! "#
# $
%
) :
20 / 2 / – 91 :
20 / 3 / 91 (
1 :
& %' ( )'# * + ), - - %& ./0 1 2 , 3 $ % " # 4 - 1 %
» 67 «
&
'01 . 2 :- &
;
%< $ ' # = ># '! 1
?- + % " # @
+ & # - -
+A- %# & B & % & #
.
# :-
;
C D # ( E /
+ 1 . @ 1 F >'# G - H- %&
- 4 ' # - I #J + 6@ & $ =& K /( % " # + 1 ' # /
-
MN 1
+ 1 - * & + % " # -4 & A %&
# ( $ - 4
1 # O
/1
$ # P
/ + '$ . # + 1 %Q! # & R '0# S
> 0 - $ %& ;+ '$ . # +4 T ># K +A- %- U + % " # + 1 # + % " # , + 1 & ' # , , (
# .
3 4 ' 56
3 4 ' 56
: :
, + 1 ( ; /# 'V 4 - ; 2 , 3 $ + 61 + ; ' # = ># ; 1 -
-
' #
* :
66494990 Email: [email protected]
!" # $ %& ' () ' *' +,- ./ + ) *' 012' 3'+#
.
!
"
# $ ! %& #' (&
)% ( * +, #! - #. !& /0'1! %& 2 3&
#. !&
&4- 5* 67 ! 3 8 12 9 : )4-+ ;+, 2
4< , . (& > & +,
"
#.?* +8
@ +A 3& ! * #- B5 C+D & #. !& E F!
) +2 # ( < & /&4 4B *
#!
4 2 3G ! -+, 67 , , ! 3&+, 4 2 .
!& %& ! 3 8 12 /* H.! 3 8 I+J-
"
+.K, , * (& ) & I+.K; ! & # !& - 3 8
? 5* L +.K,
# !& -
4- < #! )4 12 M , 3 8 G8 , # N< O :( , 8 12 "#? :.P&
.
6 ! > &
"
" ! # C& 6&+J % , %& #' 6& D , 6&+ & #!0(& 3 B:5
* Q - 3& &
& ! #. !& / RP0! 3 F! + ST (
.
* U V &+.(& WX AY !
* 67 U ! - 2& WX %& & )4:D 3 8 #-&+J- " - ! * ! 3Z H- 3 )% P I+.K; G -
(& ) *7 5 , ! 6&+ & Q - )4 7 .
[ F? , #N $ , 6&+ & 2 +2 5 4 ,
%& / 4Y (& + +, #, 5 6 J K:8 )V , " 6 J K:8
.
%&
*+ &
"
6&+J- ) & :8 6 -7
) , 6&+ & / 4Y
* 4-&
* AY ! ) ;+8
(& ) & \ '<7 /&+ ] 6&+ & / 4Y
^
> &
(& )4< L 4_ &+8 , #-&+J-
)
" - #.A +<
1389 : 194
.(
* ) +.K; / ] _ 2 +!& > &
#( ( / !&4Y&
-
* #-&+J- 2 , b+c U : d
& &+8 8 12 > ,
#!+, G J-&
.
? P > &+, , 4 .K8 e B( f+.1! #. !& 3 8 #-&+J- ! 3 8 12 '
^
& ! > & !& gK! , & h 5 * #-&+J- 3 12 +8 .
i+$ "6&+ & 3& .K8 G !7 j C 3 B. ? A h ' +!& * b+c , ( #, k l 5
* 8 12 # +, 6&+ & ? ) , m G, / ! B &
...
6 1- l & B5 b+c I0 %&
& b+D 6&+( # +, 8Z #(&+8 A < * #(&+8 6&+ &
( .
*+ &%&
"
4C Q8*Vn > &
6&+ & %& )4< #. !& + #( +, ( ,
* ' +!& * b+c )
8 )V , * b0 -& %& on
#8 B5 ) J- > & + ST * + &
8 ( (
< pD 3 8 12 #. !& #! R- 3 3&
4< , #! 3 ':8
.
> & ? ! #( (& q+
(&
$ _ & 2
# 6&+ & > , U G-
* #(&+8
8 ( (
< P b+D 3 8 12 #. !& #! R- 3
& 5*
* +8
#-&+ & 4r / !&4Y& /4< 2 ! /M F %& #A ! ( ,
4 + 6&G ! . Q &G & b+c
& # F K #! R-
* . , ( #, Q &G & 8 12 >
(& . +; , #. !& 8 ! .
6&+ &
#(&+8
! -+, )4F.! /M & 3 +_8&
* (& 67 6 - : d:8 6&+ &
"
m G, 34 4B
#- B5 !& * j C 3&+, 34 4B > s:8 * !
< #
&+8 l & ( ( , *
, . + ] *
> , 9 R- 6&+J %
< P , * +N * @ Ap k _- , 6&+ & k _Y L :?&
(& #!0(& 3 B:5 64-&
.
#(&+8 6&+ & )X*+n t F )4F.! /M & 3 8 ) < %& #'
3 B:5 D 3& - ( 3 8 k l 5 * 8 8 "#H ! / ] _ t +$ %& #-&* / :D l &
(& 6&+ & #!0(&
. +,
> :8 eB! %& (&
)4F.! /M & #-&* * #] _ / !&4Y& > +
#! #(&+8 6&+ & )X*+n 9 l-&
* 3& .K8 4 4B "eK *+ #! P "/ &+< F! 6&+ & , 6&
...
) <&
+2 . i+$
- ( > J ( / ] _ ( , #(&+8 6&+ &
)*0D #-&* / :D l & * 3&
2 )% P #,+c 3 8 12 )% P +,
, * . I+.K; G - ! 3 8 12 * #,+D 3 8 1
/ 2+F 3+_8& * 3+ ; L'< k P G - #,+D 3 8 '_< * 8 - ( K, #( (
(&
. 8 J- ,
# , 5 E,&*
#
&
8 12 , 6&+
3 ,+c
#
& *
! RP0! )4F.! /M
#
& 2 <
? , 6&+
AY ! L . n WX
U
"
Z >.<&
c +
#
* - P Q - 6 , & & G
#
!&
" ! 5 8 J
#
*
( )V
5 (
#
&
n 8 12 >
!0(& b0 -& 3%*+
#
1979 (& .<&
. v
&+< >
#
"
!0(& b0 -& O Y*
# n* R.-& w0 +, , Q
& #
>
8 / 4Y
* - B5 G
; ( 3+
5 (
# :2 P 45
_! 4
# H- +,
# +;
&
* b+c , Q
+!7 / H( k ]<& S P O Y* 67 k _- , * x+<
J- ;*+;* ' 3+
/ : d +!7 3 8
"# '
B5
; ,0 -& 3+
#
* , +!7 4r )V
* # ' ,+c
# ( &
5 (
# B:5 3
!0(&
#
&
! e2 P 6&+
#
% ( . v O Y* , M F >
#
* -
& ! / !&4Y& G 3
&
.(& 6&+
3
*4C
!0(& b0 -&
#
8 12 ,
3
* !
4B 67 y_ , P y ! 4
4 , L'< " b+c # 3
!&
& ! 3 ] , 4< )&+:8 # &+
.
