24 2
1401
422 - 407
DOI:10.22059/jci.2021.325222.2563
: !
"
"
! " #
) Brassica napus L.
% & ' (
1
*
2
" 3
# $% #&'
4
1 .
*+
,# - %
# . / 0 12 3 .3 / 4 54+
6 74+
1 8 6 .
2 .
*+
,# - %
# . / 0 12 3 54+
.3 / 4
#&9: 74+
/ ; / ; .
3 .
# / 0 -<2 3 / 4 . 74+
= -+
6 .
4 . / 0 -<2 3 / 4 . 74+
= -+
6 .
> 6 1' ,?
: 17 / 03 / 1400
> 6 D E=
,?
: 13 / 05 / 1400
!
" #
$ % &
' ( )
# # #$ & ( & ( $ *!
+ ,*(
& - *.
& #) # $/ ( 0 ( # 1*(
2 % "$ 3$ 4) $ 5
") 4 3 ( 3 6
%& #& ! 78 9 &
! :& ; < ( $ -
.$ " #& & # 1398
-
1396 &
C 5D 3 5 E $ # ! <F G " H8$ I $ & E9$#
J K $
& & - *. L D8 "$ .+: N 3# 0 *O % # <9$ P % Q QR# # $
O QR# & - *. % I# & F & S T "$ 2+%$ & G# $&
I$/
22 # <9$ P % +H 6 &
5 / 21 *O % +H 6 &
.+: X! (
# & ( 5 0 & ( K 2Y Z ) ' $ % & #$ # + ,*(
) QR# & - *. X $/:$
24 . % $/ ( N ( ! % +H 6 &
&
X * % J ! #$ & ( & ( ' $ % & I^# 4 ) I$/ Q
2 ) + &
T
# & ( 5 & ( & ( 5 0 * # + ,*(
7 67 # 50
% I# & 6 &
2 50 # 36
# <9$ P % & 6 &
49 # 34 X % I# & 6 &
&
. ( X ) a.
X! ( 6 / 7 6 &
b 8 8 X . % $ Q
I$/
b 8#$
) $ 9 / 63 b 8 8 # ( 6 &
) $ 7 / 20 ( 6 &
7 &
*
<9$ P " #
× & (
0 5 # d($ P " #
× & ( . % ! 4 #$
e "$
+ &
)
# #$ & ( /F G # <9$ P % +: N K I$
X! ( + ,*(
! # I^# +: ! $/ ( QR# # $& & - *. & X $/:$ K -4 "$ % X ' $ % < O Q f
.& %
$:
Y f 2 #$ 2 " #
2
# 2 $& & -*.
.+ ,*(
Effects of Tillage, Irrigation, and Fertility Management on Nitrate Leaching and Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in a
Sandy Soil
Ghorban Khodabin1*, Mojdeh Sadat Khayat Moghadam2, Shahryar Kazemi3, Mahsa Rafati Alashti4 1. Former Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2. Former Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
3. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran.
4. Preceptor, Department of Agriculture science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
Received: June 07, 2021 Accepted: August 04, 2021 Abstract
This study investigates the effects of different tillage systems (no-tillage, minimum and conventional), fertilizers (no fertilizer, vermicompost (V), urea (U) and combined urea and vermicompost (VU) and irrigation regimes on various quantitative and qualitative traits of rapeseed, as well as soil nitrate leaching (NL). Field trials have been conducted between 2017 and 2019 in the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with no significant difference observed for seed and oil yield between the minimum and conventional till systems. However, the no-till system vs. minimum and conventional till decrease these traits by 22% and 21.5%. The combined application of vermicompost and urea under optimal irrigation conditions boosts oil yield by 24%, compared to the control) of rapeseed. Furthermore, across all tillage types, the highest NL is observed where urea was applied. When compared with urea, V and UV treatments decrease the NL by 67% and 50% in no-till plots, 50% and 36% in minimum till plots, and 49% and 34% in conventional till plots, respectively. Deficit irrigation also reduces linoleic acid by 7.6%. In addition, the highest levels of oleic acid (63.9%) and linoleic acid (20.7%) are observed under residual tillage system with combined fertilizer application and the residual tillage system with vermicompost application, respectively The findings indicate that minimum till in combination with VU treatments supports reduced NL over conventional till and urea fertilization practices, while improving rapeseed quantitative and qualitative traits.
Keywords: Fatty acid,seed yield, tillage, urea, vermicompost.
1 .
"# $
$ g " # 4( "
"$ & 0 $ G 2 E
# hg K 7 )
( + " ' D
+ *!$ "$ 2
i
$&
$ 2J " # 4( & .+ $
X $/:$
3 *.
