Archaeological Evidence of the Rise of the Dari Persian Language in Khorasan
Ali Hozhabri 1, Ahmadali Asadi 2
1. Iranian Center of Archaeological Research, Expert, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
2. Department of Archaeology, Shiraz University Of Art, Shiraz, Iran. Email:[email protected]
Cite this The Author(s): Hozhabri, A., Asadi, A., 2023. Archaeological Evidence of the Rise of the Dari Persian Language in Khorasan: Journal of Archaeological Studies / No. 1, Vol.15, Serial No. 32 - (261-292).DOI:
10.22059/JARCS.2022.343747.143121
Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
Article Info Abstract
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
30, May, 2022
In Revised Form: 20, October, 2022
Accepted:
29, October, 2022
Published online:
20, June, 2023
Keywords:
At the time of the invasion of Iran by the Arabs, the Dari Persian language flourished in the Greater Khorasan region. During the first two decades of the Arab invasion, Dari Persian, which was the Sasanian court language, expanded geographically due to the displacement of populations from the Ctesiphon and Fars regions and the flight of the king and large court families to the eastern regions, especially Khorasan. A major unanswered question concerns how the Persian language spread in Khorasan in relation to the process of population movement of Iranians from the west and south to the eastern regions of the collapsed Sasanian polity. In this study, by examining the transition period from the Sasanian to the beginning of the Islamic era, especially regarding fire temples that lasted until the early centuries of the Islamic era, we conclude that with the statistical fluctuation of the number of sites in these periods, it seems that Iranians were under attack. Early hardships in front of the swordsmen with the courtiers from the southern regions of Iran, especially Fars and their imperial center, Ctesiphon, went to the land of Ādur-Burzēn-Mihr, i.e., Khorasan. These immigrants adopted two methods of settlement: first, in the villages, and second, by moving through an area as nomads. This population was able to survive with this system that was formed at the end of the Sasanian period. One of the compromises that supported the endurance of this system was the protection of Persian culture and language in Khorasan, where much progress was made.
Persian Language, Khorasan, Archaeological data, Linguistic origin, Dari Persian.
1. Introduction
If the reign of Khosrow I marked the pinnacle of the Sasanian power, his reforms in fact triggered major political and social problems that eventually brought about the empire’s collapse at the hands of Muslim Arabs (Moftakhari, Zamani, 2008: 7). On the one hand, the Kust of Khorasan, having born out of the division of Persia into four kusts (major administrative divisions) and stretching from the Caspian Gates near Ray to the Oxus river (Christiansen, 1995: 148), was sustained in the ensuing periods. On the other, the foremost aspect of Khosrow I’s reforms, concerning the Dehgâns and the taxation system, was fostering changes in the ways in which crop taxes were collected (Dinawari, 1987:111). The “house” represented a pivotal institution for the Sasanian society, and such great families as the House of Mihran held important positions during Khosrow I’s reign (Nöldeke 1999: 981), as was the House of Karin, who, as local governors of Khorasan and Gorgan, were even entitled to sit on a golden throne (Dinawari,1987:124). Yet, following the arrival of the Arabs and the collapse of former social structures, it was Dehgâns who assumed the vital role of safeguarding Iran’s cultural values.