&
* >
)
& "
C& F! 6& D , 6&+
# +,&+, !* !
4 , L'<
3 8 3
» !&
& ! 3 +!7 F! ' «
! b KF!
# 4<
) .!
#
"
1387 : 211 - 210
.(
5 ,
& ,
>
2 6&+ &
* ) L_Y b0 -&%&
* 8 12 3
#,+D
| < P
#, 5
"
:<
6&4F.!
' +!&
4 .<& &+Y
^ O Y*
b0 -&
#!0(&
6&+ &
5 ! 4<
U / 4Y }4:D !
&
3
%&
( ' +!&
~
*
%&
Z H- ' +!&
.( 2
<
* L! A 6&+J % , !
&
3
* / 4Y 8 3 !&+
&
3
> &
! 8
1980
)4 s n
<+
.
"yY&*
O Y*
b0 -&
#!0(&
6&+ &
"
•D , B€
+J % , !
&
3 Q? v +;
+,&+,
#- !V8
* E K ' +!&
! 4<
(Ramazani, 1992: 394)
.
& +, , D / !&4Y& k*& ~ ! 48 < b0 -& k*& 8 >
&
6&+
K8 . e .
! R- :P
#
& t ! -
& , )4F.! /M 6&+
) o_$ AY&*
(
&
1B_
1359
% ( &%7 B5 3
6 ;*+;
" 8
P&+$
#
* 84- !% ( # 2 3 )X - +
1359
* G - U +F
* :P
%&
?*
#‚A, x&+D
:P , 6&+ &
e , 48 < &
. ' +!&
, , 2 + ; 3 E 1!
# B!
(Containment /
) Policy
D
&
6&+
^ :P
%&
/ 2+F Gl
- _ $
"6 .( +2
>:2+
"&+FC , Z7
"6 l
6 .(%
* ( 6 .K
* 6 .Kv ,
&
Q n +;
. Y A.!
67 / !&4Y&
+J 3 + R- :P ,
4 v 4-*+
%&
6 ;* - -
*+
3
#
&
6&+
* 94B ! +2 6 - :
#
%&
6&
#
&
6&+
~*&
ƒ 5 :F
# 1366
* G -
? .K!
e ƒ 5
* :P
%&
x&+D
&+, 3
% , on
; + 3 G5 )+
*
*+
>
1367
&
48 <
e ,
.
> &
„ _ &
"
K, 3 .D&
4- &
2 :P
#! R- x&+D D 3 B:5
#!0(&
6&+ &
&
#!
6&
3 :-
%&
ƒ 5 ., - # K-&
.
#J 5 2
%&
3 ( x&+D
* +, (&
y ! ' +!7 L'<
+;
)
# .!
"
1387 : 224
.(
> &+, ,
~ !
k*&
/ !&4Y&
, ! 3&
, 3 B:5
#!0(&
2
# ._!
+, _ 5
#! R- ,
^ , 6 n ƒ 5
* 3*
2 64!7
?*
3 Y7
#:< 8
%&
U (
* G -
#< n*+
3* <
* 3*
2 64!7 B &+2 !
' +!7
*+
Q2 +2
* , +.1 / !&4Y&
3Z N &
D 6&+ &
%&
> &
y ! ,
~ !
"9*
3& &
A,&
( ( #
* 3 .Y&
, .
yY&*
"
% c7
! -+, 3 8 3% (% ,
# -&
9 R- 3 B:5
#!0(&
6&+ &
k ( 3 8 on
%&
ƒ 5 , x&+D
"
, ( L ? )4:D
! .-&
&+Y +;
* K, m G, + s-7%&
,
^ ) 5
) &
#!
4<
:
@?&
( 5 pP e .K!
8 / 4Y 3
#! R- m G, !
"
, )V * 3 B,7
^ b ( l &
oP
# !& - 3 8 12
< P
#, 5 ,
R !
c+
B-7 , 4 + ƒ 5 3 8 &G &
G8+n 3&+, , ! , 4 4B
#r+
» 6&+ &
k P GBl!
64<
, i0(
3 8 .12
#A:5
* U< ! 3 8 U .K? , , +, - !
«
^
~ ( w+F ! 6 +2 5
%*
6*G &
/ D _ !
* L F!
( ( # b+D
%&
F-&
#: &
L W&+(&
, q&+.D&
3 8 12
- ! * ,
! -+, 3 8
#! R-
#: &
L W&+(&
>. + …d-*
)48 A!
y ! I+.K;
/ F K
#: &
%&
3 ( L
*7
? ! 4 2
) 6 H ?
"
1390 : 195
.(
%&
> &
* 8 9*
b0 -&
/M &"
)4F.!
,
U:2 6&4F.!
#,+c
# !&4Y&
&
D 6&+ &
Z N &
*
# &+5&
+2 2 +.1 , 3& &
A,&
3 .Y&
( (*
# , .
* / !&4Y& ~ ! !&
+F 8 e 3 .Y&
3
* (
* #(
- _ G / ]
* U : d
& - ( 3
D B:5 3
!0(&
#
&
† & P , 6&+
11 1B5 +_! .d(
# ,
# , (
! (*
& ~ ! >
6&+
(&+8
#
( B€ | ! ,
4 . yY&*
"
&
|S P %& on )4F.! /M 11
+A! , +_! .d(
#
&
6&+
& 9 ( ~ ! ‡0:D "/ &+< 6 - 2 * F! 6& D , (&+8 6&+
# ( A,& &
(
# .Y& "
3
"
+F 8 e
"
: d
* U
& - ( 3 +2 % c7 *
:D -&* /
# D & ) +.K;
&
& L'< 6&+
.
n 4 v+8 1
* b+c ) H.(&
, +!7 )V '
# :D %& 8 -&* /
# , 67 ) +.K; 9 BH!
* ƒ 5 9 . ) 1973 - 1965 (
! % ,
# +;
^
* .D& "+_! .d( ) % S P O Y* %& on 6 -7 * ,
H.(& , + ) :D %& *4F! - _ -&* /
# , n %& Q 4< (& Q
) W r
"6 1387 : 89
.(
& %&
>
*
"
+,
# +!7 ?* , 6& 2 R F! - %&
C '
&+, 4- +2 3
4B , )% _!
& 4
& , 6&+
l
,4,
# K;"
J.N
#
* ...
%& ) H.(& ,
» -&* ƒ 5
#
«
*
» :D V &+.(& Z H- / U
« / _!
2 4
)
? H
"6 1390 : 183
.(
&
8 12 * 6&+
3
< P , 5
#
* , pD& )V 3
& <
3 ':8 3
+8 "
84P&* U 3
(
! :< , - ;&45 #(
#
& & 2 4 7 3
h y ! * w&48&
.K8 4 .
&
>
AY&*
2 6&+ &
%&
+R- A:5
* , ! y m G, +
>
12 ! (&
* , Q
%&
-
#:
%&
67 , t A
&
* +‚2&
„ - KP
* 3 +_8&
! F k+. 2
&
6&+
4 .K8
^
•D , )4<
2
&
12 >
:B(
# )4:D !&
! n 4 2 &4 .
> &+, ,
"
E,&*
B:5 3
!0(&
#
&
, 6&+
8 12 3
& <
3 ':8 3
&
"E,&* j ( (& +,
* / 0. &
6&+F, 8 3
& ! 3 S "
+ 8 / 4Y 3
& !&+
3
* ...