" # + 0 ( # /
X! (
) %
Gotosa et al., 2020
.(
"$ & 0 $ * $
j#
I# +4( ! " #
# <9$ P
" # + 0 ( & Hk 7G
& % #
Y)
& # :
X! ( $ :
!&
)
Omidi et al.,
(.2010
Q " & 3$ 4 ) I# !
" # 14
6 &
( "$
" # J
% )
Spiess et
al., 2020
(.
$ *! l 0P % "$ I " ! & 0 $
6 . YhG # + 0 ( X $/:$ K 8) & ( $ R ) & %
Agbede, 2010
" # 4( & .(
* % !& ( J I^#
$&
#$
< 8&
& $hG EH 2 I ! N & & - *. X $/:$
( 3 .
$
!& ( Q $ 7H 2
& K $
N& 8) m-4 !
+ "
Z D b* +% H $ 2 !
n # 2 # X! ( K & # pH
o- ,*( & K $
# " p X! ( 2 8) Q ( I$/ X! ( 2Y Z
- ^ X :
i T &
3 ) & %
Liu et al.,
(2019
+: ! . I^#
-
$ 3m-4 "$
$ &
Q
"$ N
!
" # 4(
2+ $ T ( I$/
8
4 ) 3$
$ &
Q
! 25 90 ( J N -! &
+ $ % j $/N )
Basso & Ritchie, 2005
(.
G Q $
( 3mR +H $/ (
$&
/ "
& $& i I^#
(Rathke et al., 2006)
K &
I^# !& ( "$ & 0 $ # q k 8 $ $&
q$ $ . (
: N +4( +kG % $/ (
$ $&
bH +: ! . %
"
Q
!
%
$ $&
g <
i
$ + % %#
& # I^#
k + N& 8) Y)
! DZ
" #
"
. !
$ Q
q$ $ &
(
$ Nr # ! k & Y Z
# 7
$ J . 2
< 8&
Q g I&
: l & H +
( 2 9
$ kF + #
f $ 5 Q /
6 . "$
s$hR
$
$&
(Guo et al., 2011)
. ( I$" # 4 ti *O
&
$ "$ N Q q$ $
;P d($ P
*.
- 2&
& 5 "$ f i
(
!&
* % r #
(
!&
I^#
$&
& 0 $ I) K ( (
+: !
I^#
& 5 &# # #
"
&
"$
Y) 3$
!
"
"
#
$/:$
I) + R X X
" K P "$
% )
Wang et
al., 2015a
(.
$ ( s 4 ) X!
I^#
X!#rg I$ N "$
N N &$
& 0 $ ( (
*G I) "$
I$
(
!&
(
# ! I N $&"
$
#$ # ) %$ "
(
&
)
Svecnjak & Rengel, 2006; Zhou et al., 2020
.(
-4 X + &# D "$ -
j N # !
k # 8 &
I ! N $&
.$ "
"$ &
* # b4 P$
b4 &
+ . a. -4 X
"# I % 2 !
/ : 7 )
7 2
4R g X! (
X! ( Q $ # Y) <
& - *.
& % )
Keshavarz & Khodabin, 2019
(.
hn N Y I) + # 5 & I !
p$ $ $ & !
X
! R # "
X5 "
C
& $&
. X
$/ ( J 9 $ & QR# + 0 ( X! ( a. -4 p # X 3 % X! ( Q $ I$/ ( + $ %
& 3# 0 9 )
Aghdam et al., 2019
( N . ! (
hn Y k + # 5 2 % (
) +%$& !$
$ & # $ Q (
* # + ( 0 ;D + +D /
N !$ $ 9 +:
)
Githinji et al., 2011
( . +
(
&
$ I$/
"
&
8 & $ 3i ;D
$ % ' ( ) +D
$ 2 !& $ 9 Q
I$/
&
2Y) : q$
I& (
$hR 6 . $
$/:$ 7G X
( + # 5 X!
P # && N X
% .
& S T "$
$/:$ 2 F N % X T "$
u
(
$hR 6 . &
$ % +D ( '
) K $
k
$hR &$ # Y) v$ $ <
i "$
!
*.
u
) & %
Smith et al., 2011
(.
S$ !$ 2Q $ $
Q
") X 1 - X5
J ! " #
$ *!
I^# & ( & (
# # + ,*(
& - *.
$/ ( QR# # $&
)
Brassica
napus L.
