واکنش تابعی و عددی زنبور پارازیتوئید Eretmocerus delhiensis روی سفید بالک نیشکر Neomaskellia andropogonis در وضعیت آزمایشگاهی

ÃZ̳Š¿Y{

Ê°‹‚a

½Y€ËY

ÃÁ{

, ÃZ¼‹

,

½Zfˆ]ZeÁZÆ]

)

 - (

*

¾¨¸e :

a.kh1889@yahoo.com E-mail:

|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿É{|ŸÁÊ ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ

Eretmocerus delhiensis

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

Neomaskellia andropogonis

{

dÌ “Á

ÊÅZ´ŒËZ»M

‚ËÁ€a,^*Âa¹{Zy€Ì»Y

‹ Ì ÄŒ

€]

Á

‰M

x‡Y

,ɁÁZŒ¯Ê‡ZÀ‹Ã€ŒuZË{Zf‡YÁ{Zf‡Y,|‹YʇZÀ‹Z¯ÉÂnŒ¿Y{. ,,

|°Œ¿Y{

Ç

ÁZŒ¯

É , ÃZ´Œ¿Y{

Ƌ

Ì

|

½Y€¼q

YÂÅY

) d§ZË{xËZe :

/ / -

\ːexËZe :

/ /

(

Ã|Ì°q

|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿É{|ŸÁÊ ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ

Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani

®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

€°ŒÌ¿

Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett

{

dÌ “Á ʇ€] ÊÅZ´ŒËZ»M

|‹

.

{

ŠËZ»M , Ã{Z»Â^¿®ËÊ ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ )

Á®ËY€f¼¯€¼ŸZ]

( Ä]

c|»

ÉÁdŸZ‡

º¯Y€e ÉZÅ , , , , Á

Âa{|Ÿ

Ç

†¨«®Ë½Á{{€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡¹Â‡¾‡

À̳ ÉY )

€˜«Z]

Êf¿Z‡

Z¨eYÁ€f»

Êf¿Z‡

€f»

(

|‹Ê‡€]

.

Â^¿

E. delhiensis

ŠÀ¯YÁ

º¯Y€e{Á{Y{½ZŒ¿Y¹Á{Â¿Ê ]Ze Ä]¯~»ÉZÅ

Ä]¾Ì´¿ZÌ»—

\Ìe€e / , / , / ,

/ , / Á / ÄfˁYZaYÃÂa {€¯

. dˆmw€¿

Á

|ÌWÂfˁYZa¾ËYÊ]ZÌf‡{½Z»ÁÂm

Ä]

\Ìe€e / ÁdŸZ‡€]

/ Ä^‡Zv»dŸZ‡

|‹

. M{

ºze¾Ì´¿ZÌ»É{|ŸŠÀ¯YÁŠËZ»

º¯Y€e{|ÌWÂfˁYZa¶¯

ÉZÅ Ã|‹{ZË Ä]

\Ìe€e / , / , / , / , / Á / {|Ÿ

{Â]ºze . º¯Y€e{Ã{Z»ÉZÅÂ^¿€¼ŸµÂ—¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

¯~»ÉZÅ

Ze {Â]Á

.

ÃYÁ

É|̸¯ÉZÅ :

,Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ

,É{|ŸŠÀ¯YÁ

Eretmocerus delhiensis

,

Neomaskellia

andropogonis

.

Ä»|¬»

dŒ¯

d ÀÁ

½Zf‡Ây ½Zf‡Y { ±‚]

Ä]

dŒ¯

Ê»€°ŒÌ¿

|¿Y{€a . Ä¿ZÌ·Z‡

Y‚»Y€°ŒÌ¿¾e½Â̸̻

Ê»d‹Y{€]½Zf‡Ây

€§Y| ]į{‹

Y ÉÁ

Ê»¶Zu€°‹¾e {‹

(Anonymous, 2009)

.

½Z»‚¼Å

½Zf‡Ây ½Zf‡Y { €°ŒÌ¿ dŒ¯ ‰€fˆ³ Z]

, cZ§M

|¿|‹€ÅZ›Y‚»{É|Ë|m ºÆ»YÊ°Ëį

ZÆ¿M¾Ë€e

€°ŒÌ¿ ®·Z]|̨‡

Neomaskellia andropogonis

Corbett (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

{Â]

.

¾Ìfˆz¿

µZ‡{d§M¾ËYcZˆyY‰Y‚³

€ŒfÀ»

|‹

.(Askarianzadeh & Manzari, 2006)

¾ËY

Y0Ô^«d§M

‰Y‚³ºÅɂ·Z»Á½Zfˆ¯Za,|ÀÅ,Z°¿Ôˀ‡ÉZÅŒ¯

d‡YÃ|‹

((Mound & Halsey, 1978; Inayatullah,

1984; Martin & Mound, 2007)

Ã{Z»®·Z]|̨‡

Ä]€¿cY€ŒuÁd‡YY€°]ÉY

c|¿

Ê»d§Z˽MdÌ ¼m{

|¿Â‹

. dÌ ¼m

¾ËYYÉ{ZˁÉZÅ

±€] ¾Ë€Ë t˜‡ { d§M ÉZÅ

€Ì‹ Y €°ŒÌ¿

Ç ÊÅZ̳

Ê» ÄË~¤e ÀÀ¯

| .

®¸ˆŸ É{Zˁ €Ë{Z¬» |Ì·Âe ¾ÌÀr¼Å

ÃÂa–‡Âe ÉÁ€]Ã{Á{oZ«|‹Á¢·Z]cY€ŒuÁZÅ

®¸ˆŸ ¾ËY ÄnÌf¿ { Á ‚fÀ‡Âf§ ¶¼Ÿ ž¿Z» ZÅ

\^‡

eÂ]{€°¸¼ŸŠÅZ¯

È Ê»€°ŒÌ¿

{‹

(Askarianzadeh,

2011)

. |ÌWÂfˁYZa Ŀ³ Á{

Encarsia inaron

(Walker)

Á

Eretmocerus sp. (Hymenoptera:

Aphelinidae)

|¿Y{dÌ·Z §½Zf‡Ây€°ŒÌ¿Y‚»{

Ze |ÌWÂfˁYZa Á{ ¾ËY ºˆÌfˁYZa Â¼n» Á

|{

d‡YÃ|‹‰Y‚³

(Minaemoghadam et al., 2010)

.

¿Â³ È

E. inaron

ʟ¿

¿Â³ È Ád‡YʈÀmÁ{

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

½M ʈÀm d^ˆ¿

ÉZ»{ {

…Â̈¸‡ Èm{

d‡YÃ{Z»|{

(Malekmohammadi et al., 2012)

,

¿Â³Ê·Á È

E. delhiensis

Ã{Z»ÊËY€°]

†ÀmÁ{Y{ÊËY

d‡Y {Z¿ Z̈] ½M { €¿

(Khadempour, 2014)

.