!
# K ) * ( , 6&
e
+2 : :
!
" ! #
$! %&' ( ) * +
,
&
y ! >
"
&
&+; , ! w48 , )4F.! /M
# B:5 , 3
!0(&
#
&
* 6&+
W& & ,
J?&
8 3
% ( -%& ! 3
& ! 3
& k+. 2 4C "
+$ %& 6&+
:5 B / 4Y t
# 4!7 +, x&+D .
,
!0(& b0 -& O Y* 2 <& 5 4
#
&
% , " 67 %& •A_ ! 9 R- * 6&+
!&+ 6&+J
&
3
*
4F.!
! >
&
3 , & B-7 4- 12 Q? v
^)
, 5 ! yr* 6 % e8+, 4C
!7+
4
^) ! b+c y
4B &
4 2 + ) D*+1! *
8 ?*
3
% & ! b+D (& ) +, k&ˆ( +
.
& <
3 ':8 3
, 90D&
# +$
# +2
^
?*
#
8 :P
#
&G & w48 , / 4Y Q
3 +_8&
& x&+D
pD& 2 .(
3
& &+Y . yY&*
"
_‚
*
* -%& ! +' !& ‰HP
8 12 3
+.K, & < pD , Y
8 3 C& / 4Y *
#
& ! 3
* x&+D # A
&
! &+Y 6&+
# +;
*
8 :P
* & < 3 4P +C x&+D %& b+c
3 - x&+D 12 2 ,
& , Y G 3 H
& ! E K! Q - 3
4< _- .
2 ,
#
"
(
5 (
#
& <
& k _Y 6 1- "6&+
)4 8 3
& 2 (& 67
& < >
Ar& ! ) & :8
# c (* +
& L, ! - . , ^ .<& 6&+
- ;
&
3 x&+D %& ) & :8 ƒ 5 k $ 2
:P 2 , * (& ) +2
&G5 * + 3 +_8&
» , , 6
« . & 0:D +; &+Y x&+D
2 * 6 .K,+D * 1N,
# G8 %&
8 3 K F
#
! & x&+D
! >
# 4- +2
) ( !
#
") &%
1379 :
334
.(
- : .
/+ - 0 1 ! ,
2
2 k ]<&
/*&
1990
"
+.K,
&+, &
3 - ;+;
# p 3
& ! 3
e8&+
*7 . v
&+< >
( , 9 J:8 * #
& ( _! )4F.! /M
#
& +,
- eR- l
>
- B5
# 8 12 "
3 .K! pP %& & <
- e
! R- 3 8*+
# ,+c
#
*
* ,
& )V )4F.! /M
! k _ .(&
) +2
*
; !7
#
&+, &
3 !& 2 1!
+!7 , #.
! * '
>
&+<
&+, ( ! E 3
! R- pP 9*&4
# +!7 1N, 6& D , '
# ( %&
90D& _- 5 * B! e.K
+2 4- . l .-
"
+ ] .K5+, :(
3+ ; ( (
#5 6&+ &
#$
k ( 3 8 1370 -
1367 / 1991 - 1988 (
&
%
# * *
* ƒ 5
#' K!
, s-7
#!
6&
» j C F ! - 5
«
4-&
^ / _( ! 6&+ &
* b&+D&
, 3 ( _B,
& E,&* j (*
? , y ! >
…n L I+
n * ! A Y
* ƒ 5 6 -
] G 8 ! + (
5 (
#
&
* * 6&+
3 Y7 64!7 2 3
:< 8
# - l K
#
* :
&+, /0 3
&+Y+, 3 ':8 3
&
l
<
4
^
?*
#
&G & 5* ,
: Q
L
&
* 6&+
pD&
3 ( , & <
3 !&* / _S* j C
& ! 3 +,"
# R- y-& ! 8Z +
3 8
&+, f4-& 6 !% "#N 3
% ( :.D&
3
* 8 / 4Y 3
& ! &+
3 , I+.K; %& y- ! +.1
8 3 ':8
*
* , 8 ! - & ! A-& )V 3
D
# !&*
! #.
+$ 6 8 )4D* * , >
3
':8 3 !&* / _S B5
& ! 3
* A< 4P ,
8 H< >
# Y ,
# 4- !
) ( _D
#
<&
#
"
1385 : 93
.(
> &+, ,
"
&G & O r !
& #! R- / 4Y Q
&G5 ? K! 4l! i+$ r& , 6&+
( +
& - ; #-&+
!7 Q L!& D %&
! / _( ! G , 3&
& >
b&+D& * 6&+
8 1990 4!7 .
&
& * * %& _FC 2 4-4< i+ ! #! J 8 LW K! >
+ , 6&+
!& / _
#.
b+D 3 8 12 %& #pA, - 5 %& 3& ! 4!7 #! L:D ,
(Chubin, 1994:
.137)
- :
& ! 3 45 6 7 + 8(
•D , +_! .d( ) % S P
] + + !& / _
#.
<
4 .
& Y A.!
* S P >
& :P
* x&+D , )4F.! /M KP 9&4C „ (
>
"
! .<…; eR- 4< •D ,
*+
+8 * .N
% , %& U
& ! 6&+J 3
*
& !&+
3
&+Y+, 4C 3
+R- ! eR-
7+, 4 .
&+, ,
& >
&G & 48 < y ! >
_K- Q
#
& / 4Y , ! 6&+
e .
&%&
>
*
"
+,
#
& < 6&+_8 %&
3 ':8 3
* , A( 6 .K,+D )V 3
,+D )4F.! /& !&*
#
& %&
* 4 .K8 6&+J- gK! >
!&4Y& O - +8 %&
#
! k _ .(&
# 4 2
B:5 / 4Y Q8 2 , 2
3
!0(&
#
< +l !
(www.irdiplomacy.ir)
.
&+, ,
>
"
-&+J-
#
&
, %
& ! Q - 64< +.1 3
&
6&+
( +, L, Y B5 4 v %& b+D 6 B5 6 J_N- G-
#
!
# 4< , :
1 -
; <;
= # 6
>
8
%&
( 6 J_N- ) ;4
# C& &G,& "b+D 6 B5
#
&
&G & 6&+
& ! Q - Q 3
"
)*+;
8 3
<
* x&+D h , " ! &4 +$ #A 6 _?
.K8
(Nawar, 2007)4 .
<
A 6
< P
P ( E U
#
+ 2
! : ‡ _
# LP& (
& +, &
^
H- , 5 , * ) , >2 (
& 6 , G
!%+( >
2 $ , " 8 >
#
!
# [ F? , H; 6&
&+]5
# + eB! "
8 QN, >
3
< F-&
A (& 6 . :8 (& >
U ! .
6 & ) < n Š&4_D +_! (
2004
; L'< "
< k08 3+
+ & #A 3
K-&
! * 2
-
4B &
! 4
# 4 2 .
%*
- 6 & 5 +
& ) < n 9* Š&4_D 6 N( G h & 12 >
'1 L
»
< k08
#A
« ( %&
3
&
(* x&+D "6&+
* +2 &+' 6 _?