( # 2 - ' $ % & I^# 4 ) I)
( # < ( ) )
Q $ w g 2E9$# & . %
X g
& ( S ; ( & ( $ *! # k 8)
+D ^#
$ % ' )
# J !
" # f & Hk &
*( # 0 ( & - *.
% 3 I$ HG # $/ ( QR#
"$
( ) $ .& $&
2
.
$ Q
") X &
! .$ "
97 - 1396 # 98 - 1397 &
N ' v ( 5Z
3 244 (
X Q I$/
# x) & I) (
Q I) I$/
b
&
! k% # &$&
y 0 $ 2 :$
J K $
+: N <-%) 1 ( .
") . / +:
2X
% $ 74
/ 7 #
$ ! -8$ + - 70 / 1
&
# o * "
0 : I$/
g #
< 9 YhG 7
kf # 150 J N
&
( J N # I$/
I^#
$ <(
06 / 0 .& 6 &
! Q f
# & ( + ,*(
& 0 $&
$ &
Q X!#rg
$ $&
12 / 1 6 &
2I^#
$ ! + -8$
- 1 / 3
&
"
o *
$ 2 7
/ 5 8) & # 28
& 6 &
# G) 1 (.
& FK3 L:M (°C) ! (mm) I > ! )(J> (! .1 FG
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
N&>)mm( !)°C(
! L +
L + 1396 - N&> 1397 )
# ! @(!
(
! )
%#N > + (
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
N&>)mm( !)C°(
! L +
L + 1398 - 1397 N&>
)
# ! @(!
(
! )
%#N > + (
L &Q 1
* ( :K' .
!: R C ' F ! S/ !T5 U R
# 50
> +
# !
! ) 5 :1 (9+:W 1
)
50 - 0 (cm
# + ,*(
74 pH
/ 7 7
/ 5
+ $ ! - -8$
(dS.m-1)
7
/ 1 1
/ 3
8) Q ( (%) 81
/ 0 28
<( I^#
(%) 06
/ 0 12
/ 1
< 9 0 : YhG
(mg kg-1)
4
51
/ 1
< 9 g YhG
(mg kg-1)
150
3
/ 1
< 9 Q!) YhG
(mg kg-1)
4
/ 8 5
/ 0
< 9 # YhG
(mg kg-1)
14
/ 1 112
< 9 o YhG
(mg kg-1)
6
/ 2 43
< 9 / F YhG
(mg kg-1)
4
/ 7 992
(%) + 21
(%) Q%
58
(%) { 21
") X 3 6 3 ( #& !
%&
78 9 &
| T
! ( :& ; <
- N J K $ $ +:
.
! " #
I$ . }Z & 6$ 3 (
< % I#
" # ) +4(
5 +4( (
#
*. I#
3 " # 2(
" # ) <9$ P b
f /
& )
"
2
*. o, 3
+% ( (
J 5Z # ( " #
Q!)# N %) e $
I$& N
$&
& #& # b
+% ( # (
J
5Z 3 ( . & ( < % . :
) }Z #& &
)) { $ 70 ) # .$ " + : l 6 &
{ $ 50 & & ( * # ( .$ " + : l 6 &
}Z kf & ( & ( J .]
2(F1)
350 ( J N & (
%
*
#$
2(F2)
14
# & ( -! & Q + ,*(
2 (F3)
175 ( J N
% & (
* + #$
7 -! & Q
# & (
*(
+ ,
[(F4)
.+: N $ 9 . : 3 ( &
$ O Q
) | Z
s$ $ ' $# "$
%
'
Behera & Panda
) (2009
$ & . % & 0 $ Q
I " 2j#
) { $
6 &
Y)
5Z &
4
% Q O Y) $ 5 .
{ -O $ F & "$ & 0 $ K
"
)
Time-Domain
Reflectometry, Model TRIME-FM, England
( &
u*.
50 O
Q . %
I^# & ( I$/
{ $ e
I ") 160
& ( ( K )"$ . % : N & •8 I^# J N ( # P #$
46 & ( # •8 I^# 6 &
# Q $ & : ; + ,*(
X!#rg ) 25 6 &
# P (+ T 12
/ 1 + $ I^# 6 &
% g& (
3 6 350 (
! & J N -
( &
I^#
& #$ $&
* 2F2
14
# -! & Q * & + ,*(
# F3
175 + -! & #$ J N ( 7
# Q & + ,*(
* & -!
X ") #& ! & . % & 0 $ F4
2
* 9 "$ # +: N 3 6 k e g w & +% (
$ Q $ $
& 0
%
" *9 ( . 2
& N&$") I 4:$
2
< 9 "$ # & # O uT & +4(
/G QR# + 0 (
# 06#& J 9 $
) 00
. % (
!
