲǀƿŚěƲǀƴſŹŵ
źţ řŹŵŜƬƛř ƿ
ŚºƷŹŚţƲ ĭǀ
ƯƹƵŵŚŤƟřź ƾ
Ưǀ ŶƳź ſŹźŝ ƾ ƳŚƷ ǀ ƹŹƶºĩŵřŵƱŚºƄƳż ƽ
ƴģ ǀ īźŝƲ ŚƷ ƾƿ ºƀŝƮĩřźºţŚŝ ǀ
LJŚºŝŹŚ ƽ ƶºưƘƏ
ƶºƴĩ ƽ
źĭŹŚĪƃ ƽ ưƳƵŶƷŚƄƯ ƾ
ŵƺƃ ƶŝ ƯźƔƳ ƾ ƶºƴĩƶºĩŶºſŹ
ƽ
źĭŹŚĪƃ
N. barkeri
ŝǀ Ƃ ƹŹźºţ ƽ Ƙưū ºǀ Ţ ŚºƷ ƽ Śºě ǀƿ Ʋ
ƶƴĩ ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ ƬŝŚƣ ǀ ƫźŤƴĩŢ ƾ ŵŹřŵ
ŪƿŚŤƳ ƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ Ƙưū
ºǀ ƶºƴĩŢ ƽ
N. barkeri
Źŵ
řżƟřŚŝƩŚſƹŵźƷ ƿ
ƯƂ ǀ ƯƂƷŚĩƹŚƯŵƱřż ǀ
ƮſƱřż ƃŚě ƾ
řżƟř ƿ Ƃ ŢƟŚƿ ƩŚſŹŵƹ ÎÐÕÔ
ƘưūƮĩřźºţƎſƺŤƯ ºǀ
Ţ
ŻřźţLJŚŝƶŝƱōƩŚƘƟƪůřźƯ Î
ƹŹƶºƴĩŵŶƗ ƽ
īźºŝźºƷ
ų ǀ ŹŚ ŶǀſŹ ƟźƏŻř ƾ ſŹźŝ ƾ ŢºſřƵŵřŵƱŚºƄƳŚƷ
ƶºĩ Źŵ
řźƃ ƿ ƶƳŚŴƬĭƎ
ŻŚſŚƷŹ ƽ ĮŤƠƷ ƾ ÎÍÍ ƶºƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪºƃ
N. barkeri
ƹŹ ƽ źƷ ƶţƺŝ ƽ ų ǀ ŹŚ ƹŚů ƽ ÔÍ īźŝ
ƿ ƴƘ ƾ
ƶŝ ƎſƺŤƯŹƺƏ ÑÏ
Î ƹŹƶƴĩ ƽ īźŝźƷ
Ƙưū ǀ ƶƴĩŢ ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵ ř ƽ ŻřřŹ Ūƴě ƶƴĩ ƹŹ ƽ ƶŝīźŝźƷ Ʀƿ
ºƿ Ś ƹŵ ƶºƴĩ
ƯƂƷŚĩ ƾ ŶƷŵ
(Karg et al., 1987)
ƶŝ ºƯźƔƳ ƾ ŚºŝŶºſŹ
ƘưūŹƺƟƹƶŝƶūƺţ ǀ
źºţŢ ƿ ƫŚºūžĜ ǀ řƹřŹŵż ºƿ ƪºƈƟƪ
ƗřŹŻ ƾ ƶºƴĩƹ ƽ ƶºĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚºţ ř
ƽ ƪºƈƟźºųřƹřŹŵ
Źŵ
ŚưůšŹƺƇ ƿ
ƘưūŻřŢ ǀ
Ţ ŚƷ ƽ Ưƺŝ ƾ ƮſƭŶƗƹ
ƃŚě ƾ
ƶƴĩŵřŶƘţƎſƺŤƯ
ƽ ƹŹźĭŹŚĪºƃ ƽ
ƯŻřīźºŝźºƷ ºǀ
Ʊřż
ƶŝ řŹŵƵŶƯōŢſŵ ƿ
ƳƂƷƹĦěƲ ǀ
ƱōŹŵƶºĩŵƹźºŝźţLJŚŝż
šŹƺƇ Ư ƾ ƩźŤƴĩŹŵŶƳřƺţ ƶƴĩ
ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ ƶŝ ƹƿ ƵĦ
Źŵ Ƙưū ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ Śě ǀƿ Ʋ
ƀŝ ǀ ƯŹŚ Œ ŶƃŚŝźŧ
řŚŝ ƿ ƩŚſŹŵƶĪƴ ÎÐÕÕ
Ƙưū ºǀ ƶºƴĩŢ ƽ
N. barkeri
Ʈĩ ƩŚſŻřźţ ÎÐÕÔ
ŚƯřŵƺŝ ſŹźŝ ƾ ƺĮƫřƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŚƷ ƽ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ Ʋƿř ƶƴĩ ºƗřŹŻƩŚºſƹŵźºƷŹŵ ƾ
ƕƺºƳŻř
ƘưŬţ ƾ Ţſř
ƲǀƴĤưƷ ƺºĮƫř
ƽ Żƺţ ºƿ ŚºƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƶºƴĩ ƽ
ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ
T. urticae
ƹŹ ƽ ų ǀ ŹŚ ƩŚºſƹŵźºƷŹŵ
ÎÐÕÔ ƹ ÎÐÕÕ ƘưŬţƕƺƳŻř ƾ
Ƙţ ǀǀ ŶƃƲ
ƿ ƴƘ ƾ Źƺºƌů
Ʋƿř ƶƴĩ ŵŹƺƌůƩŚưŤůřŚƷ ƿ
řżƟřřŹŵřźƟřźĮ ƿ
ƯƂ ƾ ŶƷŵ
ƶŝŚƄƯ ƿ ƶŤƟŚ ŚºƷ ƽ źºƋŚů
Ahmadi et al. (2005)
ƺºĮƫř ƽ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƶƴĩ ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ ƹŹřŹ ƽ ŹŚƸģ ƮºƣŹ
ŝƺƫ ǀ ƯŢŞºƀƳƆųŚºƃƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚŝŚ ºǀ
ĮƳŚ ǀ ƶºŝƲ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
Ö
Źřƹ ƿ ſźĭŹƁƹŹƹžƳŚ ǀ
