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S >/P %Y ) BY -( - N;q %! P & u >+ n9
P & %1P- )I TU1 3 /; = %&
. q >1W < -F{ >L & 3 Y %& ( - N - ( ,- 3-
1 . ',[ 3 ; 5Y ,- B - )I 0! (; >L BW \& %! 9- > ; - 19- %19 <O 2% +(G-
. o Su- U) -FG
& 2o Su- & + L 3-()- 'IMG %& %) & & 5BY U 2'() J / - %& TU1 5 /C ,- 419-
k5@ o Su- 5Y
> 5&
9 o Su- %& - 3I 5 /C o I(X I TU1 5BY 'IMG 2 0! >L BW \& P .
>:
P &
. '- g + I T5K9 .B+ I .5G e 9- (& >/P %4 oy5; 3-(& BY DP g[ :Y
o S+ ,- 419- &
> ;
»
%&
< P >X- . ! Z «
I
» gf !
< P + B1
« T59(
>
P
) 23I ; 2008 2 a 282
.(
9- >U &
%! <O %& %) &
5GIV t(Y '() J / - o * -( - 3 ;
> I 41 G W I .~P 2'(? , & %6&- 2 ) 2N9 W -(L > -I I >WI 3 ;
>
(5=
> 3(45! 5GIV :+- < / - ' + o * 2 k !-I * ( 9 %& <-
P .9 1 > 5 y o - L- M5 I > 5GIV >+ :1)- .
2 -
"#$ 9 # 8 : ; 3 -,O I p BW U I C 5P 3 ) %& 3(45! p BW 2 G } vf7(&
3 ;
5P & -( - (1W- 3 ;
3 -,O I p BW %& '-
; -(L %) - 3 ( 3 ;
.
%& ] AW
B& N X I 3(6 >BW <- + 3
> - %Y ) 2
3 -,O ,- >/
9- &M 3 ; .
D Z TU1 & %! 9- > / - I ;, 51 - %+ :? ,- o S+ TU1 >+ p BW - 1& P & - 7(& < O ,- % 4 >9 - r-(& t( vf7(& %! > + - .& B
! ] 7 ,- > - I -,O n -(P P €(6 I- %5K+
.
> -MG- I N (1K ! (
9(U N
(5&- N - 14
N5& p ‚5 I >9 59 I > p BW >KK:G- 6
> @I - < 5 - !
3 -,O I (0& p BW ,- 5*
9- O >9 9- 3 ; .
>/
.*- 2p BW N - N (1:U ,-
> r-(&
N5S %! P &
o Su- G L TU1 %5K+ .5G %r- - I .5 C %& 5BY ' B _5K/
',[ o / - I *( 3 6+- o I(X I > ‚19- - M) '() 3 Y I 3 (* +
> 7 ,- ' U - \ U) TU1 %&
P &
. I o[f17- %! <O %& + &
<O ,- \ > -
>
3I > - & > Su- •C& -FG E ! ] 7 ,- . ! Z %& - 1& TU1 %! P - -(L %) - >; = >& o Su- .
N - TU1 (=-
& ;- b „ 7 G W %9 ,- 3I 3 + - 2 (= 3( - >+ -(
.
5& -( - G L 9- N/: I- 3 + - B %! P <
.5!I TU1 %! 9- >b9 @ <O ,-
> €(6 ' U - 5; %& %) <I & 3I
! .
I I o *
2 -( - ,- •C& ( -
> „ 7 = - ! 19 (=
.
< , I( < () 2e - 2 = - 5Wf* %& t-(1+-
S
%&
I I(@
...
: L N - ,- .
9- (!q < P 2 -( - %& TU1 %) ' + o *
lB - ,- -( - :+- ' + I & >9 - ,- %KW( (; <O :+- %& _d = - 9- >G + \)-( T/W .
€(6 ) 3 + - €(Z & '‡ ] 2TU1 3 + - ({ T L
>
(=
. 2] N:X TU1 G W N -
%YL-I ( - 1
& - 3-
%
%& > :X j (* Z
> S 3({
I -(!- 2 -(6X- 2]I(0 ] ( - N - %! ; ...
3 + JfB - )
>
P . I >4 .‚ %! P & ' U - U) >b9 @ 2TU1 3 + - 9- N/: U
I %G - 3 S1+- >& 2'() J / - / - ...