") 3 ( 4
& X% < % 6 : 2 e g T
€ Z 30 ( ' #& ( & ! "$
I$ .
% P 6 : . % : N &
!
# € Z
+% ( e g
$ .&
Q &# P ($
70
&
E
&
. (
*.
+%$& € 3 /G
) 3 6 # I - { $
. % J K $ 5Z S .
$ )
! P$#
") 4 8 8 "$
! g
$ Q
$ *!
b (
*KP . % & 0 $
3 ( & : ; #$ & ( S ; D & ( # P !
#$
b 3 6
#& # +% ( J F ! & J J
3 6
% "$ P #& &
) 9 p# % # Q :
8#$ kl Q
• R
!
<N
# & ( .+: N J K $ ( + ,*(
3 ( & /
& ( # P !
# +% ( "$ <H9 + ,*(
. % : q$ Q "
T & " ! . 5 % <;:
3 6 &
$ G$ "$ og .+: N 3 6
") X
N $ 5 $ # I %/H # +% ( 45 u Z 2 •!
" H
3 :) r #
% J * "$ & 0 $
o(
) 5 / 1 8 ($ # ( -! &
Q ) b 8 &
.+: N 3 6 ( -!
I$/ Q O +kG
% 3$
% 3 6
+ $ < . #& Q O " -! & J N (
‚ 1 - + R
" * & O 3$
u*. & Y) Q g
u*. "$
4 O
# 2 - .Y) 5*. x 0 I$/
$ &
") Q X
$ k
" *
" "$ Y) O 5Z
4 06
50 F & "$ 2
Soil water Sampler (S.W.S.)
(Model 1900, Soil Moisture Equipment Co. USA)
% & 0 $ .
& Q +* 9
( / ( 3 2 !
N#$ # 0P &
Z9 $ 5
u*. # 65
. % & K $ 3$
P !
* $&
j#
Cadmium Reduction Method 8039 (Hach Co.)
#
"$ & 0 $ :# -, $ F &
)
Model dr/2500, Hach
"$ $ (Co.
N . %
"$ $ $ N 5*. x 0 "$ Y)
) Z $ 1 ) % & 0 $ (
Errebhi et al., 1998
.(
) Z $ 1 (
DDP=I+P-ΔSW-ETc-R
2 : Q $ &
Y) $"# 5*. x 0 DDP
2 2( ) N P
) )I
2(
ΔSW
4 O u*. & + T $"# 3$ n )
"$ $) ( N ' % { $ TDR
+ T
2( *KP
ETc
. / y O # H #
I$# R
) Y) H Q O $ .(
Z $ "$ y O # )
2 (
% & 0 $ )
Allen et al., 1998
(.
) Z $ 2 (
ETcrop= ET0 × Kc
2 Z $ Q $ &
ETcrop
2 N y O # H
ET0
H
# < g y O #
Kc
! N 7 q K )"$ . %
(
& 5 +9&
H %& #) y O # s : Z $
-
Q* g - 5 & a
& 5 i
* 2 F H*!
&/
-
& $&
)
Allen, 1996
( 2
$h8
$ O Q
ET0
$ "$
Q
&$& # Z $
!
%$ ! v (
6 : &
1000 "$
") J K $ <D X
& 5 . % & 0 $
KC
/
$ N
( $/
% <P$ &
+ &
) )
Allen et al.,
(1998
G . -
) <
! (
$ 5 3
R
Z $ &
) 1 ( . % ƒ : 06
O "$ O Q
+ R
" * & 3$
O # Y) Q
x 0 I$/
5*.
<6 P "$ 2
$ Y q $ 5 < . #& Q
( J N
% 3$
! & % -
O
% Q .
S ; $ ( I$/
I^#
)
Nitrogen use
efficiency, NUE
2(
Z $ "$
) 3 ( + &
: )
) Z $ 3 ( =
I^# S ; $ (
(J N ( /J N () : ; I^# / $& & - *.
! *
*.$
% 3 06
O8 Z &
* 2 $&
& ! P
N
: /
^ 8 b kf) #& ! &
. % J K $ (
$
"$ $ N I$/
ShP "$ og 2 $& & - *.
% P 2 !
(
! #& +P & & G E
! "$
") 3 ( 4
o, # +%$&
j#
&
$&
"$ !
G Q
$ G Q " #
% . QR# 6 &
& 0 $ $&
"$
F &
NMR mq20, Germany)
Bruker,
(
"$ $ o, # % N
$& QR# & - *.