Ã{Z»ÊËY€°]

f¨ÊËY

Ê [ˆv»ZÅ|ÌWÂfˁYZa{ºÆ»

Ê»

Á {‹

Ä]

µÂ¼ » —

ÉY€] ZÅ|ÌWÂfˁYZa ¶Ì^« ¾ËY

ÃÂ^¿Y ‰Á€a Ê» [Zzf¿Y

|¿Â‹

. |ÌWÂfˁYZa Â^¿

E.

delhiensis

½M½Z]‚Ì»ÁÃ|‹‰Y‚³½Zfˆ¯ZaÁ|ÀŁY

Neomaskellia bergii

d‡Y €°ŒÌ¿ ÉÁ

(Hayat,

.(1998

į{Y{Ê´fˆ]¶»ZŸ|ÀqÄ]ZÅ|ÌWÂfˁYZaÊËYZ¯

|À¿Z» ʸ»YŸ

|u

ŠÀ¯YÁ Á Ê ]Ze ŠÀ¯YÁ ,¶j» |Ì·Âe

Ê» [ˆv» ºÆ» cZ̏y Y É{|Ÿ

|¿Â‹

.

ŠÀ¯YÁ

˜]YÊ ]Ze È

½ZÌ»

c|‹

½Z]‚Ì»º¯Y€eÁÂ^¿ºˆÌfˁYZa

Ê»¦ÌÂeY

,|À¯

Ê·Zu{

{€Ì̤eÄ]É{|ŸŠÀ¯YÁį

Ê»•Â]€»½Z]‚Ì»º¯Y€e€ÌiPedveÂ^¿dÌ ¼m {‹

6RORPRQ +DVVHOO

.

Â¿ ć ½ÂÀ¯ Ze

d‡YÃ|‹Ã{Y{½ZŒ¿Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ

(Holling, 1959)

.

ÀÌ»{į{Y{½ZŒ¿ž]ZÀ»Ê‡€]

È ÊËYZ¯ÁɃ·ÂÌ]

pÌÅ ½ÂÀ¯ Ze |ÌWÂfˁYZa Â^¿ ¾ËY ʬ̬ve

½ZÆm {

¹Zn¿Y Äf§€´¿

,d‡Y

¾ËYY Á

Ä]

cZŸÔ—Y \ˆ¯ œÀ»

{»{ÉÁ€“

|u É{|ŸÁÊ ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁÁ¶j»|Ì·Âe

E. delhiensis

ÊuY€— Ä ·Z˜» ¾ËY

|‹

. Ä·Z¬» ¾ËY {

É{|ŸÁÊ ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁÄ]•Â]€»lËZf¿

½ZÌ]

Ê»

|¿Â‹

.

‰ÁÁ{Y»

ZÅ

ÌÆe È ÃZ´ŒËZ»M{€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡ÊÀ¸¯

ÌÆe ÉY€]

È ÃZ´ŒËZ»M { €°ŒÌ¿ ®·Z]|̨‡ ÊÀ¸¯

Ä]

|‹¶¼Ÿ€Ëc

. ļ¸«Y|f]Y º«€°ŒÌ¿ÉZÅ

Cp 69

½Y|¸³{

ÉZÅ Ê°Ìf‡Ôa Ä]

¿ZÅ{ €˜«

È Êf¿Z‡

Á€f»

Z¨eY Êf¿Z‡

{€f»

dÌ “Á

|¿|‹Äf‹Z¯ÃZ´ŒËZ»M .

­ZyÉY|¬»Y|f]Yį{Â]c¾ËYÄ]d‹Z¯‰Á

|‹Äfz˽Y|¸³{ğ‚»Ê·Â¼ » ,

Ä]

É—

{Á|uį

ć

½Y|¸³ºnu¹ZÆq Z]

€a­Zy

|‹

.

½Á{­Zy†b‡

Á |‹ Ã{€Œ§ ½Y|¸³

Ze

¼¸«

È

¹Y|¯ €Å į €°ŒÌ¿

¿YÂm®ËÉYY{

È

Y€«­ZyÉÁ{Â]º·Z‡

|‹Ã{Y{

Á

ļ¸«ÉÁ

ËÓZ]ZÅ È

†b‡Á|‹Ã|¿Z‹Âa­ZyYʯZ¿

ļ¸«ÉÁ­Zy Ã{€Œ§Ê¼¯ZÅ

|‹

ļ¸«Ze

­ZyÄ]ZÅ

|À^ˆr]

.

½Y|¸³,d‹Z¯Y†a Ĉ¨«Ä]ZÅ

{Z ]YÄ]ÊËZÅ

× × Êf¿Z‡

‹¶¬fÀ»ÃZ´ŒËZ»M{€f»

|¿|

.

†¨«¾ËY qZaZ]ZÅ

È

|¿{Â]Ã|‹Ã|̋ÂaY‚¿Z³YÉÂe .

ÃZ´ŒËZ»M ÉZ»{

{

{Á|u ± m{

È Á …Â̈¸‡

{Á|uÊ^ˆ¿d]—

±

|{

|‹ºÌœÀe .

{ÂˀaÂf§

†¨« ¾ËY {

Ä] ZÅ c

Á ÊËZÀ‹Á dŸZ‡

{Â]Ê°ËZedŸZ‡

.

½Y|¸³

®ËZÅ

|¿|‹ÉZÌ]M½ZÌ»{Á

.

¿ ÃZ̳ Ä°ÀËY Y †a

¸u€» Ä] €°ŒÌ È

ć

Ze

ZÆq ʳ€]

|̇

, Ä]®·Z]|̨‡¢·Z]{Y€§Y

¸Ì‡Á È

Ÿ‚»YÂeY€Ìb‡M È

€°ŒÌ¿

) dŒ¯

Á ÊËZ̧Y€¤mµÂ—Z]ʟY‚y¶^Ÿ{d À

ÁÄm{

ÊËZ̧Y€¤m‘€ŸÁĬ̫{

ÁÄm{

Ĭ̫{

(

ž¼m

†¨« ½Á{ ½ZÅZ̳ ÉÁ Á Ã|‹ ÉÁM

|¿|‹ ɁZ‡ZÅ

.

‡ ÊÀ¸¯ ÃY¼Š\Ìe€e ¾Ë|]

®·Z]|̨

ÉY€]¹Ó ÉY€mY

ŠËZ»M ZÅ {Â]…€f‡{{

.

|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿ÊÀ¸¯¶Ì°Œe delhiensis

. E

Á€‹ Y ¶^«

ŠËZ»M ÉZÅ Ä] •Â]€»

ʇ€]

Ƀ·ÂÌ]

Â^¿ÊÀ¸¯Y|f]Y,|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿

, ÃZ´ŒËZ»M{Ä¿Z³Y|m

Ze |‹ ¶Ì°Œe ÉY€mY ÉY€]

ŠËZ»M ZÅ ÉZÅÂ^¿ ,

|À‹Z] …€f‡{ { ʧZ¯ {Y| e Ä] |ÌWÂfˁYZa .

¾Ë|]

ÉÁZu€°ŒÌ¿½ZÅZ̳Y|f]YœÀ»

ć

Ze

ZÆq į±€]

t̓Âe ‰Á ª^—

Ã{Y{

ÊÀ¸¯ ¶Ì°Œe d¼ˆ« { Ã|‹

®·Z] |̨‡

,|¿{Â] Ã|‹ Äf‹Z¯ ZÅ

ÊÀ¸¯ { dŸZ‡

®·Z]|̨‡

ºzeZe|Àf§€³Y€«ZÅ

®·Z]|̨‡É‚Ë

ÉÁZÅ

±€]

¿MÉZÅ

¹Zn¿YZÆ {€Ì³ .