2< & 1 I %) o * )
%G - (& %SK}
> < 19 - (=
) 23 &O 1383 a 2 367
.(
ABC \ - I < 19 - U+ (& > :+ 3- + H B9 - B1Y >7(& ^(;
%& 3(45! 5GIV 2<O > bP %S ) K+
3 + - & TU1 T! 9 9- TU1 U+ (&
2 : €(Z - <O 19 - %) 1 >45K/ o * N - (5}
>: E & ;- b <
( F@ <-
+ L %& 19- & %!
»
>+ :G- >K+ % 5SG-
«
€(Z I >9 - %G Z- ,- 3(5= K) v ; & I
2 7 W %& + n -(P o Su- 3-(& TU1 ( (& 5YL M5 I TU1 3 9 ,- >;-I 3 ; + -
> > -I o[f17- )I o Su- %& 'MK 3I P &
) 2%Z :W- 2003 2 a 53
.(
%! <O ,- (x (*
> - vf7(& 3(45! - , W - + JfB - + L _0! >X L %45dI U) %&
2 B5BW
>: -()- .& L %/K& S lC ] + - N:|1 ] > -I f17- )I 2 P &
> 3 ) ; -( - ( , 9- > |L %S ) 3- - I (5=
. (U& %! <O j5X AW ,- 3
> &M p BW ,- 3I 3 4519- 5K;- I ( > - 'MK1 2]
P &
%& (? .B+ -I, I
: T5: q b - ] X N - %& S - 1&- & = - I & <O ,-(W- ' + E
-FG A& 6
P ? - DP %G - %& S 2> -I f17- )I (& - TU1 3 + - €(Z & r-(& .*-
& I
€f9 3(&-(& I G- + 3-()- 'IMG %& %) o[f17- <- B o Su- %& _K/ 5BY ' B 2 ;
> -I
>
(=
. +- ( - N - I & 3 ) TU1 %& S >9 - .W-( > : r-(& .*- T
.5/0 (* + o Su- ,-
> <O (& T! W - W- I ] XI- M5 I '() ; P &
.
%?51
+ - €(Z o * 3
9- < 19 - ‰I (& <O o Su- 2TU1 3 9 ,- < ) .
R5& - %1SG- 2N
%& _K/ < 19 - M5 TU1 3 9 ,- €(Z <I &
9- ( - o Su- 'IMKG- + I 3I !-I .
% : !"#$ , -
< :;
%& U > -I o[f17- < 5 ,- <-( - >L BW ' x P P- M5 (105@ %! % = 9- (= P- >1 I < ) .
A I 2< ) a 7 51
< ) 2> f9- o-, ? < L
%& '() J / - W
r- ,- T+- P & %! %) (;
9- 3(45! 5GIV ABC \ 3 -I - I >:
. o Su- o *
I < )
>S9 .C !F G W \ < ? 2< 19 - 19 & c (67 G W P ;- 7 3 - U{
.
< L I W J &
o-, ? + L < () U) %& > f9- 8
I
%B ,- 5YS - %K:) ,- Y1 -
64 2 111 2 130 2 146 2 166 2 198 I ...
I .B+
517-
n -(P ( , ',[
3-(&
3-()- W 2 !F n -(P ,-(W- ' + & 2%1 (= -(L W 3-()-
< / -
>: ( F@
)I v(* %?51 I P &
3 + - (& - TU1 p * & '‡
<- B
>/
!F n -(P,- 2<O vf7 N5B ' + M5 I
TU1 %5K+ W T/W \ U)
> 4!
N/G !
3- 1C ,- 51
>: !F < L (& <-( - >L BW ' x < ) o Su- & %& >@ <-
.
7- (@ ] X .5KC %& > |L % I M5 I 3(45! N5 - L ( 9 %& %Y)-( & & %?51 .
39
= - >9 - N5 O < L 3(45! - JfB - I > :+ 3 ;
J 1378 2
>& U : _K/ - A5BC o |L I < 9 - I - ' ? - - o B5BC > (Z
%& %! >G- W- I ] XI- _0!
>& 2 9- TU1 (X \4 : + - . ! > (Z
. ,-
o S+
» - W- I ] XI- _0!
«
> (& N5 ^ U) > |L ' B ‰f 'IMG (& If+ %! O
+ o Su-
.5/0 (*
%G - DP >& %! '() ;
> TU1 %5K+ 3- _K/ !F ' B 2 P &
%! - >K - + > Y E ,- (z& M5 3I W %& + n -(P a 7 %G - 3 IO (= %& 9-
3I o-, ? _54b )
> (45! :+- ,- I- 5 Y : .5 C M5 - (=
.