"$
<6 P H D $& QR# 6 & # $& & - *. Y q
% . $
! Y f F &
GC
)
Varian 3800,
Australia
# (
GC-mass
)
Agilent, model 7890B,
"$ $ (USA
) % N
Nazeri et al., 2018
"$ og .(
&$& o $# $ - X ") #& !
{ $ + I ") 2
) J$ 9$
8 / ) "$ & 0 $
J $/:$
) SAS SAS Institute, 2015
(
% . 5
F Q I ") "$ & 0 $ ! }Z & LSD
e g 6 &
% J K $ .
0 $ <-%
&$& "$ &
"$& g
Microsoft
Office 2013
+: N 3 6 .
3 .
3 . 1 .
! " # $ %
$ ( + $ I) "$ ( P o $# /K # G e 2
×
^
^ 2 ) ! ) !
× *
2 & ( " #
× 2 & ( *
! X (
×
" #
× 3$ 4 ) +06 & & ( *
O # G) & $&
2 +D +06 Q $ .(
^ !
# G G .+: N $ 9 & ( * # ) J#& & 3$ 4 ) I$/ Q F 5 ( ) #& ! Q F )
26 6 &
X & #$ "$
# G) 3 .(
X Q 4 ) 3$
$ % & # J#& &
'
) Y Z F
Q 1 / 76 ( J N -! &
y 0 $
:$
.&
( * # #$ & 4 ) I$/ Q (
)
+ &
) ) 3 / 19 * +H ( ( -! & J N (
69 .+%$& X! ( 6 &
X Q I$/
4 )
3$
# J#& &
*
% e $ ×
% & (
*
#$
F Q 5 / 81 ( J N &
-!
+ &
)
# G) 4 .(
( Q I$/
4 ) &
*
% I#
×
& ( & ( J . ) #$ &
03 / 10 ( J N ( -! &
! 4
% .
X I&
I$/
3$
"
Y) &
! * )
Y Z $ I$
€ + %
%#
3$
'
Y) ) + $&
" & X ") Q $ ( K )"$ .
#$ 2& % J K $ i k # % +.
T o, # J )
$ :
3$ I - 0
# % < H + .
3$ 0
(NO-3)
J . #
+. 2 ' I) $ kF O 5Z "$
v 4 N I$/ : T "$ .& %
X &
" 3$ X $/:$ K 2J#&
. % J#& & Y)
X!#rg ! N I$/ Q * 5 Z $ / %hN
% 3$ #
&$& I 4 $ "$ % )
Wang et al.,
2015b
( . I$/
4 ) 3$
&
&
J#
# &
!
}Z " #
2 &
*
& (
#$
X
"$
| Z
& (
&
.
$/:$
X I$/
I^#
< 9 ) Y) $ *! ( #$ & () { &
X
)) Y Z 4 ) K ( X
3$
"$
% ( % e
X!#rg I$ N +5 Z ) & $&
Li et
al., 2007
( I& ( # # " e $ % : T "$.
+. a. 2 !&$ ! # < H # 8) &$ /K I 4
I) I^# " &$") K & # O 6 . !
O 7G & $ Q $ ( & %
+ %
%#
X
"$ 3$
) & %
Spiess et al., 2020;
Gotosa et al., 2020
( .
L &Q
2
%=@1 + # :! * '# X1#! /=Y Z/ > .
3$ n E G &
&$") 3 O Q F
3$4)
S;$( I^#
$& &-*.
QR# &-*.