½Y|¸³¾ËY†b‡

†¨«Ä]ZÅ -

{Z ]YÄ]É|Ë|mÊ]ÂqÉZÅ

× × Êf¿Z‡

€f»

Ã|‹Ã|̋ÂaY‚¿Z³YÂeZ]į

|‹¶¬fÀ»{Â]

à Á -

{ Á

dÌ “Á ÃÂa Ze |¿|‹ ÉY|Æ´¿ ¯~»

ÉZÅ

®·Z]|̨‡

ʳÂa¹Â‡¾‡Ä]ZÅ )

¾ÌÌ eŠËZ»M{į

|‹ŽzŒ»Ê³Âatm€»¾‡

( À‡€]

|

(Khadempour,

2014)

. ÉZ»{

ÃZ´ŒËZ»M

± m{

È d]—,…Â̈¸‡

Ê^ˆ¿

±

|{

Á{ Á Ç Ê°ËZe ÊËZÀ‹Á

{Â] dŸZ‡

. ÃÂa ĸu€» ¾ËY {

ÉÁZu ®·Z]|̨‡ ÉZÅ

Ą̀‹

Â^¿ÉZÅ

E. delhiensis

±€]ÉÁY

ž¼mÉZÅ -

ÉÁM

Ÿ‚»YÃ|‹

È

€°ŒÌ¿

) dŒ¯

Á ÊËY‚y¶^Ÿ{d À

(

Ä]

¸Ì‡Á È Ã€Œu ½Â‡

Á Ã|‹ Y|m ±€] Y ʇZÀ‹

ŠË{ɀfa¶yY{Ä]Ä¿Z³Y|m ʸyY{t˜‡{įÊËZÅ

5{

ZÆ¿M À˜«

ÉZÅ

¶¬fÀ» {Â] Ã|‹ Ã{Y{ Y€« ¶ˆŸ ‚Ë

|¿|‹

. À˜«

ÉZÅ Ä] ¶ˆŸ

Ë~¤e œÀ»

È ÉZÅÂ^¿

Ä]|ÌWÂfˁYZa Ã|‹Äf§€³€œ¿{Ą̀‹YkÁ€y’v»

|¿{Â]

.

|ÌWÂfˁYZa Y| ]¯~»ÉZÅ



½|‹kZy

Y Èf‡Âa

ʳ€Ì¨‹

, ÉÁ{Âm»€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡ÊÀ¸¯ÉÁ€]

ÄeÂ]

†¨«¶yY{€°ŒÌ¿ÉZÅ Ze|¿|‹ÉZ‡ZÅÊ]ÂqÉZÅ

ºze ɂË

|ÀÀ¯

.

Â^¿ÊÀ¸¯\Ìe€e¾Ë|]

delhiensis

. E

¶Ì°Œe

|‹

. Ä]

ć€ÅÂ^¿ÊÀ¸¯‰Á€a¹ÁY|eœÀ»

eÂ]®ËÁ

È ÃÂaÉÁZu€°ŒÌ¿

\‡ZÀ»¾ÌÀ‡ÉZÅ )

Âa Ç

¹Â‡¾‡

(

Â^¿ÊÀ¸¯Ä]€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡

¶¬fÀ»ZÅ

|‹

.

Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ E. delhiensis

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

Y|f]Y Ze ǀŒu €°ŒÌ¿ ®·Z]|̨‡ ¢·Z]

Ä]

¸Ì‡Á È

€°ŒÌ¿ ®·Z]|̨‡ ÊÅZ´ŒËZ»M ÊÀ¸¯ Y ÂeY€Ìb‡M ®Ë

ž¼m

|‹ÉÁM .

®·Z]|̨‡¾ËY À̳†¨«®Ë½Á{ZÅ

-

ÉY Ä]

€˜«

Êf¿Z‡

Z¨eY Á €f»

Êf¿Z‡

ÉÁ į €f»

€°ŒÌ¿ÄeÂ]®ËÄ]¶f»€°ŒÌ¿±€]®Ë¾Ë€Ët˜‡

|¿|‹ZÅ,d‹Y{Y€«

.

Y| ] À̳†¨«dŸZ‡

ÁÉY

®·Z]|̨‡

|¿|‹Y|m±€]Y¢·Z]ÉZÅ .

ÄeÂ]†b‡

ÉZÅ

ºze¶»Zu ÉZ»{Z]ÂeZ]°¿Y®Ë{®·Z]|̨‡ÉZÅ

Èm{

Ê^ˆ¿d]—,…Â̈¸‡

±

|{

Á{Á Ç

É¿

: Ê°ËZe ºzeZe|¿|‹Ã{Y{Y€«dŸZ‡

ZÅ

|‹

|ÀÀ¯

ÃÂaÁ Ä]ZŠȸu€»

|À‡€]ʳÂa¹Â‡¾‡

.

{

ÃÂa{Y| eĸu€»¾ËY

®·Z]|̨‡¹Â‡¾‡ÉZÅ Ä]

ÉÂv¿

±€] Y ¹Y|¯€Å į |‹ ¾ÌÌ e eÂ] ®Ë ¦¸fz» ÉZÅ

È

{Y| e¶»Zu€°ŒÌ¿

, , , , Á {|/Ÿ

ÇÂa {Â] €°/ŒÌ¿ ®·Z]|̨‡ ¹Â/‡ ¾‡

) º¯Y€e ¾ËY ZÅ

…Z‡Y€]

º¯Y€e [Zzf¿YÉZŠĿ³€ËZ‡{»{Ã|‹

ÉZÅ

ŠËZ»M { į ®·Z]|̨‡

ÉZÅ Ä] Ê ]Ze ŠÀ¯YÁ

ȸ̇Á

Äf§€³Y€«Ä¸¼u{»Ä]ZŒ»ÉZÅ|ÌWÂfˁYZa [Zzf¿Y,|¿Y

d‡Y Ã|‹

(.

Ã{Z» |/ÌWÂfˁYZa ®/Ë †b/‡

E.

delhiensis

€¼ŸZ]

Y€f¼¯

Y¹Y|¯€ÅÉÁdŸZ‡

º¯Y€e d§€³Y€«ÓZ]ÉZÅ .

Y| ] À̳†¨«dŸZ‡

-

|ÌWÂfˁYZaÁÉY ÄeÂ]ÁÃ|‹Y|m±€]YZÅ

ÉÁZuÉZÅ

ÃÂa Ã|‹€¯}–ËY€‹Z]ÂeZ]°¿Y½Á{Ä]®·Z]|̨‡ÉZÅ

|¿|‹ ¶¬fÀ»

.

{Á|u Y | ] Á{

ÃÂa {Y| e Äf¨Å ÉZÅ

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

…Z‡Y€]

{ÂmÁ ǀ̨‹

½Á{|ÌWÂfˁYZa ÇÂa

ŽÌzŒeÓ¯ÂÀÌ]YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡

Ã{Y{

|‹

|‹d^iº¯Y€e€Å{Á .