% I
> |L 3 I W <-( -
9- p .5KC V
. :P % (x ) %& ^(;
7 / 2426 Š
8 / 4 / 84 2%5 |L L >L BW - - '() ABC \ - ( q Y 3 + - TU1 (=-
> TU1 < ) 2<O A ,- >/ %! 3(45! 5GIV ABC \ - P &
2 ,- %KW( (; -
>9 - €(6 2N5& - M) : :;
% L- - 7 3 + - o Su- . [ & < , I(
> >= 59 <O o Su- . [ I + - TB9 I C* %& S >|1B C %& = - I ! E !
N/G
<-( - > |L % I (5@ A5BC 'IMG (&
TU1 > -I 5YXI < - : 5!y
' + I
%)
%1/ N - %&
:P 3 -(*- 3- O - 29
Š 14 / 12 /
11375 :P 2 8 Š 10 / 3 /
21379
1 . :P 3 -(*- 3‡
29 Š 14 / 12 / 1375 : 9- -( - I hB 3- - ( , o U) ,- N W & %19- 7(x ? T/W :
1 - .:+ %& %5G- 0 > -I G W a 7 ',[ o B5BC N5W (S < & < ? I 5
9- 0 hb0 g B5L .1L J / - .
2 - ) %& %/ - %& %) &
51 J / - N5W < ) 2> -M) 5GIV J & > f9- o-, ? < L
%1P- > L ; )I I 5YL 2 r-(& T/W I * -FG 9- <O ,- -(S < ? I & 5GIV \ - '() 9-
E
: ' /C % 7- (@ %& - %KL + I : 5GIV ' + 'f+- >1 & g-( C = - .
2 . :P 3 -(*- 3‡
8 Š 10 / 3 / 1379 :
»
%& - < :U1 2,-(5P > :+ = - TU %SYP %! <O %& %) &
!(P <- +
%! [ 19- N - & T/W N - I : ' /C 4 a L %& .1L X(5K+
)
_ TU1
2 ( 16
>/PM@ 'f+- ASZ I %G 9
>: J C 5P >KB+ I 3(/ i CG ,- > L %SYP I (= lB 2 9- %1P- !(P < (! %47 I P
5
= -
•5W ,- < :U1 4 a L %& T/W M5 (! >= 59 ] X %& TU %SYP ,- * T/W lB L Y1 %! ,-(5P > :+
(P
%SYP I : * .1L !
27 B+ %& 0! >G + <- I X(5K+ < ) I > ;q >=
51 o-, ? < L
: % X- % U G- I P- 3I 3(45! 5GIV ' + I > f9- I Y W %5G- 0 '- L- 2< & .L + t( (& %! -
g[I- 5 ( N - %& I .1L !(P % I 9- o B5BC
> hL TU1 > -I 5YXI % 5 , g 5 u I P &
%SYP % (x 27
%& 0! >G + <-
5 ' KY M? I \6L Z
2
& ASZ %! > * )
„ ( 266 3(45! >9 - N5 O < L
:P I 13 Š 29 / 8 /
11380 9- %1 - 0! >G + <- T/W lB - ,- .
3 :5& I < ) h5b0 a 7 -I 3 ;
- O I > L - (& %5/ & >
3
,- *
% (x M5 I T! C 3 ;
> (x %& 2> 0 I < ) <- B o Su- %45dI 9
3 :5&
> -I 3 ;
9- P U = - U+ (& (S7 e P ! (x K) & <-( - >L BW ' x .
e 9- (&
. q ( S 4
J >15&( I > 5 y o - L- < L 1339
2 95
>9 - N5 O < L
= - J 3(45! - JfB - I > :+ 3 ; 1378
% (x M5 I - - 3 ;
L >L BW
:P %& %5 |L 7
/ 651 Š 19 / 2 / 60 :P 2 7 / 4875 Š
20 / 10 / 1377 :P 2 7 / 50
Š 8 / 1 / 73 2 7 / 326 Š 28 / 1 / 87 2 :P 7 / 6779 Š
5 / 8 / 82 :P I 7
/ 780 Š
12 / 2 / 84 3 :5& ( 9 I < ) h5b0 2
%& <O ] ) - , 5 I > - ,- > -I 3 ;
(S7 e P !