b8#$ $
b88 $
b88 $
** 1 11943 209**
**
5774304
**
1180799 5ns
/ 2 5ns / 7 5ns / 0
( $ - ) 4
9 / 49 88
/ 0 35199 9414
08 / 3 8 / 2 2 / 0
" #
** 2
** 2566 230
**
6190395
**
1072858 08**
/
* 8 9 / 4 9ns / 0
× " # 2
6ns /
* 47 4 / 14 463842ns
100146ns 2ns
/ 1 01ns / 0 4ns / 1
× ( $ - ) " # 8
8 / 178 86 / 2 135375 28668
9 / 0 8 / 0 4 / 0
)
** 1 42761 1346**
**
39518552
**
794880 4**
/
** 103 7 /
** 95 1 / 20
× )
** 1 175
**
6 / 12
**
565822
**
119957 15ns
/ 0 2ns / 0 1ns / 0
" #
× ) 2
1ns / 101 89ns
/ 1 60567ns
7025ns 71ns
/ 0 2ns / 2 1ns / 1
× " #
× ) 2
9ns / 122 13ns
/ 2 51757ns
4242ns 9ns
/ 1 1ns / 1 1ns / 0
× )
× ( $ - ) " # 12
7 / 50 37 / 1 36624 11136
72 / 0 5 / 1 3 / 0
& (
** 3 9984
**
6 / 10
**
5275348
**
976451 7**
/
** 7 7 /
** 8 07 / 1
×
& (
** 3
** 862 3 / 50
**
933299
**
196524 2ns
/ 0 74ns / 0 16ns / 0
" #
×
& (
* 6 1 / 158 96ns
/
* 2 158087 28808ns
1*
/
** 2 01 /
* 2 2 / 0
× " #
×
& (
* 6 169
**
7 / 9
* 175312
* 41384 3ns
/ 0 01ns / 1 14ns / 0
)
×
& (
* 3
** 238 6 / 22
**
630187
**
114363 5*
/ 2 2ns /
* 2 3 / 0
× )
×
& ( 3
9ns / 85 26ns
/ 3 64748ns
14625ns 01ns
/ 0 9ns / 0 18ns / 0
" #
× )
×
& ( 6
3ns / 96 56ns
/ 3 135161ns
23428ns 3ns
/ 0 5ns /
* 0 2 / 0
× " #
× )
×
& ( 6 65ns
16ns / 2 99533ns
16437ns 6ns
/ 0 5ns /
* 0 1 / 0
Z 72
5 / 69 73
/ 1 64155 14157
8 / 0 5
/ 0 1 / 0
) 3$ n 7 q (%
01
/ 17 25
/ 7 3
/ 9 3
/ 10 4
/ 1 7
/ 3 1 / 5
** "*
: ns
D2! X( # L \% ]:^+ %
5 1 D2! -&R &
. %
L &Q
3 / ! .
; # )(J> (!
SD1 L +
×
# ( 5
* + # :!
%=@1
)
3$ 4 ) (Kgha-1) S ; $ (
I^#
(Kg kg-1 )
$& & - *.
(Kgha-1) QR# & - *.
(Kgha-1)
#$
97 - 1396
*O )
3 / 45 b 6
/ 20 b 2
/ 3106 b 1323 b
( ) 1
/ 19 d 9
/ 12 d 1
/ 1933 d 796d
J#&
98 - 1397
*O )
5 / 58 a 7
/ 22 a 3
/ 3381 a 1447a
( ) 8
/ 29 c 3
/ 16 c 03
/ 2459 c 1035 c
)(J> (!
# : +
` #\
C# !
&$ 3
`a '%
D2!
%
! .&D
L &Q 4 / ! .
; # )(J> (!
> N + SD1 L +
× ' C T
×
# :1
* + # :!
%=@1
" #
& (
3$ 4 )
(Kgha-1) S ; $ (
I^#
(Kg kg-1 )
$& & - *.
(Kgha-1) QR# & - *.
(Kgha-1)
#$
97 - 1396 I#
" # 03 F1
/
10 m
- 1854n
783j
5 F2 / 46 fg 04
/ 14 h 2248 kl
940 hi
6 F3 / 16 l 3
/ 14 h 2290jkl
978gh
5 F4 / 27 jk 9
/ 13 h 2225klm
953hi
<9$ P " #
3 F1 / 12 lm -
2091lmn 881hij
2 F2 / 52 ef 6
/ 19 bcd 3147bcde
1323cd
2 F3 / 31 ijk 6
/ 16 f 2659fgh
1119ef
9 F4 / 38 ghi 2
/ 16 fg 2606ghi
1100fg
e $ " # 4 F1
/ 15 l -
2124klmn 886hij
07 F2 /
66 cd
31 /
20 bc
3250bcd 1345bcd
9 F3 / 28 jk 8
/ 16 ef 2691fg
1125ef
9 F4 / 38 ghi 03
/
19 cd
3046de 1283d
J#&
98 - 1397 I#
" # 6 F1
/ 14 lm -
1944mn 826ij
6 F2 / 75 abc 9
/ 14 gh 2398hji
1006fgh
6 F3 / 22 kl 08
/
16 fg
2573ghij 1102fg
33 hij F4 1
/ 18 de 2908 ef
1239 de
<9$ P " #
14 lm F1 -
2574 ghij
1105 efg
81ab F2 1
/ 20 bc
3229 bcd
1355 bcd
1 F3 / 35 hij 07
/
21 b
3372bc 1449bc
6 F4 / 45 fg 9
/ 23 a 3837a
1661a
e $ " # 8 F1
/ 17 l -
2344ijk 971gh
5 F2 / 81 a 2
/ 19 cd 3086cde
1264d
47fg F3 1
/ 21 b 3389b
1479b
1 F4 / 58 de 1
/ 21 b 3384b
1434bc
)(J> (!