º¯Y€e€ÅÉY€]ŠËZ»M¾ËY

¹Zn¿Y Y€°e Ã{ {

.d§€³ ÃÂa {Y| e ½ZËZa {

ÉZÅ

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

º¯Y€e€Å{

Ä]

ȸ̇Á ºÅZ]†¿ZËYÁ‚Ì·Z¿M

|‹ ĈËZ¬»

.

ˆËZ¬»

È Ì´¿ZÌ»

¾ ZÅ Ä]

¹Zn¿Y ʯÂe ‰Á

d§€³ . ˂ne {

È Ã{Y{

Á{ Ê ]Ze ŠÀ¯YÁ ÉZŠȸu€»

ʸY

{€Ì³Y€«ÄmÂe{»|ËZ]

. Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁÂ¿|ËZ]Y|f]Y

\‡ZÀ» µ|» Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] ½M Y †a ,{‹ ¾ÌÌ e dˆmc|« ÉZŀf»YZa Á

ĸ¼uw€¿ZËÂm )

(a

½Z»Á

Ê]ZÌf‡{

)

T_h

( Ê»{ÁM€]

|¿Â‹

.

¾ÌÌ eÉY€]

Â¿

ŠÀ¯YÁ

Ê ]Ze

Y|ÌWÂfˁYZa€Å

®Ìfˆn·½Â̇€³

{Y| ed^ˆ¿

ÄfˁYZaÇÂa

Ã|‹

)

N_a/N₀

( ÃÂaÊËY|f]Y{Y| e€]Y€]{

ZÅ

)

N_a

(

|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y .

Ã{Y{ œÀ» ¾Ë|]

|Àq ž]Ze Ä] ZÅ -

ĸ¼m

|¿|‹Ã{Y{‰Y€]€ËÉY :

N_a/N₀ =

ÄfˁYZa ÇÂa d^ˆ¿ ½ZÌ» •Z^eY ž]Ze ¾ËY

Á Ã|‹

Ê» ½ZÌ] Y ÃÂa ÊËY|f]Y {Y| e

|À¯

.

P₀

O|^» Y ‘€Ÿ

(Constant)

,

P₁

ʘy d¼ˆ«

(Linear)

,

P₂

d¼ˆ«

Á{Èm{

(Quadratic)

Á,

P3

ćÈm{d¼ˆ«

(Cubic)

|ÀfˆÅ . Zŀf»YZa¾ËY

YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]

ÈËÁ

CATMOD

{

È»Z¿€]

ÉZ»M

Version 9.1

|¿|‹{ÁM€]SAS

)

Juliano,

2001 6$6 ,QVWLWXWH

.(

½{Â] d^j» ZË Ê¨À»

Ä]ÊÀvÀ»Ê˜yd¼ˆ«\̋

½ZŒ¿\Ìe€e

ŠÀ¯YÁÇ|ÀÅ{

Ê ]Ze d‡Y¹Â‡Á¹Á{Â¿ÉZÅ

.(Juliano, 2001)

{ȸu€»{

ÉY€]Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁÂ¿¾ÌÌ eY†a,¹Á

ÉZŀf»YZa {ÁM€]

ĸ¼u w€¿

(attack rate)

½Z» Á

Ê]ZÌf‡{

(handling time)

½Â̇€³ÊvÌm€eµ|»Y

½Z]‚Ì»{Y| ecZ ]€»¶«Y|uʘy€Ì£

ÄfˁYZaÉZÅ

Ã|‹

|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y ÄÌ·ÁY ½Z]‚Ì» {Y| e Ä]

(Juliano, 2001)

) ‰Á

NLIN

Z»M È»Z¿€] {

É

SAS Version 9.1

(

(SAS Institute, 2003)

.

½Z]‚Ì» {Y| e į Zn¿MY

ÄWYY

¾Ë‚´ËZmŠËZ»MµÂ—{|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿Ä]Ã|‹

Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁÉZŀf»YZa{ÁM€]ÉY€]\‡ZÀ»µ|»,|Œ¿

d‡Y€mYµ|»

)

Rogers, 1972

.(

N_a=N_t [1- exp(-(áTtP_t/1+áThN_t))]

Ä·{Z »¾ËY{į

:

e_x

: ËZa È Ê Ì^—ºfËZ´·

-

:N_a

Äf§€³Y€«Ä¸¼u{»ÉZÅZ°‹{Y| e )

ÃÂa ZÅ É

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

)(

Äfˆ]YÁ€Ì¤f»

( -

exp(P₀+P₁N₀+P₂N₀²+P₃N₀³) +

exp(P₀+P₁N₀+P₂N₀²+P₃N₀³)

P_t

:

€³Z°‹{Y| e )

|ÌWÂfˁYZa (

-

N_t

:

Z°‹º¯Y€e )

ÃÂa )(

¶¬fˆ»€Ì¤f»

( -

:á

dˆmÊËYZ¯ZË¥ZŒf¯Yt˜‡

Á ɀ³Âm -

T_h

: Ê]ZÌf‡{½Z»

-

T_t

:

½Z»¶¯

) dŸZ‡

(.

É{|ŸŠÀ¯YÁ E. delhiensis

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

Y|f]Y Ze

¢·Z]®·Z]|̨‡

Ä]

ȸ̇Á

YÂeY€Ìb‡M®Ë

ž¼m €°ŒÌ¿ ®·Z]|̨‡ ÊÅZ´ŒËZ»M ÊÀ¸¯

|‹ ÉÁM .

®·Z]|̨‡ †b‡

À̳ †¨« ®Ë ½Á{ ¢·Z] ÉZÅ ÉY

Ä]

€˜«

Êf¿Z‡

Z¨eYÁ€f»

Êf¿Z‡

±€]®ËÉÁ€f»

eÂ]®ËÄ]¶f»€°ŒÌ¿

È ÉZ‡ZÅ€°ŒÌ¿

|¿|‹

.

Y| ]

À̳†¨«dŸZ‡

®·Z]|̨‡ÁÉY

±€]Y¢·Z]ÉZÅ

eÂ]Á|‹Y|m€°ŒÌ¿

È ºze¶»Zu

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡ÉZÅ

d]Zi ÉZ»{ Z] ÂeZ]°¿Y ½Á{

) Èm{

,…Â̈¸‡

Ê^ˆ¿ d]—

±

|{

Á{ Á Ç É¿

: Ê°ËZe

dŸZ‡

( d§€³ Y€«

. Y | ]

½|̇

ÃÂa ÉZÅ

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡

Ä]

ȸu€»

º¯Y€e,ʳÂa¹Â‡¾‡

ÉZÅ

¶»Z‹ZÆ¿MYʨ¸fz»

, , , , Á ÇÂa

|‹{ZnËY±€]€ÅÉÁ€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡

.

¾ËY{†b‡

{Z»|ÌWÂfˁYZa{|Ÿ®Ëĸu€»

Ç

E. delhiensis

€¼ŸZ]

Y €f¼¯

À̳ †¨« ®Ë ½Á{ dŸZ‡

€Å ÉÁ ÉY

º¯Y€eY¹Y|¯

|‹Äf‹Y~³ÓZ]ÉZÅ .