) :( Y
#
"
1389 : 77
.(
yY&*
"
* * x&+D /M F 3
- 64!7 2
> .KN
< ! 'P A
# 12 3
,+D
#
* - G
% c7
,+D B,
#
! *
* , * - +F, )V
& " >
-&+J- >
#
&+, &
3
& b+D 6&+(
) +2 l
< 2 (&
A , Q - 6 8& ! 6 ( . ( +.1
(
#
* .Y&
3
* 4 .K8 12
n
& 4!
!& >
( . ( +, 1 , +
(
#
*
*4F!
! +l ! B-7 / 4Y
#
<
. +$ %&
#
"
& 6 !G:8
! -+, )4F.! /M G
3
!
# - B5 y ! +‚2&4P 4 2
# p L_Y %& &
3
&
l
:p )4<
>
) +2 8 &G,& %& ) H.(& , * 3
( : d
#
! :D
#
&+;&* I+.K; ,
#
& Y+
3
! 6
<
( * A
# ! +r 4-% >!&
; L'< k :.P&
+ 3 n 6 : 8 3 D
# 6*
( :.K
# t F *
» !&
! ,
# n *
&4 «
?*& „+< 2 Q8 2 & (& L, .! :.D& 5* 67
B:5 * ) &
3
!0(&
#
&
& ! /M A! & 6&+
3
*G ! 3 4 2
)
"94Y& n *M 6 :1388
(.
-2
; <;
( ? @ 6
A&
& ! /M F 4-*
3 ,
& +J- AY&* >
& 2 (&
+ +, / 4Y , (& 4C 6&+
& ! 3 4_
* )4< L - pP , H? N! >:r
& !&+ 3 8*+
3
& 4C Q - 3 H
7+, 4 .
&
.(& >
"
? A
& 3 8 -&+J- )4:D F! 6&+
# 8 12 3 ,+D
#
* ,+c
# e8&+ &
) +2 (&
.
&
>
& .K8 ? K! L! < L!& D 3
&
&G & "6&+
4 :-& Q 3
8 3
! R-
#
* '< !
#
*
-
& &4! G
& !& 6&+
# 8 12 3
! !
#
<
. L M )4:D h
H? N!
?*
8 3 ! ,
! -+, .K8
&
3
! & 6&+ &
# v 6&
+:< +, >
:
- +
%&
4 : 4Y 64<
6&+ &
* , eD%
"
+ ] -%& !
& Y ! . B-7 , P&+C
#!
4 ; 2 6&+ &
.K8
&
3
&+, 3 ! f -+
(&
* !
&
, , Y 8 3
& .K8 3
4- 12 #!
. - L ? +J -&+J-
# (7 %&
8 3
%
F! K
# 1(&
. B-7
#D4!
4 .K8 ) ;*+ -
#: &
+B< , / C
%*+, +8 S P + c )+R. ! _(
%*+, / A1A1 .K8
&
3 f -+
48&
4<
*
> &
+!&
+, E F!
K %
"
b7
*
& 8 3 !
&+S&
# 6&+_5
…n - + 48&
<&…;
*
(7 8 3 67 ,
$ e .K!
L! <
8 12 3 b+D )% P 48&
4<
(www.archive.gulfnews.com)
.
O r ! +J
"
& ? +( +, w0. &
& 6&+
& !
# 8 12 3 :5 %& !
& x&+D ( . - J-+(
# X (& )4< •D , 9&4C e
"
*+ x&+D .<…; eR-
U +8* .N
% , %&
& ! 6&+J 3
*
& !&+
3
&+Y+, 4C 3
& +R- ! eR-
) , 12 >
4-&
.
& %& +R- w+C , " )4F.! /M
8 12 >
3
45 , Y !
3
!
* 6 .K,+D 6
&
6&+
8 L'< B5
# (& ) , x&+D O r*& 4-* , ( ! .
* 3
< ?* 64!7 2
#A
4 (+ - 5 ! x&+D 3
6 .K,+D
<
(& )4
) - 3
" K- 1389 : 325
> &+, , (.
"
/M F %*+, ,
#, ! * x&+D #( ( 4 45 ! :8& * ) J 5 4 +
&
3
&+ & #!0(& 3 B:5 6
(& ) +2 &4 n Q &G &
. k+. 2 3&+, 67 , U:2 * x&+D 3G2+! ?* %& :P " (& > &+,
#, * # !& -
Q + 4! * # _S
* #Jv d' ‰HP * /4P* %& :P "#_8…! * #! Y 3 8
Q &+; k A.! + 4! * x&+D #r & ! : (&+, 5 ! k& 4 3 84P&* /& . & * 8
#( (& 6 - Y 6 - 2 " +; 4 8& L'< )4 7 ‡M :.P& 2 # 84P&* G - * x&+D
& &+Y 9&4C %& on x&+D k _Y 6&+ & #5 ( (
) RD&*
#
"
1386 .(
& ? ? K!
& +!& 6&+
#
%& 8 12 8 12 4
3
& <
3 ':8 3
* * /M F 4-* , 5 , * + & 3 8 ) ! - ! * #,+D 3 8 12 / ,0 -& O Y
)
> +F, h ,
( (& )4< 4 41 .
E &+< +.K, > +F, b0 -& 2 (& #? P > &
#! b&+D& B, 6& D , 67 %& 2 - ! * 4 45 (& .( n O Y* , <
. +R- %&
4Y - ;+8 "6 .K,+D h , * 3 ':8 3& < 3 pD&
6 A < 3+ ; /
#! 6&+ & Z H- Q &G & , > +F, )%&* , & + * 4! l-&
#! 12 > & 3 8 4- (
.
? K!
& +, 2 +J
p l
3 !& -
# ,
& >
& b&+D&* 6&+
? K! " &…; #! + S ) * >
"
j C
- ! *
"
(&
. K, :8& %& O r ! > &
% 3 8 12 6 ! 6&+ & e8 "
(& & +, "b+D 3 8 > 1- < e8 * .
& yr ! :P ) & :8 6&+
L! 2 9 +! %&
K H- * >
# X W&+(& e (& ) , L .
?*
#
* 6 .K,+D
& <
3 ':8 3
%& 4A,
9* ƒ 5
; !7
#
&+Y+, B5 &
3 W&+(& , E,&*
90D& L +2
4- . ,
/ , N.-&
2006 pD&
3
& <
3
&…J- - Y 3
K
* >
n
^ 67 :P 3%*+
, 5 ,
&
* :P yr& ! ' B:5
3
!0(&
#
&
:( , 6&+
X >. 1- BC e
#.K -
(& 6 K' ^
+.K, 8 3 ':8 3
* :P Q_ 5
&
4< e8&+ 6&+
. -&+J- "L, !
# 8 3
&G & %& 6 .K,+D
& Q - Q 6&+F, 6&+
! *
41 -
4
) - 3
" K- 1389 : 29 - 328
.(
%&
( 3 +J
"
ƒ 5 O Y*
33
* )%*
n
" 67 Š& bGP 3%*+
&G & %& 2 & q Z H- Q
<
, 6&+J- 6 A
^ , + f : +2
^
%
& &+
&G & 5 ! +!& >
& ! Q - Q 3
&
! 6&+
#
<
4 .