# : +
` #\
C# !
&$ 3
`a '%
D2!
%
! .&D
Q F G
") #&
2X ( Q I$/
4 ) 3$
I# 3 ( "$
" #
#
*
& (
# + ,*(
+ &
)
# G) 4 Q $ & ( K )"$ .(
2 * 2& 4 J K $ " #
# !&$ !
$ :
I - 0
X! ( K ( % J K $ (
( : T "$ .+ $ % 3$ 4 ) 4 ) I$/ I&
I# * &
# & ( # " # + ,*(
$
# & : ;D †$ T < H9 "$ + ,*(
# 3$ i YhG 3 9 2i ( & H + : l ) % I) K " &$")
Liu et al., 2019
.(
2 8) &$ i ( & H + : l G F ! X $/:$ & J ) & G# ( ' 2
YhG 8) !& (
# I - 0 $&$ "$ E # %
3$ 8 I^# # & %
3 6 & J )
T 3 $ i
‡0P ) & %
Niu et al.,
* & $ .(2018
100 #$ & ( 6 &
) (F2
*!$ : 2
#$ / ) + 8 O: # J ) I $ 5 8 K 2")
# 3$ 0 G .+ $ % 3$ & "
# ) $ & 2 3$ x ' I) $ kF J . 5HT 2 N Q g 3
( & ( +( P < :# g
" * & I) + R + k &
$ g X $/:$ Y) . (
) Y Z #
* 100 2 #$ & ( 6 &
X Q
I$/
4 ) 3$
$
$ *!
+%$&
# G) 5 .(
* % !& ( & $hR 6 . ( K )"$
b &
$ 9 N { &
" 3$ I$/ X $/:$ 2 N Y)
e ( + $ "$ #& q P X ") &
X!#rg I$ N ) & $& +5 Z
Li et al., 2012
' $ % & .(
% 3$ 2< ( ) * "$ %
7 F2
3 / 43
# 3 / 27 6 &
X * "$
# F3
8 P & & F4
(
k I) $& & - *.
2 / 8 # 6 / 2 6 &
X ! * "$
# F3
I^# ; . & ( E9$# & .& F4
3 6
) #$
r # q$ $ &
+:
bH
#
% (
& - *. ;P X
.+ & ; 9$
! Q f &
( ' $ % * 2 )
+H F2
# F3
7 F4
68 # 5 / 61 4 ) 6 &
X +%$&
2 & - *. $
$&
7 # 12 6 &
( ! * +H # F3
F4
+ &
# G) & #) 5
.(
( ' $ % & Q $ "$ * % & ( "$ & 0 $ )
+ " L D8 5Z & ; 9$ L D8 "$ # Z D
*
! +D 3$ 4 ) I$/ . X (
^ ! )
× # G) +: N $ 9 & ( * 2
.(
X Q I$/
4 ) 3$
) &
Y Z & ( #
#$
) ) + &
1 / 83 ( J N
! &
}Z #& ! & .( -
# & ( * 2 ) ( + ,*(
$ 4 ) Q
# # #$ & ( u 0 $ +%$&
4 ) I$/ 2+ ,*(
& X $/:$
.+%$
( Q I$/
4 ) &
* ( ) ×
& ( & ( J . F
Q 4 / 10 ( J N &
-!
+ &
# G) ) 5
.(
3 . 2
& " '"( # .
$ ( + $ I) "$ ( P o $# /K # G e 2
×
^
^ 2 ) ! ) !
× *
2 & (
! X (
× " #
× & ( *
O I^# S ; $ ( +06 &
# G) & $&
2 .(
L &Q 5 / ! .
; # )(J> (!
( 5 SD1 ×
# :1
* + # :!
%=@1
)
& ( 3$ 4 )
) Kg ha-1 ( S ; $ ( I^#
) Kg ha-1 (
$& & - *.
) Kg ha-1 ( QR# & - *.