Y| ]

€ÅdŸZ‡

º¯Y€e ½Z¼Å ÉÁZu į |Ë|m ±€] ®Ë Ä] |ÌWÂfˁYZa ÃÂa ʸ^«

|‹ ¶¬fÀ» {Â] ®·Z]|̨‡ ÉZÅ .

Ze ¶¼Ÿ ¾ËY

d‹Y{Ä»Y{YÁ€ÅÃ{Z»|ÌWÂfˁYZa±€»½Z»

.

¾Ë|]

º¯Y€e{|ÌWÂfˁYZa€¼ŸµÂ—\Ìe€e ÃÂa¦¸fz»ÉZÅ

-

|‹¾ÌÌ e®·Z]|̨‡ÉZÅ .

eÂ]†b‡

È

¶»Zu ÃÂa Å Z É

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

|‹¶¬fÀ»Ä¿Z³Y|mÂeZ]°¿Y®Ë½Á{Ä]

.

ÃÂa {Y| e Äf¨Å Á{ {Á|u Y | ] ÉZÅ

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

{ÂmÁ…Z‡Y€]

ǀ̨‹

½Á{|ÌWÂfˁYZa ÇÂa

®·Z]|̨‡

d^i Á Ä^‡Zv» €°ŒÌ¿

|‹

. ºze {Y| e \Ìe€e ¾Ë|]

º¯Y€e{|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿¶¯ºze{Y| eÁÄ¿YÁ

ÉZÅ

‡¦¸fz»

|‹¾ÌÌ e€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨

. Ã{{ŠËZ»M¾ËY

¹Zn¿YY€°e d§€³

¹€¿YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]½ZËZa{Á

Y‚§Y SAS

Á|ÌWÂfˁYZa€¼ŸµÂ—¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

{Y| e ºzeÁÄ¿YÁºze

º¯Y€e { ¶¯

ÉZ»M €œ¿ Y Á Ä^‡Zv» ¦¸fz» ÉZÅ

ĈËZ¬»

|‹

. hv]ÁlËZf¿

Â^¿Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ E. delhiensis

ºze {Z»ÉZÅÂ^¿É‚Ë

Ç

E. delhiensis

º¯Y€eŠËY‚§YZ]

ÇÂa d§ZË ŠËY‚§Y €°ŒÌ¿ ®·Z]|̨‡

. ˂ne lËZf¿

È

€iY ½Z]‚Ì» º¯Y€e į {Y{ ½ZŒ¿ †¿ZËYÁ ZÀ »

ÉY{

€]

Y|¬»

ºze Ã{Z»ÉY~³ ÉZÅ

E. delhiensis

d‹Y{

(F=

.GI 3

ºze{Y| e¾Ë€fŒÌ]

º¯Y€e{Á{|Ÿ

ÇÂa {Â]¹Â‡¾‡

) µÁ|m .(

lËZf¿

³ Y ¶Zu

€ Ìfˆn· ½Â̇

¾ÌÌ e ÉY€] ®

µÁ|m{Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ

d‡YÃ|‹Ã{Y{½ZŒ¿

. …Z‡Y€]

lËZf¿

]Ä d‡{

Ã|»M YZa

\ˀ“ €f»

ʘy ) ʘy Šz]

ºˆÌfˁYZaÊÀvÀ»

( {Â]ʨÀ»

.

€f»YZa¾ËY½{Â]ʨÀ»

½ZŒ¿

|ÀÅ{

Ç

Â^¿ÉY€]¹Á{Â¿Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ{ÂmÁ

E.

delhiensis

d‡Y . ʇ€] { ¹Á{ Â¿ Ê ]Ze ŠÀ¯YÁ

Â^¿ Ê ]Ze ŠÀ¯YÁ

E. mundus

cZ ·Z˜» {

Zandi-

Sohani et al.

(2008)

ʇ€]Á ÉZÅ

Kocheili (2004)

®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

B. tabaci

Á

Jones et al.

(2003)

ÉÁ

`ÌeÂÌ]

B B. tabaci

‚Ì¿

d‡Y Ã|‹ ‰Y‚³ .

ŠÀ¯YÁ

Â^¿

E. delhiensis

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»Y

/

½Z]‚Ì»

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

º¯Y€e{Á€Å{

¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Ä]ÃÂa

/

½Z]‚Ì»

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

º¯Y€e{

|̇ÃÂa .

ŠÀ¯YÁÂ¿¾ËY

½ZŒ¿

|ÀÅ{

Ç

½Z]‚Ì» Ê^ˆ¿ ŠËY‚§Y ÉZÅ

ÄfˁYZa Ã|‹

d‡Y ½Z]‚Ì» º¯Y€e ŠËY‚§Y Z] ½Z»‚¼Å )

¶°‹

.(

Ä]

º¯Y€e{įÉ—

{|Ÿ

ÇÂa

€Å{¹Â‡¾‡

€j¯Y|u Ä] ºˆÌfˁYZa ½Y‚Ì» ±€]

{|Ÿ

ÇÂa

ÄfˁYZa

|̇ Á { Ã|‹

. |ÌWÂfˁYZa ÉZÅÂ^¿

E.

delhiensis

º¯Y€e{

½Z]‚Ì»º¯ÉZÅ ,

ºœŸYŠz]ZËļÅ

½Z]‚Ì»

º¯Y€eŠËY‚§YZ]Ê·Á,|¿{€¯ÄfˁYZaY{ÂyÉZÅ Ì»

Ã|ÅZŒ» ZÆ¿M ºˆÌfˁYZa w€¿ { ŠÅZ¯ ,½Z]‚

|‹

)

¶°‹

.(

Ê ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁÂ¿¾ÌÌ eY| ] lËZf¿YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]

Á ĸ¼u w€¿ ÉZŀf»YZa ʘy€Ì£ ½Â̇€³ Y ¶Zu Ê]ZÌf‡{½Z»

{ÁM€]

|‹

. µ|»YZŀf»YZa{ÁM€]ÉY€]

|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y €mY

. µÁ|m Á Ã|‹{ÁM€] ÉZŀf»YZa

»€Ë{Z¬»

Ê»½ZŒ¿YZÆ¿MÄ]•Â]€

|Å{

.

dˆmw€¿

Á ɀ³Âm

E. delhiensis

ŠÅÁ„a¾ËY{

dˆmw€¿Ä]d^ˆ¿

Á ɀ³Âm

E. mundus

{

cZ¬Ì¬ve

Zandi-Sohani et al.

(2008)

{Â] €fŒÌ]

. w€¿

dˆm Á ÉY€]ŠÅÁ„a¾ËY{Âm

E. delhiensis

/

ÉY€]ÁdŸZ‡€]

E. mundus

 ·Z˜»{

È

Zandi-Sohani

et al.

(2008)

/

|‹Ä^‡Zv»dŸZ‡€]

.