>
( ? - U) = - %& >! - %r- - 2 -( N - TU1 %45dI I P &
2 P %1P- (& TU1 ‰I ,- o Su- & 545! N - & I & 7 >KB+ f9 U+ (&
> (B1 < 19 - (=
.
< :; N/G %! Z
. q ( S 4
>15&( I > 5 y o - L- < L (B
P :
»
= -
> K) - >WI t-( - h b1 DPM@ (x
= - & > U T5: W (; I :
9-
«.
- 3(45! I(@ e P ! (x 5B (Z ,- < 0 5!y N - .
>: ^(;
<-
> e P ! (x vf7(& >X L %! : H S 19- N5 ^
‡ I * %& '- L- - 3
%/K& E :
x 545!
%& & &M % (
% = ' + < ) ,-(W- U) >X L TK+ ) %! P & 3-
P & <O .
%& %B = ,- P- ^ (; <-( - >L BW \S <- +
3 :5& %& 3- ,- (5} > -I 3 ;
<O < & p S I < ) < & /PO o * N/G ({ + - o Su- & M5 I < ) + - 2 G W
> %1 ( F@ TU1 < ) 3 P
.
'() I ' KY < ) (=- N5 m:;
= - %SYP I = - ,- * 3‡ >YL 3(45! - JfB - I > :+ 3 ;
> 5 y (‚!- %& 0! >G Y - (=
P & P _5K/ N55Y g YZ L %WI(6 o + X %& S %!
«.
1 . :P 3 -(*- 3‡
13 Š 29 / 8 / 1380 :
» J ? - - %19- 7 (x ? 3‡ lB %! 3(uV t-(1+- - 7(x ?
ASZ -( , I 5 .:+ %& : 51
) 2> f9- o-, ? < L
%! 9- 3(45! 5GIV \ - >
'() J / - N5W
P & %1P- )I .
&
- %:U1 < ) ' + 0! > L >/PM@ < , 9 > L >/PM@ >= 59 3 Y& .W-( %/ -
%1P- )I '() J / - J / - \L %:U1 < ) (& >K5G %! 9- P (!F1 - : 5 y % Y \L 9-
.
&
(X W I(@ %:U1 %/ - %& %) 2
/Y o 5YL-I & %! >S5 ( %& I M5{ - < 5& N:X - 7 o - L- C I .1L < ()
.5G %& <I(B I TK P .1L / ( %! >G W 3I < & < ? I (! j (0 . ! Z %& - B& 6 I(@
- 'f+- & N -(& & 2 5 ‰( :; 3 :+ .1L %:U1 <O ) %& %! J- - > :+ = - %SYP % - 2t-(1+
& 19- %& % /Y 5L & P ' /C 4 a L %&
)
„ ( 266
= - 3(45! >9 - N5 O < L I > :+ 3 ;
> '-(&- 8- O (‚!- %& 3(45! - JfB - P
«.
2 P & ' KY
> %1 ( F@ TU1 3 + - P
. 3-()- (& (x >7(& 3 -I - < ) a 7
+ L 8 I 2TU1 5YXI %& %) & g (* B1Y >7(& I %1P- TU1 r-(& <O %?51
> _0! ( - 5YL-I P
) - 2% - L N&
1393 a 2 23 E 2>4?
1365 „ 2 41 a 2 414 E 2> 5:7 3 9 1379
„ 2 2 2
a 471
„ 2 >& 2> 7 I 2
a 2 241
.(
>: >K/G- o &I(0 ,- >P >1 , W „ 1 19- %& , 5 I 10 N - P
.
< L
- >P T -() I >1 G W o Su- & _5K/ >UB \& (& %5/ & > PI %&
NPI - <O ,
9- %17 9 .
- A I
53 I 224 J K o * 2> f9- o-, ? < L
>= - [-
>1 W '() J / - 2 / ( ABC \ - ,-
9- 3(45! 5GIV .
T -() > :
U U+ (& (! '() J / - U) / ( %! ( - N - o Su- & 23 :+ .1L ,- (5}
> 5BY
&
P . 9- (!q < P 2< L h %& %) &
b - v( ,- >P o[ W
) D07 >1 (
:P % (x I S , W N - >K/G- o &I(0 ' /W- :0 7
/ 411
Š 2 / 2 / 1387 9- ( - N - V M5 %5 |L L >L BW - - .