+!&
- '
& yr& ! %& G
& 6&+
& ? K! >
A( * ) +2 ) H.(
#
& &
#,+D 3 8 12 & 6&+
5 W&+(& > GJ 4 2 L
. W&+(& %& #-&+J- # A 2 L
:W& LC& U
#
%& #-&+J- w+$ , M P ,
&
< ) & x ( 6&+
.
%&
&
>
*
"
> &
8 12 y$ !
@ .N!
#- !%
* 9 J:8 , /M &
)4F.!
* 8 12 + ( 3
#,+c +, / *+r Q &G &
8 1 3
- #( (
#. !&
+, B:5 3
#!0(&
6&+ &
* / C
!* ! 6&+ &
+,
&
3
* 3 3& .K8
"
#( : d
" *%
_5&
*
4 4B ,
; 2 3+
- 3*+
#! R- w0.W&
b+c D 6&+ &
4 2T .<&
4-&
)
#- 8
"3 ,7%*+
1386 :
61
.(
& +, , ( +, , >
#
& E,&*
* 6&+
12 8 3
& <
3 ':8 3
& , .'- >
! 5 eB!
#
& 2 <
(& ) , L! D 4 v%& +S .! E,&* >
:
- 8Z N
#
* ) ;4 2& &
# ,4, - 2 k $ E,&*
! 6
&
6&+
*
b&+D&
5*
.<&
(&
^
- U<
* 94D :$&
6 LC P
%&
b0 -&
!0(&
#
* gK!
*4C b0 -&
7*
s-
%&
67
, 6& D L! D ] +
* 4B 4 )4 2 eR- )4<
(&
)
( _D #
<&
#
"
1385 : 107 ( .
-
*
;V
# . n WX U
*
! - 2& WX U
2 , !&
8 / 4Y 3 m G, n 4-
) (&
.
&+, ,
>
"
Q -
&
/M )4F.!
* 8 / 4Y 3 ,+c #
&
,
* )V , _- -
*+
3 -%& !
+;
!
&
3 L, !
&
6&+
4A, ] + X e x&+D
"
!
# 6&
, 6& D L! D
* ].!
+ C&
#
K-&
. .4 7
,
* - 4 &
! / 4Y
# +8 ( 4P&*
+_8 + + D Q< %& L'1.! #(
3
*7 > "
3
& "
"3X ? W4
A:5
!%+( "
* >
AY ! . n WX U (&
. 4,
#B 8 0:D (&
8 12 %& U ‹ 3
!
& :8 - H2 & ! >
* 4 .K +,&+, - /4< , .K8
4 .
&Z @Ar
# - 3*+
!%
8 J "6 .K,+D # 3
. n WX 84- !% ( @Ar "x&+D U
# V &+.(& t:D 6&4 *
, U
8 12 3 , 5
#
* , Y L, !
& 3 8 , 6&+
.1
& + )4< 5 ! & ! >
pD& (&
3 4B KP& )%&4-& U , " !
* 4 '- 4 , ,
# :.D&
3 : +J 4' , L
&+J:8 ,
# , e2 B-7 >
<
.
&+, ,
>
"
FC f F! %& j !& E
, "#.
S > +.1 +, & +
( !& (
! ?* +8 #.
#
&…;
)
"+B 2 1381 : 47
.(
) k*45 1 (
! Ar* K 8 12 3 ! )
2008 (
P K!
) 2 +.!
y,+!
( A:5
- &4A 3*+
! R-
# G8
8 3
! R-
# )
! M 6 (
&
6&+
1648000 7386000
545000 9983
6 .K,+D A(
3 1960582
25988000 214500
39766
)4F.! /& !&
,+D
# 82880
4707307 51000
14293
2 17820
2863000 15500
7089
+ Y 11437
1508322 11800
1822
+F,
>
665 807131
8200 575
6 :D 212460
2905114 40600
4861
x&+D 437072
32297391 165800
Œ
www.data.worldank.org/country
!7
„ ,+!
, -
*+
3
! R- # G8*
8 3
! R- #
%&
y_ ! ) *7 )4<
(&
:
SIPRI.SIPRI Military Expenditure database , <http://www.sipri.org/databases/milex/>.
&
&+< >
* L!& D "E
% ,
& ! 6 ; - ; 6&+J 3
4B f ,
%& 84 ) ;4
! 9 l-& & 6 ; - ; / !&4Y&
#
& 2 4 8
! >
6
"
N
? ! y, ! •
#
* - K-&
#
&+, 3
! R- w&48&
# 4Y %&
+ #:
< >
* 8 )
&G,&
8 3
*
4B , # *
!& /&4 (& ) , #.
.
&+, ,
>
"
2 $ ,
#
!
# M 6&
* L J-&
8 )G 3
8 ?*
.(
K , #,
n / F . +1
*
&
l
8 , Y
3 K
& ! # F 3
4, &
4 , _$ i+< >
3 +2 :
- _B, Ar*
!&
.
# e8*
n 6 - :
^
-
&G &
Q !&
!
# ,
% 6 ( + 8 12
^
- /4<
>.
+ 4 , Y * K F # ,
>
8 12 3 !
^
- y 4B 4 !&
.
# 94D*
:.D&
8 12 , gK!
k+. 2 K / F
*4F!*
B.
# 2
&
>
+.K, +, 8 12 k :D&
!
#
<
^
- K2 .(+n V .
8 . A? ! ,
3 (
5 (
# 8 12 3
& <
3 ':8 3
!
# , 6&
&
4 , y:5 >
3 (
&+ 2 4 ( 4
5 3 &…J.(
#
* !&
: Q 2&* " #.
; e 6 ;4-+
8 12 3
S F !
8 &4 n + 3 4B %& B-7
& ! 3 84 3
67 ( .! * (& ) ,
(
! R- A( (
#
* K 4-& ) B- , & # F .
&+, ,
>
"
%& &4 n 4B
8 4
&
+
1 -
# )4:D
8 ( (
!& 3 8 12 #.
3
&
(& .<& ! >
.
&
_- gK! >
S 4
- !V8 . ( +
, U 8 J?& +, L :?& >
#
! R- –# !&
#.
- &
* +; )4
&
* :5%& '
#;V
&…;+S& +_! .d( ) % % , 3 8 3
+, 67 w+J<
( /M A!
!& #(
#.
- B5 )+.K;
# , .
&+, (& >
"
! 6&+F, G2+!
- B5
#
! R- E,&* * +; &+Y –#
!&
& #.
8 12 , )4F.! /M 3
& < pD 3
':8 3
:8& %&
& ) A?& x 3
< & +, 4
+!7
* ? B( , '
; (7
# , , +.1
&
- !V8 eR- l
& ! U
Q - %& * 4 2 9&4Y
8 ?*
3
48 ', @? N!
) ( _D
#
<&
#
"
1385 : 88
.(
&+, ,
>
"
E,&* I+.K; * ) +.K; * e .K! #! R- pP , ' +!7
67 Z H- * #( ( b 5 3 8 > 1- <
"
3 8% - > ! 3&+, >g: ! * ><* 3& )4 7
* # 7 #.H-
&4 I& #,+c > 4F.!
4 f
)
"6 4(&
1381 : 562
.(
-
:p 4C G
pP >
*
! !& >
.(&
3
& ! y ! 3
* 4!7 +, , „ ,+! 3 8 ! - & !