Ê]ZÌf‡{ ½Z»

E. delhiensis

 ·Z˜» {

È €ÌyY

|‹ Ä^‡Zv» Ĭ̫{

½Z» Ä] d^ˆ¿ į

Ê]ZÌf‡{ ÉZÅ

Ä^‡Zv»

ʇ€]{Ã|‹

ÉZÅ

Kocheili (2004)

ÉY€]

E.

mundus

ÃÂa ÉÁ

¹Â‡ ¾‡ ÉZÅ

B. tabaci

)

Ĭ̫{

( ,

ŠËZ»M ÉZÅ

Jones et al.

(2003)

) Ĭ̫{

( ,

Zandi-Sohani et al.

(2008)

) Ĭ̫{

( Ê¿Ó—

€e {Â]

.

¿Â³ { cÁZ¨e 0ÓZ¼fuY È

Á |ÌWÂfˁYZa Â^¿

¥ÔfyY¾ËYʸY¶Ì·{½Z]‚Ì»®·Z]|̨‡

d‡Y . ÉÁM{ZË

Ê»

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡Ä¯{‹

,

{É{ZˁZ̈]®¸ˆŸ

Ä^Àa ®·Z]|̨‡ Z] ĈËZ¬»

B. tabaci

Ê» |Ì·Âe

|À¯

Malekmohammadi et al., 2012)

(

Â“» ¾Ì¼Å Á

\^‡

Ê»

Â^¿ į {‹

E. delhiensis

ÄfˁYZa Y | ]

½{€¯

ÇÂa Ê¿Ó—½Z»€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡

¥€Yɀe

{Ây ½|] ½{€¯ ‚̼e ,|À¯

¾ËYY Á

Ê]ZÌf‡{ ½Z»

d‡YÄf§ZˊËY‚§Y .

µÁ|m . ˂neÁ{Y| e¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

È

†¿ZËYÁ )

ANOVA

( ÃÂa

¹Â‡¾‡ÉZÅ

N.andropogonis

ÄfˁYZa

–‡ÂeÃ|‹

E. delhiensis

ÉÁ

º¯Y€e{€°ŒÌ¿±€]

Á{®Ë{ļ —¦¸fz»ÉZÅ Ç

ÄfŸZ‡

º¯Y€e

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

ÄÀ»Y{

cY€Ì̤ež^À»

É{YMÈm{

cZ ]€»Â¼n»

P

d

/ ± /

- º¯Y€e

/

/

<

d

/ ± /

- Z˜y

/

c

/ ± /

-

¶¯

/

b

/ ± /

-

b

/ ± /

-

a

/ ± /

-

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»,ÓZ]µÁ|m{

t˜‡{,|¿Y{½Zˆ°Ë¥Á€uįÊËZÅ

ZÀ »¥ÔfyY|{

|¿Y|¿ÉY{

.

µÁ|m . ˂nelËZf¿

È ÃÂa{Y| e®Ìfˆn·½Â̇€³

ZÅ

¹Â‡¾‡É

N. andropogonis

ÄfˁYZa

Â^¿–‡ÂeÃ|‹

E. delhiensis

{

{Y| e€]Y€]

ÈÌ·ÁY ÃÂa ZÅ

\ˀ“

¾Ì¼ze

÷² SE P value

d]Zi

/

/

/

/

<

ʘy

/ -

/

/

/

m{

È

¹Á{

/

/

/

/

m{

È

¹Â‡

-

× /

-

× /

/

/

¹Â‡¾‡ÉZÅÃÂa ¦¸fz»ÉZź¯Y€e{ E. delhiensis–‡ÂeÃ|‹ÄfˁYZaÉZÅÃÂa {Y| e.¶°‹

N. andropogonis

R

= ²

˹́˹̊

˹ ۵

˺˹

˺̋

˻˹

˻̋

˼˹

˼̋

̊˹

˹ ˻˹ ̊˹ ̌˹ ́˹ ˺˹˹ ˺˻˹

Ã|‹ÄfˁYZaÉZÅÃÂa{Y| e

½Z]‚Ì»º¯Y€e

● Observed Predicted

N. andropogonis¹Â‡¾‡ÉZÅÃÂa ¦¸fz»ÉZź¯Y€e{E. delhiensisºˆÌfˁYZa|{¾Ì´¿ZÌ». ¶°‹

µÁ|m .

¾Ì¼zeÉZŀf»YZa€Ë{Z¬»

Ã{

ÉY€]€mYµ|»–‡ÂeÃ|‹

E. delhiensis

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

t˜‡{

/

€f»YZa

¾Ì¼zeY|¬»

SE

|u

¾ÌËZa

|u ÓZ]

dˆmw€¿

Á Âm

/

/

/

/

Ê]ZÌf‡{½Z»

/

/

/

/

Â^¿É{|ŸŠÀ¯YÁ E. delhiensis

ºze¶¯¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿É‚Ë

E. delhiensis

µÁ|m Á {Y| e ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

‚Ì¿

nÌf¿

È Ë‚ne È

†¿ZËYÁ

)

ANOVA

( ºze Äf‹Y~³ÉZÅ

–‡ÂeÃ|‹

{Z»ÉZÅÂ^¿

Ç

E. delhiensis

º¯Y€e{

ÃÂa¦¸fz»ÉZÅ

¹Â‡¾‡ÉZÅ

N. andropogonis

Ê» ½ZŒ¿ Y

|Å{

.

†¿ZËYÁ ‚Ì·Z¿M

¥ÔfyY ZÀ »

ºze ¶¯ {Y| e ¾Ì] Y ÉY{

ÉZÅ

Äf‹Y~³ º¯Y€e{Ã{Z»€Å–‡ÂeÃ|‹

½Z]‚Ì»¦¸fz»ÉZÅ

{Y{½ZŒ¿

) GI 3

.

¾Ë€fŒÌ]

¿ZÌ»

ºze ½Y‚Ì» ¾Ì´

Â^¿ ɂË

E. delhiensis

)

ºze {|Ÿ

( º¯Y€e {

ÇÂa ¹Â‡ ¾‡

N.

andropogonis

Ã|ÅZŒ»

|‹

) µÁ|m

¶°‹Á .(

ȈËZ¬»

ŒÌ]

ºze {Y| e ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ¾Ë€f ÉZÅ

Äf‹Y~³

{¶¯ÉÁZ]ʇ€]{Â^¿¾ËY–‡ÂeÃ|‹

¦¸fz»ÉZÅZ»{

) / e

{ºz ÇÂa ÉZ»{{¹Â‡¾‡

Èm{

Êf¿Z‡

{Y€³ (

(Khadempour, Unpublished

data)

ºze {Y| e ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Z]

Äf‹Y~³ ÉZÅ

–‡Âe Ã|‹

{Z»ÉZÅÂ^¿

Ç

E. delhiensis

É{|ŸŠÀ¯YÁŠËZ»M{

º¯Y€e{

¦¸fz»ÉZÅ ÇÂa

¹Â‡¾‡

N. andropogonis

Á{µÂ—{

Ç ÉZ»{{į{Y{½ZŒ¿Ã{Z»Ê³|¿

Èm{

Êf¿Z‡

º¯Y€e ŠËY‚§Y Z] {Y€³ ÇÂa

{Y| e ,½Z]‚Ì»

ºze Äf‹Y~³ ÉZÅ

ŠËY‚§Y |ÌWÂfˁYZa ¾ËY –‡Âe Ã|‹

d§ZË .

|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿É{|Ÿ ŠÀ¯YÁŠËZ»M{

E.

mundus

Ä^Àa®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

B. tabaci

¶¯¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

ºze º¯Y€e{Ã{Z»€ÅÉZÅ ÉZÅ

, , , , Á

ÃÂa Ä]

\Ìe€e / , / , / , / , /

/ Ä^‡Zv»

|‹

Zandi-Sohani et al.,2008)

.(

Äf§ZË ÉZÅ

€ÌyYŠÅÁ„alËZf¿Z]ĈËZ¬»{ŠÅÁ„a¾ËY

{Â]ɀf¼¯{Y|ŸY€´¿ZÌ]

.