Having retained their lands on account of jizya payment, a group of these nobles gradually gained power, and their aid proved crucial for the victory of the Abbasids, especially in Khorasan (Gardizi, 1984: 266; Dinawari, 1987: 361). Ultimately, the Iranian tradition was the major inspiration for the transformation of the tribally-oriented caliphate system into a hereditary monarchy, a change that was encouraged and backed by the hadith, which say that
“the Aimmah (leaders) are from Quraish (Ibn Umar, 1998: 310-311). The Arab sheikhs living in Iran also formed a novel aristocracy, most of them by then having withdrawn from the Umayyad caliphate and engaged in trade (Bayat & Dehghanpour 2011: 23). This new class enjoyed many economic benefits, which was a source of concern and consternation for their indigenous Iranian counterparts based in Transoxiana (Gibb, 1923: 69). In effect, the Arab immigrants’ voracity for land appropriation in the newly conquered Iranian territories gave rise to this fresh aristocracy (Mahdi Al-Khatib,1999: 115-116). With the disintegration of the remainders of the Sasanian Iranshahr and the gradual shift from the caliphate to a monarchy during the Umayyad period (Ibn Khaldoun, 1987: 400), the transformation and assimilation of the Sasanian system’s remnant elements took on a new form centered on the Umayyad model, and along with the translation of books, other Iranian socio-political institutions such as the diwan (administration) and monetary system (coin minting) were adopted as well. Such a state of affairs categorically strangled any aspiration for an Iranshahri mode of rule, and the practice of the earliest Arab governors, who often indiscriminately levied similar taxes on both non-Arab Muslims and dhimmi communities (Seddiqi, 1993: 54-68), severely undermined Iranian populations economically (See: Salehi 2020). For the period following the political collapse of the empire, the archaeological record evinces a change in Sasanian settlement concentrations, especially in southern and western Iran. Historical and numismatic evidence has shed considerable light on the Sasanian contribution to the altered political and social landscapes of Southwest Asia. Yet, it is essential to also consider archaeological data to grasp these complexities, especially in terms of analyzing regional settlement patterns, demography, modes of agricultural activities, trade and industrial productions (Wenke, 1981: 304). Archeological data speaks of enormous Sasanian investments in agriculture and irrigation networks in the mountain valleys spanning the modern province of Khuzestan to the regions north of the Strait of Hormuz, and possibly also further east as well. Under the Sasanians, agriculture in Khuzestan and Mesopotamia developed immensely with the construction of large dams and canal systems, the ruins of which are visible today in some cases, and the exploitation of farmlands in these plains reached its zenith (Adams 1965; Wenke 1981). This starkly contrasts with the situation in the mountainous southern Zagros and the northern Persian Gulf littoral zone, wherein existed neither the flat and fertile lands nor the large rivers of Mesopotamia and Khuzestan to justify equally substantial investments in landesque capital. The Sasanian policy in such regions apparently involved developing agriculture with smaller investments but on a larger spatial
scale. The attainment of this goal called for the presence and supervision of government institutions, but the arrival of the Arabs put an inevitable end to that well-thought-out scheme.
The implications of the change in settlement density were generally deemed insignificant, considering such presumptions as the non-interference of the Arabs in the already operating economic systems of newly conquered regions. Some scholars have even argued for better economic conditions in the earliest Islamic periods (Sumner & Whitcomb, 1999: 314;
Whitcomb, 1979: 5). According to Carter, the multitude of Sasanian settlements across the plains of Bushehr represents agricultural centers that provided the regional ports with their food supply (Carter et al., 2006: 98). The Arabs entered Iraq in 633 C.E., but would be defeated by the Persians in the 634 C.E. Battle of Jasr (Daryaee, 2004: 55-56). Yet, the invading forces finally seized control of Ctesiphon in the decisive battle of al-Qadisiyyah fought in 636 C.E.
Investigations in the province of Fars have revealed a similar observation: a peak in settlement frequency during the Sasanian period, and an abrupt and concurrent drop at the onset of the Islamic period, contrasting with a substantial rise attested in the frequency of contemporary sites in Khorasan. Thus, on account of the statement that “Dari was a language spoken by royalty”
(Shafiei Kadkani, 1963: 20), and given the fact that the homeland of the Sasanians lay in the Fars region, and hence Dari was also used by the local aristocratic houses there, we will try to explain how the status of Fars as the center of Dari language was conferred to Khorasan. The Arab invasion and the resulting migration of prominent houses to the eastern regions of Iranshahr seem to have been the main factor for the spread of Dari Persian in Khorasan in the early Islamic period.