* ' +!7 6 ! _- 5* #D 3 8 3 ':8
p!& , -&+2 #,+D 3 8 12
4 (
+; &+Y > :p * 4 2 ! ! )4F.! /M & #! R- pP 67 #$ * .
%&
> &
*
"
&
+_! .d( ) % † & P %& on )4F.! /M 2001
!& "
A!
3 ':8 3 5 B & 67 -
&+, 3
* 6 .(*
+A 6&4F.!
@ ) +2
D _- 5 * E,&* 4:D*
– # !&
.
# ,
12 8 3 & ! (& ) +2
. , 5
# :.D&
3
' ! 5 !
# .- %&
.K!
e
:8 (& _- 5* E,&* >
) - P*
#
"
1388 : 27
.(
h eB! .'-
8 / 4Y 3 ,+c
#
&
; L'< , +_! .d( ) % S P 2 (& >
+ 3
D -
#
! R- +J 3
& - 5 %& 6 B5
>
8 / 4Y , )&+:8 .
& %&
>
*
"
#' , )4F.! /M &
m G, %&
4< L 4_ C+D > & 6 ;4 <*+ > +
^
B 2 3 $ ,
2006 +, Ž? , "
21
4 A ! 8 12 +J , & &+Y M ! +2
.
! > s:8 .
( E
> & #! R- 3 8 & &+Y 4 D
%& 12 2001
4A, , 10 13 (& ) , M ! .
&
" 12 >
2
# c - ! * 3 8 1
m G, 6& D , & H- %&
!+, /M F! > & 6& &4 + > +
# :<
. 9 *
+ 4! ƒ- 8
#! ) , > & #- B5 j C K(ˆ! / F K / l ! -+, 4 ;
_( H- 3 B, Q &G &
C+D > & +.1 , /& !& * 6 .K,+D 6 v # 8 12 )4<
G8 2 4 . .A! 3*
(& 4
#! b KF! ) *7 , #? n " 8 & &+Y > & 6 ;4 <*+ 3&+,
. <
A C +J F L,* & 8
+!7 #! R- - '
#! G 4 ; : I H( 6 2& e8 8
-& .1n 2 & 5* 5 L, Y # 3&
, 48& ' +!7 #! R- A C 3&+, ( !
(Wyne, 2006)
&+, , ' >
#
• < %&
8 3 f ( ( 8 3 !&
. – #
! R-
#
! 8 12 + 6&G
84 3
! R-
# 12 67 (&
.
&
& ! 2 L! D >
3 R-
! R- 5 , eB( +
#
? %&
•? - 4
&
(GDP)#
! "
- 6&G 8*+
3
! R-
# A:5 _K- , AY ! * P K! "
. n WX 12 U
& f
? K! >
& +S ! ( 7 2 (
8 ! 12 67 (
( (
#
* !&
.
#
&
.
%&
• <
8 3
! +J
# n , 6&
6 :
* 8 8 & &+Y 3
! R- –# !&
.
# 8 12 , 3
5* "+J
8 ) J n
* - 8*+
3
! R-
# 8 / 4Y 3
& !&+
3 ) <& 12 67 +2
.
B
&
– C;
/!
! $
8 12 3
&
12 & ) & :8 ! >
8 3 + K &4
! R- / F
# 6 B5
4-& ) , . ) :< k*45 , 5 2
& )4 8 6 1- +!& >
(&
2
! , 6 - k*& 12 K
G8 _K- , ,&
! R-
#
? ,
& •? - 4
# 8 12 %& 12 n 3
!
4- & pP .
&
)4 8 6 1- +!& >
7
& 6 (
8 12 2
3
, , !
Q? v 8 3 !&
& #.
# , *
>
! , ) & :8 # :?&
5 , 6&G 8
3
! R-
# ) *G &
4-&
.
) F G 2 (
%
F 4 $
)
= G %
I & J$ % KI ;
(
_ 12
%& 4C GDP _
12
%& 4C GDP
1 6 :D
11.2 11
g-*+,
# 5.9
2 + Y
10 12
( 5.9
3 6 .K,+D
10 13
M J-7 5.7
4 x&+D
8.6 14
4? ! 5.5
5 6 &
8.6 15
!
#- . 5.5
6 W&+(&
L 7.3
16 2+
5.3
7
>:
6.6 17
2 5.3
8 6 .K ! &
6.5 18
Q2&+!
5
9
&
)+.
6.3 19
* & ? K?&
5
10 -*4 !
6 20
n J ( 4.9
Source : SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, www.sipri.org/databases/milex
&%&
>
" 8 !7 , 5 , *
!
&G & > J- G8 #1
! R- 3 8
#
&
)48 1! & 8 12 >
!
# e 2 .
2 $ ,
#
! "
# 2 H; 6&
%&
8 80 ! "6 2 4-* Q<
( (&
# G8 &
K 3 8
& ) , 48 < # F (
:
1 . 8 + &*& %&
70 8 L &*& * 80
" - ! * 3 8 12 %& 3 K, "
G8 #D 3 8
& Q &G & 6&+ & D ' +!7 / ] _ * x&+D * 6&+ & ƒ 5 D , &
)&
4- . 3 8 12
#! & 9 ( 6 B5 3 8 12 , )4< C / F K %& #: - %& Q , - ! * ^4 2
U # A
#! L . ! 8 12 > & , 6 B5 / F K L2 9 Bv
<
. k ( 1962 G8 3 8
! > & #! R- 7
/ 4
k ( 2 , M !
1980 , "
7 / 46
4 ( M !
. e8
> v
34< , #! R- 3 8*+ - &4A 62
%& 34C 1 / 2 , +H- 6 ! 5
/ 3 Q &G & +H- 6 ! .
2 .
*&
8 + &
80 , : G8 "3 .Y& /0'1! * x&+D * 6&+ & ƒ 5
#D 3 8
Q8 2 .
:5%&
G8 6&G !
%& # ! •? - 4 ? _K- , "6 .K,+D 3&+, #D 3 8
6 / 17 k ( 4C 1988
, 5 / 2 k ( 4C 1990
*
%& G - 6&+ & 3&+, Q8 2 > & 4C
2 / 3 k ( 4C 1988
, 6 / 2 k ( 4C 1991
(www.sipri.org)4 (
.
3 . 8 L &*&
90 G8 +.1 , O r ! > & * 4 .K-& 3 AC + ( ) ,* #D 3 8
8 12 ) ,
#
#! x4C 4- , x&+D , ƒ 5 + ; e .K! $ , 2 4 2
.
" - :- 3&+,
G8 %& 2 #D 3 8 5
/ 48
# ! •? - 4 ? 4C
1990 , 117 4C 1991
Q &G &
. G - 3 A( 6 .K,+D 1992
I% & , 3 & &+Y 1
/ 9 4 + 3&+, " M !
72 w& )4 J 5 4-*+
15 –
+2 • p!& ' +!& , .
e8 4 + 3&+, 12 > & > v 48
4-*+
)4 J 5 4-*+ K _, * * - )4 J 5
!& - . +, , 3 & &+Y f* 8 • p
(Even, 2000: +2
97-119)
. 4 . 8 E(&*& %&
90 48 < & #D 3 8 G8 Q8 2 ! 3 8 12 +.1 , 4A, ,
e .K8 . G8 - :- 3&+, %& 3 A( 6 .K,+D #D 3 8
28
M !