ŠÅÁ„aÁ{€Å{µZu¾ËYZ]

,

ºze¾Ë€fŒÌ]

º¯Y€eÄ]•Â]€»É‚Ë

,ÉZÅ Á - Á

¾Ë€f¼¯

|u º¯Y€e Ä] •Â]€» ºˆÌfˁYZa ÉZÅ

Á

{Â] ÃÂa {|Ÿ

. ʇ€] {

ÉZÅ

Liu (2007)

Ê»Z´ÀŠį

{Z»

Ç

Eretmocerus melanoscutus

YÊfÌ ¼m€]Y€]{

ÃÂa ÉZÅ

®·Z]|̨‡

,Ä^Àa

B.tabaci

)

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

/ ± /

̂̊

̌̂

̌˺̋

̊˼̀̋

˼̊̌̌

˻̋̀

R

= ²

˹̂́˻

˹

˺˹

˻˹

˼˹

̊˹

̋˹

̌˹

̀˹

́˹

̂˹

˺˹˹

˹ ˻˹ ̊˹ ̌˹ ́˹ ˺˹˹ ˺˻˹

ºˆÌfˁYZa|{

½Z]‚Ì»º¯Y€e

● Observed Predicted

À»Y{-±€]€ÅÉÁÃÂa{|Ÿ

È Ze {|Ÿ

( ÉÁ

±€]

Ã{Z» €Å ,d§€³ Y€« º¸¯ ÉZÅ ,

/ ± ÇÂa

®·Z]|̨‡

)

½Z]‚Ì»Y|{

{Âm»ÉZÅ (

µÂ—{Y

ºÅ Z] į {€¯ ÄfˁYZa {Ây ʳ|¿

Y|¬» Y €f¼¯

Ä]

d‡{

{Ã|»M

ŠÅÁ„a

Liu (2007)

{Â]

.

{Z»ÉZÅÂ^¿€¼ŸµÂ—

Ç E. delhiensis

{Z» ÉZÅÂ^¿ €¼Ÿ µÂ— ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

Ç

E. delhiensis

{

º¯Y€e ÃÂa¦¸fz»ÉZÅ ]|̨‡¹Â‡¾‡ÉZÅ

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z

µÁ|m {

d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{ ½ZŒ¿

.

†¿ZËYÁ ‚Ì·Z¿M

¥ÔfyY ZÀ » Ã{Z»€¼ŸµÂ—¾Ì]YÉY{

ÉÁ¢·Z]ÉZÅ º¯Y€e

ÃÂa¦¸fz»ÉZÅ

¹Â‡¾‡ÉZÅ

N. andropogonis

{Y|¿½ZŒ¿

) GI 3

.

¾Ë€fŒÌ]

€¼ŸµÂ—¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

/ º¯Y€e{Á

ÇÂa

¾‡

‡¹Â‡

|‹d^i€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨

.

{

ŠËZ»M ÉZÅ

Zandi-

Sohani et al.

(2008)

ÉZÅÂ^¿ €¼Ÿ µÂ— ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

{Z»

Ç

E. mundus

®·Z]|̨‡ÉÁ

B. tabaci

º¯Y€e{

-

ÉZÅ , , , , Á

±€] ÉÁ ÃÂa

Ä]

\Ìe€e / , / , / , / , Á /

|‹Ä^‡Zv»Á

Ä] d^ˆ¿ ŠÅÁ„a ¾ËY lËZf¿ į

Äf§ZË Á É|¿ ÉZÅ

{Â]€fŒÌ]½YZ°¼Å į

¥ÔfyY¾ËY¶Ì·{

, cÁZ¨e0ÓZ¼fuY

d‡YÃ{Â]½Z]‚Ì»®·Z]|̨‡Á|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿{

.

µÁ|m . ˂neÁ{Y| e¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

È

†¿ZËYÁ )

ANOVA

( ºze ZÅ Äf‹Y~³É {Z»–‡ÂeÃ|‹

Ç

¢·Z]

E. delhiensis

º¯Y€e{

¦¸fz»ÉZÅ

ÃÂa ZÅ

¹Â‡¾‡É

N.andropogonis

º¯Y€e Äf‹Y~³ºze¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

Ã|‹

ÄÀ»Y{

cY€Ì̤ež^À»

Èm{

É{YM cZ ]€»Â¼n»

P

e

/ ± /

- º¯Y€e

/

/

<

d

/ ± /

- Z˜y

/

c

/ ± /

-

¶¯

/

b

/ ± /

-

b

/ ± /

-

a

/ ± /

-

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»ÓZ]µÁ|m{

t˜‡{,|¿Y{½Zˆ°Ë¥Á€uįÊËZÅ

ZÀ »¥ÔfyY|{

|¿Y|¿ÉY{

.

¹Â‡¾‡ÇÂa¦¸fz»ÉZź¯Y€e{E. delhiensisÉY~³ºze½Y‚Ì»cY€Ì̤e|¿Á.¶°‹

N. andropogonis

µÁ|m .

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

) (±SE

|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿€¼ŸµÂ—

E. delhiensis

º¯Y€eÉÁ

¦¸fz»ÉZÅ ÃÂa

ZÅ

€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡¹Â‡¾‡É

€f»YZa

ÃÂaº¯Y€e

±€]ÉÁÉZÅ

€¼ŸµÂ—¾Ì´¿ZÌ»

a / ± / a / ± / a / ± / a / ± / a / ± / a / ± /

ÄÀ»Y{

) {Y| e ( - ) (

- ) ( - ) ( - ) (

- ) (

- ) (

¾Ì´¿ZÌ»ÓZ]µÁ|m{

t˜‡{,|¿Y{½Zˆ°Ë¥Á€uįÊËZÅ

ZÀ »¥ÔfyY|{

|¿Y|¿ÉY{

.

R

= ²

˹́̌̀

˹

˻˹

̊˹

̌˹

́˹

˺˹˹

˺˻˹

˹ ˻˹ ̊˹ ̌˹ ́˹ ˺˹˹ ˺˻˹

Â^¿ºze{Y| e

½Z]‚Ì»º¯Y€e

● Observed Predicted

ŠËZ»M

{įÉ{|ŸÁÊ ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁÉZÅ dÌ “Á

Ê»¹Zn¿YÊÅZ´ŒËZ»M

€Ì³

|¿

,

YÉ{Zˁ‰Yd‡Y¾°¼»

{ Ê Ì^— ¾¼‹{ ºˆÌfˁYZa cZ̏y ¾ÌÌ e €œ¿

dÌ “Á ğ‚»

ÉY Äf‹Y|¿

|À‹Z^¿

.