A I >B5S6 %YG 6 U) 101
9 < L 1980
= -
; 2MGI I < 1 K{ - 3I & 3
%& TU1 (=-
3I 7 2 ! 19- 7 ,- ] 5Wf* ' + o-, ? ,- 5 Y -
o[ :1W- <,- 5Y & %1SG- - ] X &
! & u 1 2.
%&
‚ <- + 2
%G - (& & %! 3 (
u & 2 9- >1 W >= - %& TU1 23I %5K+ P % L- >= - W %! ! &
9- S
)3 2‹ (;
2004 h* 2 64 - 58 (.
1-.A Balance of Probabilities
2 . o[ :1W- % ,- 5Y 2
> -(L 419- TU1 %& H &( 3 ; + - o Su- U) (105&
(5=
.
%! - )I :1W- N -
>G :1W- N5 ^ )I & I - )I 3I 3 + - vf7 )I %& S DP , ; N/G P & C* %& <I(B I- 3 + - K+ '() o Su- o 5K:+ %& S
> )I %& ( 2 BY DP e 9- (& TU1 %5 (U& r-(& .*- ,- TU1 < ^ I O
(& - o[ :1W- % ,- 2 P <O >+ TU1 %m O )I ' + )I o Su- & %! 9- 5BY ' B %) 1 _5K/ N - 9- 5Y e 9- (& - '() I , T;
: o Su- BY DP ,- ( -(
) 5:9- 2< = ; I 1988 a 2 32 E 2,I - 1987 h* 2
56 - 62 I 2>
1990 h* 2 82 - 73 (.
5Y o[ :1W- % ,- -FG
>& :1W- <O ) %& %! 9- 3 K) TU1 < & 5BY .& L (5} >; =
(@ I P (=
> TU1 <O IO T;-( o-, ? ,- - 7 > ; % 5 , -
. - €(Z & N -(& &
I ' : > Su- o 5K:+ TU1 3 9 ,- +
! >: .* W 5 /C T/W I * 3-(& > - )I + L = - )
3 &O N505@ 2 a 2 364 (.
3‡ „ 5Y
:P %& @I - (0& p BW < 5 5:!
12386 / 1986 %! 9- 3 - a b o Su- & N - %! 9- <O N5S
>+
>= 59 % I >+ :1)- (67 D ,- >! W (105& I 5 P 3(45! 3-()- :X ,- - %& I & % -(5{05@ 5U:
9- M& D %&
. : ] 7 ,- ;- b& 3I I P o Su- BY DP e 9- (& TU1 5 (? =(; N5 m:;
M5 I 9- 3 ) TU1 %& S 5 (? t( %! 3 -
& 3I < ) < ^ >1S‚ o 5+ ,- TU1 419- o *
: o Su- - 7 >; = >& 5Y N - e 9- (&
. 3- Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988, s.5(2)
<5#
, }O <O & %K& B U) 23(45! G- + ' x _K1b 3 ; U 5G Y 2'() ] LI &
>
P . N5 y U) 2'() %& S 9 I \ (9 k !-I & & 2 9 D ,- 2(5 N -
I P- (& ' = 5 - : + - TU1 3 ( p BW 2({ 3 9 ,-
. -( - 5 - N5:|
% =(; (&-(&
'- L- I > L(5}
3 -,O %5K! ,- < O 3 - 7(& I < 0 - p BW Œ4W M5 3 ;
> GI _ dI ,- >/ > - P &
. N5:| N (1:U %K:) ,- .*- 2( - N - >L BW 3 ;
2< L 5:! W
3(1 = - )I
> % [ + %:! C .*- I r-(& .*- 2%1 P P &
.
&
.W-( > : r-(& .*- 3-()- 3(45! O(
'() < ! - o Su- %& _K/ 5BY ' B
< L „ 5Y e 9-(&
>
P . I % 4 >9 - 3 -M=(& 'IMG %& %) &
N5:| .L- W ,- TU1 3 - 7(&
? O ,- I >+ 3 ; (5&- lB %& (? > -I f17- %!
> !F
%& > -I f17- <- B > Y .B+ )I o Su- & 2 (=
. - + ,- >/ <- +
.1b 419- & & 3I I & < 19 - U+ (& 2 / ( %& '() 3 Y J 1 - 5K& L !
,- '() < ! - ({ o Su- U) , 5 o Su- 5Y BY DP ,- ( -( 5Y g[ :Y %!