) Kg ha-1 ( b 8#$
$
) (% b 8 8 $
) (%
*O )
5 F1 / 17 d -
2556c 1093c
3 / 63 a 3
/
6 d
1 F2 / 83 a 5
/ 22 a 3604a
1521a 9
/ 63 a 1
/ 6 e
1 F3 / 47 bc 6
/ 20 b 3307b
1423b 5
/ 63 a 05
/
6 e
4 F4 / 60 b 9
/ 21 a 3507 a
1503 a 8
/ 63 a 1
/ 6 e
( ) 4 F1
/ 10 e -
1755f 723f
9 / 60 c 2
/ 7 a
2 F2 / 51 b 6
/ 13 e 2182 e
890 e 2
/ 62 b 9
/ 6 b
16d F3 6
/ 14 d 2350de
994d 3
/ 62 b 9
/
6 b
7 F4 / 19 cd 5
/ 15 c 2495cd
1053cd 4
/ 62 b 6
/ 6 c
)(J> (!
# : +
` #\
C# !
&$ 3
`a '%
D2!
%
! .&D
X * # J#& & I^# S ; $ ( Q
Q F Y Z ) 7
/ 22 J N ( & J N (
+ &
# G) ) 3
(2 & * Q *! +H (
#$
25 / 9 ( +H # 6 &
J#& & ) 2
/ 28
6 &
X .&
( & I^# S ; $ ( Q
( * Q F #$ & ) 9
/ 12 & J N (
J N (
! # G . ) + &
X ( N
×
" #
× # G) & ( ! * 4
( & I) "$ ( P (
X * # J#& & I^# S ; $ ( Q
<9$ P " #
×
# + #$ 5 0 & ( + ,*(
Q F 9 / 23 J N ( & J N ( ( . ) + &
Q
# % I# ' $ % # #$ & I^# S ; $ ( # G) % ! 4 & ( ! * J * 4
e .(
!
^ * X ( ) !
× # G) & ( ! *
5 I) "$ ( P ( X ( &
& I^# S ; $ ( Q
) #$ & ( # Y Z ) ' $ % 5
/ 22 & J N (
# + #$ 5 0 & ( # (J N ( ) + ,*(
9 / 21 (
"$ #$ 2 & ( ! * Q F G . ) + &
X I^# S ; $ ( )
8 / 32 +H ( 6 &
& $& J#&
# G) 5 ( : T "$ .(
$ ( Q
( ' $ % & I^# S ; Q F #$ & ( # )
6 / 13 J N ( /J N ( . ) + &
X Q Y Z ) # J#& & NUE
&
$ +
‚ a. ( + $ $ . *G "$ + T & G#
6 . YhG & E J#& & Q $ .& %
/ I^# YhG I$/ ) X $/:$ $ *!
X
+ T . % X
K I^# *!$ : $ *!
+ G # % $& & - *. X $/:$
I^# I&
& .& ( $ g X $/:$ I^# S ; $ ( 2 : ; * # <9$ P % 2J#&
2 & ( F4
X I$/ Q
# G) +%$& $ NUE
4 X! ( <9$ P % .(
" # 7 "$
$&
# ! # !
N G 6 .
# : T "$ . ( & G + ,*(
T & 6 . K " &$") 2 & ( * &
N G 6 . 4 ) "$ 2 % #&
*!$ : . (
# 6 . I) YhG
K + k & N ' !
N $& 8 X $/:$
.& % X!#rg I$ N j $/N /
& ( 8) & ( ( $ 6 . YhG $ ( Hd 3$
) $&
Abd El-Lattief, 2011
Q F G .(
2 & ( " #
X! ( a. d($ P ( % NUE
I) + . $
" I$
# P "$ X I& ( # #
7
$&
+ : l "$ + k & ( + $& !
6 . $ kF ! 2 Z $ % Q f & . ! (
6 . "$ & " $ 5 )
" &
$ *! N
"
v 4 ' D "$ Y) * .& %
# F2
& F4
# G) < ( ) 5
2(
X Q . & $ $& $ NUE
$ $ Q $ + . I^# # + T ˆP I$
" &
$& & - *. X $/:$ K ( & ( %$ N ( * & . % N I^# "$ P$# ! 2 )
YhG $ ( 2 % (
Q f & . $& $& 8 &
Z $ % I$
(
^# I& ( a. 2 : ; I
. % I^# S ; X $/:$
3 . 3 . )* " +,
< 5 $ 2 & 3$ $ ( &$& I 4 o $# /K # G
×
^ 2 ) !
×
^ 2 & ( * !
)
× 2 & ( *
× " #
× *
O QR# # $& & - *. +06 & ( & $&
# G) 2 < 5 $ .(
" #
× & ( *
$& & - *. +06 O
$&
QR# & - *. # &
O
$&
# G) & H 2
.(
X & $& & - *. Q
Q F Y Z ) * # J#&
3 / 3381 J N (