1991 , 16
k ( M !
1996 Q8 2 .
5 . , +_! .d( ) % /0:P O Y*
Z N & 3&+, & 9%M +.K
8 ( (
* #.K . ! 3
#! R- 3 8 G8 3 AC Q &G & , * e8&+ )4F.! /M & 3 ( %& #:5 B +' * 6 B5 +l ! 4<
. 3 B? ( * y ! > & > &+, , 2003
- 2001 6 .K,+D #! R- 3 8 G8
, 76.4 /& !& " M ! 9.2
2 " M !
11.5 > +F, " M ! 1.1
!
6 :D * M 7.9
4 ( M !
. 3& ! 4 4B _- * 9&4C e X #< n*+ , !&
k ( C
3 8 2006 - 2003 #! R- 3 8 G8 #_K- Q &G & 94D Q8 2 48 <
8 12 > & # F K 3 84 + * .K8
e
^ 3 8 G8 2 3& - ; ,
, 2
9.8
!
> +F, " M 1.2
6 :D " M ! 9.7
M !
e .K8
*
* /& !& B 3& & 6 .K,+D
G8 #_K- Q &G &
#! 8 4 < ,
^ , /& !& 3 8 G8 ' , 14.9
* M !
6 .K,+D 81.5
!
#! M
(Cordesman, 2010: 36)4(
.
)
& :- 1 (
&G & 4-*
G8 Q 8 3
! R-
# 8 12 3
& <
3 ':8 3 )
–2009 2001 (
)
! 6 M (
%&
2006 4A, , j C 3 * , #, .( 3&+, 6&+ & I0 .K8 G !7
67 2 * 3&
H? N! * /&4 4B Q &G &
+2 l & & # p "9&4Y& > & , b+c 3 8 , 2 )
# + 7 &+8 #! R- / F K 4 + &% , b+c 3 8
( , (& )4 1N, /4< & b&+D&
.
#! +R- ,
? , 4(
4B _- L
!& 4 .
# !
&
3 )% P 3 8 12 # F K 3 84 + "
‡ : .K!
#! 9 l-& #(&+8 6&+ & )X*+n L Z
<
.
&+, (& >
"
6 .K,+D C
k ( 8 3 2009 - 2006
*4P 119:4
! G8 M
! R-
# (& .<&
. - /& !&
& G
>
*4P y !
40:7
!
Bl A( w+C M
* /&G -
*+
3
! R-
# ) +2 (&
.
> , K( ! e B'.(& j C / A? ! # :?&
SIPRI)
I &G; (
+2 90D& 3 8 :
/& !&
k ( C
3 8 1999 2003
&+Y 6 B5 / F K m G, )4 2 &* > :8 G- n )
<&
. k ( k P > & , 2008
m G, &4 + > ! ( , 4 8 * > v %& on /& !&
(& )4< L 4_ - / F K .
k ( 12 > & 2 #? P /&%& ! , * + & 3 8
D & Q 7 +, "# F K 602 3 84 + (& ) *G & - ; ( + &G5 , _K- 3 8
.
&+, ,
&+< >
- 2 E
#
! %& 12 H8 "
6 10 12 3 + M , 2 G8 >
8 3
! R-
#
&
! * 4- &
pP * 4 .K8 - 6
- 5
!
! R- L (+n 6
# A:5 k _Y 300
! -
#
+ M , " !
! R- L (+n -&+( \+- >
# )4< _( &
(&
) - P*
#
"
1388 : 19
.(
> &+, ,
"
48 <
* #! R- 3 - " P K! " A:5 _K- > , 6%& 94D #D - +.1 , #! R- 3 8 G8
3 ':8 3& < pD 3 8 12 .K8
e ) k*45 1
< 5 .(
! 4 v+8
#
? 6&
L +J
&G &
& Q G8 >
& 8
&G & & y ! >
Y Q K-& H- : .
?*
# .'-
& eB!
& >
( 2
& w&48& %& #' (&+8 6&+
#
K I*+
8 12 , / F
3
& * ! .Y& t-* l
3
&+, 3 8 12 3 ,+c
#
& 2 (&
&G & h >
Y Q
- H- :
& 9 !* f+F! G
>
(& ) , 9&4Y&
.
&+, , 8 12 , >
3 !& i+$ ? Y ! b+D
#.
2006
&
)4F.! /M
*4P 26
! K O& -& M (& )4< . *+ / F
) 6 :8 : 28
.(
? !
"
* - 4 &
8 8 3
&
8 12 +' :D +
3
< P b 5
& - ; , 3
2 (& ) ,
n
* B- : 8 & &+Y 3
! R-
– #
!&
.
# 8 F! %&
3 C&
#
8 ( (
3
! R-
#
&
) , 12 >
(&
. ,
& +.1
& , 8& &+Y >
(& )4< 4 A ! )4F.! /M .
yY&*
"
&
& , / & >
/M
!& . ( " )4F.!
.
# . b v v O A1?& F 0:D & 6 -7 3
&
) & &+Y )4F.! /M
.- * (&
& ! pP , l
3
&
12 >
D*+1!
(& ) &
.
8 & &+Y 3 v* _- 5*
& %& U +8 _- 5 4
&4BA " 8 12 >
# !& L, ! &
. ( "
D
#
:D 2 1! *
# L, .!
<
(& )4 .
&
&+, 8 & &+Y >
3
&
- )4F.! /M :8& %& G
(& & +, h
^
% 2 , x&+D :P %& L_Y &+
:
% L 3 8 12 - 5 %&
3
&+, ! 3
& A-&
& &+Y >
_- 8
^
% ( &%7 %& 4A, !&
3 2
8 ?*
3 - _ $*& !
v .(&
8 & &+Y >
# 4-4<
. ( %&
3 +J
"
&
K I*+ )4F.! /M
! R- / F
#
&
FMS ? Y
(Foreign military sales)
1N, 6& D ,
#
& , E,&* I+.K; ! -+, %&
>
8 12
#
!
# 4 2
& 2
& , +!& >
&G 8 12 , E,&* Q 3
+l ! (& )4<
(Freedman, 1991:67)
.
&+, ,
>
"
D / &
#
*
K I*+
&+, ( U %& / F 3
& !* ! 8 12 >
4B ,
& ! )4:D 3 84 3
*
& 67 &
* 6&+
- :P 6 !G:8 G
&
& 8 12 >
8 ( (
* D / !&4Y&
B:5 3
!0(&
#
! 5
# :- 4 .
& %&
B5 >
"
C& - B,
#
B<*+
3 K
* , # F 4B 9&4C „ ( 4A, )V
& 4
& 6&+
( .
% pA, I*+ &+
# K / F
& ,
5 8 12 >
!
#
&4- .
&
& h >
%* o +!& t, ( 5 + B€& '
+R- 3 W*X 2007 + & ! 'P 6 +2 eB.! >:r I*+ " ! # _S #, l & , 6&
, B-7 # -& Q &G & 3&+, & L W&+(& * ! b+D 3 8 12 , F (& M ! 4 v K-& 3 *+r 3 8%+! %& O .
h > &
"
' +!7 #! R- .K,&*
– P*
+ Y N. n
-
%&+,&
%& & #!