>
2 P &
o Su- %& - > -I f9 )I %?51 I / ( %& '() 3 Y J 1 - 5K& L 9 .
%! <O ,- (x (*
%& %) & 2> - vf7(& 3(45! - , W - + JfB - + L
2 B5BW _0! >X L %45dI
>: -()- .& L 2> -I f17- %& TU1 3f1&- < / - €(Z 2 P &
>& %! 9- 3 -( - %/K& 2 S lC ] + - N:|1 ] lB %& (? <O %& >U)
> TU1 ] AW (=
. r-(& .*- 3 S (& N -(& &
I 3(&-(& I G- + 3-()- 'IMG M5
€f9
> -I f9 o Su- %& _K/ 5BY ' B 2 ; 7
& ;- . + - €(Z o * N5 m:;
‰I (& <O o Su- 2 + - C* ' + C* (& - > r-(L )I ' + I TU1 3 9 ,-
& - I 9- < 19 -
•5
%& _K/ < 19 - M5 TU1 3 9 ,- ] X €(Z <I & 2N o Su-
9- ( - . ,- ^(;
4 - I >15&( I > 5 y o - L- < L 39
I 95
>9 - N5 O < L
= -
% (x I T! C ,- * 3- O %+ :? I 3(45! - JfB - I > :+ 3 ; 3 ;
> %5 |L L >L BW - - > 0 I < ) <- B o Su- %& S = - %45dI %& <-
3 :5&
E 9 e P ! (x K) A (Z ,- <-( - >L BW ' x > -I 3 ; N/G
< :;
& 9- >|1B 2 P < 5& > PI %& + - o Su- & >G 1 2>1 a 7 %! Z .5KC %& %) f17- o Su- & >G 1 2p 3 ;
N - I (= hb0 < L M5 > -I 3 ;
P U < 19 - ‰I (& W-(* %& ( - .
L A5 ' + A5 3 ; 5Y ,- >/ I (; %&
-(P & U O p S6 - <-M5 2N5 - I n
9- %Y ) - W- I ] XI- .
\ - J & JfB - ,- @ 3(45! >9 - N5 O < L o-(55~
ABC
>& & %/K& S S‚ U % > -I o[f17- s I %& 3(45! 5GIV %& S >U)
%1 9- (= '‡ >9 P <-I TK+ g * 7 >:K+ 3 ; .
> (x %&
-( %& %) & 9
N ,- 3 S (& N5 - L N I 3 19- I > f9- JfB - ,- @ > (+ N5 - L < (! >+(P
> (& M5 - >K/P N5 - L 23 ; 3(45! o- (B (& If+ %! 2> f9-
& -F{ L 2 (5=
>+ :1)- .r %& S 2>UB .r J ^ ^ Œ4W N:X - :Y19- 8 9 (5uy
%1 M5 I >K/G- o &I(0 _ <O i CG ' + I 3 Y& T -() J / - b 3 ;
3 :5& / - .& L (5} (5uy a 7 >:K+
%) 2'() J / - (& < ) <I > -I 3 ;
I %1P- IFS - ',[
- 3 -F=(5uy %& S
•C& >:K+ 3 ; N5 - L N I
: '- L- > -M) .
=- &
>$?
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- Andrews. John A & Michael Hirst (1987)Criminal Evidence, London, Waterlow.
-Graham,Michael (2009) Burden of Proof and Presumptions in Criminal Cases, Criminal Law Bulletin .n16.
-Hardaway, Robert (2008) Beyond a conceivable doubt: the quest for a fair and constitutional standard of proof in death penalty cases, Heinonline , 34 New England, vol. 34.
-Herring, J. (2004) Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials. Oxford University Press.
-Jackson v Virginia, 443 US 307, 61 L Ed 2d 560, 99 S Ct 2781(1979) See, e.g. N.C.P.I.-- Crim. 101.10 BURDEN OF PROOF AND REASONABLE DOUBT
-Jones,Cynthia (2010) areason to doubt: the suppression of evidence and the inference of innocence, Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. Chicago, Vol. 100.
- May, Richard(1990) criminal Evidence, 2th Ed, London, Sweet& Maxwell.
-Smith & Hogan (1988) Criminal Law. 6th Ed, London, Butterworths.
-www.emedicine.com/med/topic3485.htm
-Young Kim, Janine (2010)the story of Clark v. Arizona: the incredible shrinking insanity defenses, available at: http://ssrn.com/ 1586583.