ŠÀ¯YÁY¶ZulËZf¿

|Ì»ÂeZfÀa¾‡Ê ]Ze

Podisus maculiventris (Say)

{

dÌ “Á ğ‚» Á ÊÅZ´ŒËZ»M ÉY

Á |‹ ĈËZ¬» ºÅ Z]

É{Zˁ ¥ÔfyY Ä]

{Ây ºŒq

21HLO

Wiedenman & O'Neil, 1991 a , b, 1992)

. M¿

ZÆ

µÓ|f‡Y

|¿{€¯

{ į

dÌ “Á ğ‚»

|À¿Z» ʸ»YŸ ÉY

dˆm ÊuY¿

Á Á ¦¸fz» ½Z]‚Ì» ½ZÅZ̳ ,žÌ‡Á ÉÂm

Ì “Á / d [M Á ËYÂÅ / ËYZ¯€]Ê /

À¼‹{Ê /  Ì^—½Z / iYÊ /

€

Ê»

|¿Y~³ . Ä]

{ÃÁԟ

dÌ “Á Ê Ì^—

, Ê Ì^—½ZÀ¼‹{

Ä] €f¼¯

0Ó¼ » Ê» Ã|Ë{ {€¨À» c

Á |¿Â‹

\¸£Y Ä]

ğ¼n»Z]¾ÌÀr¼ÅÁÊ Ì^—½ZÀ¼‹{€ËZ‡ÃY€¼Å ÉY

Ŀ³Y ÃZ̳®ËZ˱€]®ËÉÁ¦¸fz»½Z]‚Ì»ÉZÅ

ÄmY»

|¿Y .

ŸÂ¼n»¾ËY€]ZÀ]

È

€]d Ì^—{¯~»¶»YŸ

¯¶»YŸÉ{|ŸÁÊ ]ZeŠÀ¯YÁ Ê»€iY®ËƒÂ·ÂÌ]µ€fÀ

-

|¿Y~³ . lËZf¿

ªÌ¬ve

Â^¿ į {Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ÉZm

|ÌWÂfˁYZa

E. delhiensis

®ËƒÂ·ÂÌ] µ€fÀ¯ ¶»ZŸ ®Ë

ÄmÂe{»|ËZ]įd‡Y€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡€iR»ÁºÆ»

{€Ì³ Y€« É|m .

Ê»Z´ÀÅ ÀÌ» { Z» cZŸÔ—Y į

È

Ä] •Â]€» cZŸÔ—Y Z] É{|Ÿ ŠÀ¯YÁ Á Ê ]Ze ŠÀ¯YÁ

¶Ì¼°e|ÌWÂfˁYZaÂ^¿¾ËY¶j»|Ì·Âe½Y‚Ì»

‹

€fÆ],{

Ê»

ÀÌ»{½YÂe È

®ËÊuY€—

{€^ÅY

µ€fÀ¯ÉY€]€iR»

YÃ{Z¨f‡YZ]€°ŒÌ¿®·Z]|̨‡

E. delhiensis

¹Y|«Y {€¯

.

REFERENCES

1. Anonymous. (2009). Iranian annual statistics. Iranian Mangement and Programming Organization.

2. Askarianzadeh, A. (2011). Evaluation of quality of sugarcane whitefly, Neomaskelliaandropogonis (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on sugarcane in Khuzestan provience. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 34, 59-66.

3. Askarianzadeh, A. & Manzari, S. (2006). Neomaskellia andropogonis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a new genus and species in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 26(1), 13-14.

4. Hassell, M. P. (1978). The dynamic of arthropod predator-prey systems. monographs in population biology, 13 Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

5. Hayat, M. 1998. Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidae): A taxonomic revision. Associated publishers Volume 13, 416 pp.

6. Holling, C. S. (1959). Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. The Canadian Entomologist 91, 385-398.

7. Inayatullah, C. (1984). Sugar-cane Aleurodids, Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) and Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett (Hom: Aleyrodidae) and their natural enemies in Pakistan. Insect ScienceanditsApplication,5(4), 279-282.

8. Jones, W. A. & Greenberg, S. M. & Lagaspi, J. B. C. (2003). Comporison between the functional response of Eretmocerus mundus and Eretmocerus pergandiella. 3^rdInternationalBemisiaWorkshop P72.

9. Juliano, S. A. (2001). Non-linear curve fitting: predation and functional response curves.In: Scheiner, S.

M., Gurevitch, J. (Eds.), Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 178-196.

10. Khadempour, A. (2014). Investigation on the biological characteristics of the parasitoid Eretmocerus sp.

(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing sugarcane whitefly, Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). M. Sc. Dissertation, Shahid Chamran University, Department of Plant Protection. (In Farsi)

11. Kocheili, F. (2004). A study on bioecology of sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Efficacy of its Parasitoids, Ph. D. Dissertation, Shahid Chamran University, Department of Plant Protection. (In Farsi)

12. Liu, T. X. (2007). Life history of Eretmocerus melanoscutus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing nymphs of Bemisia tabaci Biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Biological Control, 42, 77-85.

13. Malekmohammadi, A., Shishebor, P. & Kocheili, F.( 2012). Influence of constant temperatures on development, reproduction and life table parameters of Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Neomaskellia andropogonis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Crop Protection, 34, 1-5.

14. Martin, J. H. & Mound, L. A. (2007). An annotated check list of the world's whiteflies (Insecta:

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Zootaxa, 1492, 1-84.

15. Minaemoghadam, M., Shishehbor, P., Soleimannejadian, E. & Askarianzadeh, A. (2010). Seasonal population dynamics of sugarcane whitefly, Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) in south of Khuzestan. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 32(2), 15-24.

16. Mound, L. A. & Halsey, S. H. (1978). Whitefly of the world, a systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Hom.) with host plant and natural enemy data. Wiley, New York, 340 pp.

17. O'Neil, R. J. (1989). Comparison of laboratory and field measurements of the functional response of Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 62, 148-155.

18. Rogers, D. (1972). Random search and insect population models. Journal of Animal Ecology, 41, 369- 383.

19. SAS Institute. (2003). The SAS system for Windows, Release 9.0. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.

20. Solomon, M. E. (1949). The natural control of animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 43, 239- 253.

21. Wiedenman, R. N. & O'Neil, R.J. (1991a). Laboratory measurement of the functional response of Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heterptera: Pentatomidae), Environmental Entomology, 20, 610-614.

22. Wiedenman, R. N. & O'Neil, R.J. (1991b). Searching behavior and time budgets of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Heterptera: Pentatomidae), Entomologia Exprimentalis et Applicata, 60, 83-93.

23. Wiedenman, R. N. & O'Neil, R.J. (1992). Searching strategy of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Heterptera: Pentatomidae), Enviromental Entomology, 21, 1-9.

24. Zandi-Sohani, N., Shishehbor, P., & Kocheili, F. (2008). Functional and numerical responses of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genndius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Pakistan Journal of Biological Scienses, 11, 1015-1020.