D > + eB! 6&+ & #. !& ) ;4 > & )4 2 4 4B L!
(& 12 .
%& L ? > :8 , pP
K, ' +!7 #! R-
#! k _ .(&
* 4 2 .(& #.P
(& 6 -7 +.1 , :- * pP
)
" lP 1381 : 88 - 87
.(
> &+, ,
"
' +!7 #! R- 3 8*+ - I+.K;+, )*0D
! -+, " ! "I% !7 3&+, 9%M 3G
"#H 2* #:2 I+.K; "#84- !% (
)% P #,+D 3 8 12 #! R- 3 8*+ -
( , )4F.! /M & 3 1.K! 3 8*+ - (& )4 ( 9 l-& , ! 3 8 12
)
"# .!
1376 :
197
.(
& G5 , )4F.! /M 8 12 +J
3 ,+c
# -
8 12 , ) +.K; /0! A G
3
& <
3
':8 3 4-& .<&
. 6 ! 8 12 3 pD F &
" n* &
* 12 K-&+
*
6 .K J-&
> &
+.K, +.1 , k A ) , 4-&
*
? A
> &
* 12 !
+.1 , +, I*+
/ F K l &
) J n
#! R- G2+:.!
) , (&
. +,
> &
" (&
#!
6&
2 H;
F &
" n* &
G;
&
3 2 ' +!&
C+D 8 3
#( (
"
.Y&
3
#. !&*
(&
2 8 12 3
& <
, 67 5 4- &
) RD&*
#
"
1389 : 32
.(
! E,&*
- , 8 12 3 )% P , 5
# -
G , 4
- H;
% c7
>
':8 3 8 3 - , 8 12 3
< P , 5
# ,
K1- 6&+(
- k ( 2004
!+,
# +;
.
&
>
K1- , 2 '.,&
':8 3 k _- .(&
(ICI)
, R ! 8 12 b…5 3
&
>
! 4<
* 4,
>
+ , 2
&
>
8 12 , ':8 3 , - / D 4-4<
*
&
>
/ D , U K1- eB!
q +l ! 4<
2
$
# 67 -
* 8 12 3 ,+D
# +,
&
3 ':8 3
8 3 !&
#.
B5
&+Y+, 3 !&
! n
6 : 8
# 4 A ! 4- +2 . 8 12 3
2
"
"+ Y +F,
>
* od(
/& !&
)4F.!
,+D
# ,
&
>
/ D _‚! ( n 4- &
* 8 & &+Y
#
&
, - 4 A ! 4- +2
^
!&
6 .K,+D
* 6 :D
* pD +J
& <
3 ':8 3
% 8 ,
&
>
i+$
d- .(
4-&
)
&
"3 G 1387 88: (.
!& / RP0!
.
#
& < 6&+_8 4< 5 ! 3
':8 3
k _- ,
8 3 ':8 3
! R-
# - !% ( j (
# - 4 < , G .
& %&
>
*
"
& <
3
%*
O 6&+
1982 ,
(T
84- !+ U o
#
! R- f+.1!
# +2 & ! .
n
#
&
-&+K & "9&4Y& >
# -
&+, G 3 9 l-&
& < !&
3 ':8 3 A
4-4< >
. v e8 8 )4'1-& 4< I0 ">
3
! R-
#
(T - pD 12 Q< +8 6&4-*+B< %& 2 < o
…d, *+
+ . +_.2& K1- 1982
%* "
6&+
(T )% 5& O
& 8 O '_< o
#
! R- A C * f+.1!
# U ? Y &
2 ! -+,
# -
*+
3
! R-
#
4- +2 C
(www.uaeinteract.com)
.
< "
C;
A& ;
8 12 +‚2&
3
? , ! b+D
:2 L
# A:5 - 4Y
! R- 3*+
# 2
#
* 9%M 6&
&+, 3 :P O (&
. 4, R ! >
"
& B5 !& l
&+, 3 ( , 3 8 12 3
8 12 ! 4 4Y
3 R- ! %& ~ +!7 +
'
"
* K-&+
(*
* 3
* 4-& ) *7
8 & &+Y
#
&+, &
3 ( o 8 ) J n
! R- 3
#
& , 4-& ) +2 p!& 8 12 >
. +!7
* ' +J
- 8 12
& %& G
* l
& I+.K;
>
8 ) J n
.( 4C !
&48& , #,
# 2 4-& ) ,
%&
& e8&
! B
# :P , 6&
D 6&4F.! %&
,+
# 4B +,&+,
& /&4
#
*
& ! 3
"
! !& >
X+-&
3 8 12 , , ! "
3
@? N!
8 ( (
* 3
_‚
- !V8
#
& ! 3
* ,
; 5 )V B:5 Z H- I+.K;* #, / 4Y %& 3+
3
!0(&
#
&
) <& 6&+
+2 .
! +!7
' + Y "6 :D "/& !& " 2 "x&+D ) J n 3& & > +F, *
(& #! R- .
eB! %& 6 2& e8 8 ) J n > &
3 ! ' +!7 3 8 ) J n > +
4 8& &+Y ) H.(& ! # ' +!7 3 8*+ - 3 ( %& KP yY& ! 2 4- < #! b KF!
. (www.globalsecurity.org) +;
D 4;
, >:r (& )4< I0 Q8*Vn > &
+' * #( + 8 / 4Y
/M & )V * , #,+c 3
* eC N h )4F.!
* 6&+ & #!0(& 3 B:5 D # &+; , ! )%*+!& 2 # !&4Y&
& i+ ! #(&+8 6&+ & 6& D F (
^ ( ( +, / !&4Y& > & + S
#! R- 3 8 -
#. !&
#( +, 3 ':8 3& < pD 3 8 12
<
.
5 4 ,
)4F.! /M & 2 +2
* +J % , / 4Y %& #AY&* + c + l & * 3% l! 3% ( / 4Y , 67 #,+c 6 - : d:8
Y ) 6&+ &
(
* ) & Q &G & & +J % , 3 8 3+ …n (7 6 !G:8 , B 4 :-& A( *
+R- ! 4 4B %& 3% l! + l & ( ( > & +, 2 l .- (& ) ,
.'- 5 L, Y
3 ':8 3& < pD 3 8 12 h ,* #,+D 3 8 12 2 (& > &
4 2 #! &+' * 4 & B-7 yr& ! "#,+c 3 8 ?* , K:8 #!&4Y&
.
# +, 2 3 $ ,
* 6&+(
" ( - 3 8+_ 1.-& , 4- & #A( #,+c 6 - : d:8 , K:8 #,+D 3 8 - ( G - 6&+ &
) 5 f -+ #,+D 3 8 12 3&+, &
8 4 .
* L!& D " E &+< > &
6&+J % ,
2 4 8 #! 9 l-& 6 ; - ; / !&4Y& ) ;4 %& 84 4B f , 3& ! 6 ; - ;
* #? ! y, ! • N 6 ! > &
* 8 ) < > + #: 4Y %& #! R- w&48& 3&+, #- K-&
4B , # * * 3 8 &G,&
(& ) , #. !& /&4 .
> &+, ,
"
#! R- 3V &+.(& " ! 3 8 12
* 3 . ( 6* !& 3 8 H? ! , e .K! ,& &
n 3& ! 3 8 # !& -