Ƴƺ ƾ ţǀ ƘưŬţƕƺƳŻřŹƺƬ ƾ
Ƙţ ǀǀ Ʋ
źĩ ŶƳŵ ƾºſŹźŝŹŵ
ƽŚºƷ
Liu et al. (2002)
żºǀƳ ƺºĮƫř ƽ
Żƺţ ƿ ŚƌƟƖ ƾƿ ƶƴĩ ƽ ƶĪƫƹŵƲţŹŚţ ř
ƽ ƹŹ ƽ ſǀ ƕƺºƳŻřŜ
ƘưŬţ ƾ ŵƺŝ řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ
ƶŝ ºƯźƔƳ ƾ ƯƶºĩŶºſŹ ǀ
ƱŚºŝż ŚºƷ ƽ
ĭǀ ƷŚ ƾ ºţ Őŧǀ ź ƽ ƺºĮƫřƕƺºƳźºŝ ƽ
ŚºƌƟ ƾƿ ƶºƴĩ ƽ ƲţŹŚºţ
ƶĪƫƹŵ ř ƽ ƺºĮƫřƹŶºƳŹřŶƳ ƽ
Żƺţ ºƿ ŚºƌƟƖ ƾƿ ř ºƿ ƶºƳƺĭƲ
ƘưŬţƕƺƳŻřƵŹřƺưƷ ƾ
Ţſř ŚěŹŵ ƿ ƱŚ
ƶŝ ƯźƔƳ ƾ ŶſŹ ƶƧ
řźŝ ƽ Ƙţ ǀǀ ŚºƷŹƺŤĩŚƟƲ ƽ
ºƯ Œ Ɯţźºŝźŧ ºǀǀ Ƙưūšřź ºǀ
ƹŢ ŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ
ƽ źĮƃƹŚĩ ƽ ƶƴĩ ƽ źĭŹŚĪƃ
N. barkeri
šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
ŝǀ Ƃ źţ ƽ ƳŵŹƺƯ ǀ ŶƃŚŝŻŚ
ŽŚĜſ Źřżĭ ƽ
Ŷººŝ ƿ Ʋ ººſƹ ǀ ƶƬ Żř ŚººƌƗř ƽ Ʒ ººǀ Ő ººưƬƗš ƾ Ƶƹźººĭ
ĭǀ ƵŚ Īƃżě ƾ ƶŝƱŚŤſźƫƵŚĮƄƳřŵ
ŹŚĪưƷźƏŚų ƽ
ưºƇ ǀ ƶƳŚư
řƭŚŬƳřŢƸū ƿ
ƤŰţƲ ǀ ƳřŵŹŶƣƢ ƾ Ư ƾ ŵƺƃ .
ƖŝŚƴƯ
Ahmadi, M., Fathipour, Y. & Kamali, K. (2005) Population density and spatial distribution of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on different bean varieties in Tehran region. Iranian Journal of Agricultural science 36, 1087-1092.
Arbabi, M. & Baradaran, P. (2001) Study on population fluctuation of Amblydromella ketanehi Denmark and Daneshvar on Pinus eldarica Medw. in Tehran and its biology on Tetranychus urticae Koch under laboratory condition. Journal of Entomological society of Iran 20(2), 1-21.
Banerjee, B. (1976) Variance to mean ratio and the spatial distribution of animals. Experimentia 32, 993-994.
Bolland, H. R., Gutierrez, J. & Fletchmann, C. H. W. (1998) World catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari:
Tetranychidae). 392 pp. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden.
Bonde, J. (1989) Biological studies including population growth parameters of the predatory mite Amblyseius barkeri at 25ºC in the laboratory. Entomophaga 34, 275-287.
Chant, D. A. (1958) Immature and adult stages of some British Phytoseiidae (Acarina). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43, 599-643.
Daneshvar, H. (1987) Some predatory mites from Iran, with description of one new genus and six new species (Acari:
Phytoseiidae, Ascidae). Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 54(1-2), 13-37 [in English], 55-73 [in Persian].
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