The frequency of sites from the Sasanian-Islamic period transition, shows that in the wake of the Arab invasions, large populations were forced to move from south and western Sasanian kingdom to the safer eastern regions. Interestingly, from an archeological perspective, the frequency of settlements in southern Iran shows a decline compared to the northern region, suggesting that following the initial fierce Muslim attacks the residents of the southern regions moved to places that seemed more secure, and what better place than the one picked by the Iranian king—Khorasan, which was also the home of the Adur Burzen-Mihr fire. The decision was made on the supposition that in addition to staying away from the Arab’s drawn sword, they might find a way to confront and repulse the enemy by rallying around the king. With the demise of the king and the dissolution of the Sasanian aristocratic and religious system, it was no longer possible to select a new king that would be unanimously acceptable for all and approved by the religious system, and the resistance continued by scattered groups, who were destined to fail as large groups of the defeated Mawali joined the Arabs. Therefore, many Dehgâns had to accept peace and were thereby able, albeit with great hardship, to maintain their ancient customs by paying tax and jizya. Henceforward, with the settlement of most of the great houses, in particular the Dehgâns in Khorasan, Iranians were able to spread Dari Persian across eastern Iran. The language, which once flourished in the Sasanian court at Mada’in, was also used by the noble class in Persis as the origin and center of the empire. All these developments were triggered by the replacement of large populations from the southern and western regions.
A piece of supporting evidence for the alleged migrations is the various ethnic groups attested in modern Semnan province in Greater Khorasan, which today bears the moniker “the island of languages and dialects.” This socio-political movement had at least two consequences for Iranian culture in the Islamic era: (1) the evolution of the Persian language and literature in the Khorasan region, and (2), the birth of the so-called Khorasani architectural style. However, a group of these migrants adopted a different approach, i.e., the nomadic lifestyle, due to occasional attacks staged by the Arabs. They moved in search of safe places, carrying their belongings on their livestock, along routes that later became the routine annual itinerary for the regional nomads. That group of Iranians who chose to join the caliphate system and travelled to lands in modern Iraq, mostly included Dabirs who became well-versed in Arabic and later contributed to the advancement of Arabic literary culture.
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﭘ زا ﯿ اﺪ ﯽﯾ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز ﯽ
رد ي نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ رد
ﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺮﺑﮋﻫ ي
1
، يﺪﺳا ﯽﻠﻋﺪﻤﺣا
2
1 .
،لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﻫوﮋﭘ
هﺪﮑﺸ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
، سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ، هﺎﮕ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ثاﺮﯿﻣ ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،
ﯾ ناﺮ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
2 . ﺳﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ هوﺮﮔ ﯽ
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺮﻨﻫ زاﺮﯿﺷ
، ،زاﺮﯿﺷ اﯾ ناﺮ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار
.
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ–
:ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 09 / 03 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ي :
28 / 07 / 1401 :شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ
07 / 08 / 1401 :رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ
30 / 03 / 1402
هژاو يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ
:
ﻪﺑ ﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﺎﺑ ﯾ شرﻮ زﺎﺗ ﯾ نﺎ ا ﻪﺑ ﯾ
،ناﺮ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز ﯽ رد ي ﺣاﻮﻧ رد ﯽ ﻟﺎﺑ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯿ
هﺪ نﺎﺑز .ﺪﺷ
ﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽ رد ي رﺎﺑرد نﺎﺑز ﻪﮐ ي
ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯿ نﺎ ﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺑ ﯽﯾ
ﺗ زا ﯿ نﻮﻔﺴ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ هﺎﮔرﺎﺑ) ﯿ
نﺎ هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ) سرﺎﻓ و (
ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯿ نﺎ ﺮﮔ و ( ﯾﺰ دﺎﭘ ناﺪﻧﺎﺧ و هﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ
رﺎﺑرد گرﺰﺑ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا ي
ﺣاﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽ ﻗﺮﺷ ﯽ و ﻪﺑ ﯾ هﮋ ﺧ نﺎﺳاﺮ رد ﯽﮑﯾ -
ود نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ردﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز شﺮﺘﺴﮔ لاور ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳاﻦ اﯾلاﺆﺳ .دﺮﮐيرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺪﺷر، نﺎﯾزﺎﺗشرﻮﯾ لواﻪﻫد رد ﯽﻗﺮﺷ ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ بﻮﻨﺟ و بﺮﻏ زا نﺎﯿﻧاﺮﯾا ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﺪﻧور ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا هﺪﯿﺷﺎﭘوﺮﻓ ﯽﻫﺎﺸﻨﻫﺎﺷ
ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ؟ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻣ
ﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧا هرود ﯽ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ زا ﯽ ﻪﺑ زﺎﻏآ ﻣﻼﺳا نارود ﯽ
و يرﺎﻣآ ﯿﺰﺧوﺖﻓا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﺘﻓﺮﮔﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ،ﺪﻧدروآ ماود ﯿﻪﻟوايﺎﻫهﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ ﻪﮐﯽﯾﺎﻫهﺪﮑﺸﺗآ ﻦﺘﻓﺎ ﯾياﺮﺑ داﺪﻌﺗ
ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ اﯾ ﻦ هرود ﺎﯾﻮﮔ ،ﺎﻫ ﯾا ﻧاﺮ ﯿ نﺎ رد ﯾ شرﻮ ﺖﺨﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻟوا
ﯿﻪ ﺸﻤﺷ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ زا ﯿﺮ
زﺎﺗ ﯾ نﺎ رﺎﺑرد هاﺮﻤﻫ ﯾ
نﺎ
زا،ﺮﻬﻣﻦﯾزﺮﺑ ﺶﺗآﻦﯿﻣزﺮﺳﯽﻫار،نﻮﻔﺴﯿﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻧآﯽﻫﺎﺸﻨﻫﺎﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺰﯿﻧو سرﺎﻓهﮋوﯾﻪﺑ ناﺮ اﯾﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟﯽﺣاﻮﻧ ﺪﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﺪﻧ
ناﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﻦﯾا . ﺷ ود
ﯿ هﻮ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا
،ﻢﮑﯾ :ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا دﻮﺧ ياﺮﺑ ي و ﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳور رد
ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ،مود
شور ﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﮏﯾ رد وﺮﭼﻮﮐ
ﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ نﺎﺸﯾا ؛ي ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ﻢ
ﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﯽ داد ﻪﻣادا ﻪﺤﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﯾاﻮﻋ زا و ه
ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ هرود ﺮﺧاوا رد ﻪﮐ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد ﯽ
ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ بﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﮑﯾ راﺪﺳﺎﭘ زا ي ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز و ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
ردءﺎﯿﺣا رد ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ نﺎﯿﻧاﺮﯾا شﻼﺗ ﺎﻫلﺎﺳ .ﺪﺷ هﺪﯿﻟﺎﺑ ،هدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺎﺠﻧآ رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﮏﺒﺳ يﺎﻫ رﺎﻤﻌﻣ ي ﺮﻌﺷ و رد ي نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﭼﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﺸﯾا
ﻣ رد ﯿ ناﺪ ﻧ دﺮﺒ هﺎﮕﻣزر رد ﺎﻣا ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺎﺑ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﺑ ﺪﻨﻠﺑﺮﺳ ﯿ نوﺮ ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ .
ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز ﯽ
، هداد ،نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
، ﻧﺎﺑز هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ ﯽ
، ﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽ رد ي .
:دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺮﺑﮋﻫ ي
، ﻠﻋ ﯽ
؛ يﺪﺳا
، ﯽﻠﻋﺪﻤﺣا
؛ 1401 - 1402 . نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﭘ زا ﯿ اﺪ ﯽﯾ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز ﯽ د ر ي نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ رد : ﻪﻠﺠﻣ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
، رود ة 15 رﺎﻤﺷ ، ة
1 ، نﺎﺘﺴﻣز - رﺎﻬﺑ - 1401 - 1402 - ﭘﯿ ﭘﺎ ﯽ 32 - ) 292 - 261 .(
DOI: 10.22059/JARCS.2022.343747.143121
ﺆﻣ :ﺮﺷﺎﻧ ﺴﺳ ﮥ ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا .
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
، رود ة 15 رﺎﻤﺷ ، ة 1 نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ، - رﺎﻬﺑ - 1401 - 1402 - ﭘﯿ ﭘﺎ ﯽ 32 -
265
1.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﮔا ﺷﻮﻧا ﺮﺼﻋ ﯿ
ناوﺮ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ترﺪﻗ جوا ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ار ﯿ
نﺎ ﺑ ﻪ روآ رﺎﻤﺷ ﯾ
ﻢ ﺎﻣا ﺗﺎﺣﻼﺻا ﯽ ا رد ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﻦ ةرود ﺎﺠﻧا ﺑ ،ﺪﺷ م ﺮﺘﺸﯿ
ﺳ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﯿ
ﺳﺎ ﯽ و ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ دروآ
ﻣز و ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﯿ
نﺎ ﭘ و ﯿ وﺮ ي دﺮﮐ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ باﺮﻋا
ﺮﺨﺘﻔﻣ) ي ﻧﺎﻣز و ﯽ
، 1387 : 7
زا .(
ﯾ ﻮﺴﮑ ﺎﺑ ﺴﻘﺗ ﯿ ﻢ اﯾ ناﺮ دوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﻮﮐ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ ي
هزاورد زا نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﺖﺳﻮﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﭙﺳﺎﮐ ﯿ ﻦ دﺰﻧ ﯾ ﮏ ر ي
، ﺟ ﺎﺗ ﯿ نﻮﺤ
) ﻦﺘﺴﯾﺮﮐ ﻦﺳ
، 1384 : 148
ﺗ(
ﻮﺳ زا .ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺎﺟﺮﺑ نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻌﺑ راودا ﺎ ي
د ﯾ ﺮﮕ ﻢﻬﻣ -
ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﺣﻼﺻا ماﺪﻗا ﯽ
تﺎﯿﻟﺎﻣ نﻮﻧﺎﻗ حﻼﺻا و نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد ﻊﺿو ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ناوﺮﯿﺷﻮﻧا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ
ﺘﺣ ﯽ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﻮﺤﻧ رد
زروﺎﺸﮐ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ جاﺮﺧ ي
ﺗاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﯽ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ
د) ﯾ رﻮﻨ ي
، 1366 : 111 ( .
ناﺪﻧﺎﺧ رد ةرود ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻢﻬﻣ نﺎﮐرا زا ﯽ
ﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﯽ
ﺪﺷ ناﺪﻧﺎﺧ و ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ناﺮﻬﻣ
رد نﺎﻣز
وﺮﺴﺧ ﯿﺷﻮﻧا ناوﺮ ﻤﻬﻣ ﺐﺻﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ
ﺘﺧا رد ﯿ رﺎ ﺘﺷاد ﺪﻨ
،ﻪﮐﺪﻟﻮﻧ) 1378 : 981
نﻮﭽﻤﻫ (،
نرﺎﻗ ناﺪﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﮐ
ﻟاو ﯽ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
رز ﺖﺨﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻦﺘﺴﺸﻧ هزﺎﺟا و ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نﺎﮔﺮﮔ و ﯾ
ﻦ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد
د) ﯾ رﻮﻨ ي
، 1366 : 124
ا ﻪﺑ باﺮﻋا دورو زا ﺲﭘ ﺎﻣا .(
ﯾ ناﺮ و
ﺷﺎﭘوﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا نﺎﮐرا ﯽ
، ا ﯾ ﻦ راﺪﺳﺎﭘ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد ي
شزرا زا يﺎﻫ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ اﯾ ناﺮ هﺪﻬﻋ ار راد
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﺰﺟ ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد زا ﯾﻪ
ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ يﺎﻫ دﺮﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ ار دﻮﺧ
،ه ﻪﺘﻓر و ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﺪﻗ ﻪﺘﻓر يزوﺮﯿﭘ
نﺎﯿﺳﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ هﮋﯾو نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ رد
نﻮﻫﺮﻣ ﯾ يرﺎ يﺎﻫ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا دﻮﺑ
يﺰﯾدﺮﮔ) ، 1363 : 266 يرﻮﻨﯾد ؛ ، 1366 :
361
ﻨﺑ ؛(
ﯿ نﺎ ﻧ مﻼﺳا رﺪﺻ رد ﺖﻓﻼﺧ ﯿﺰ
ﺒﻗ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯿ
ﻪﻠ ا ي ﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺸﮔ راﻮﺘﺳا ﯾ
ﺚ » ﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻤﺋﻻا ﯾ
ﺶ
«
،ﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﺑا) 1367
: 311 - 310
ﻪﺘﻓر(
ﻪﺘﻓر رد ةرود يﻮﻣا ا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ زا سﺎﺒﺘﻗا ﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺛورﻮﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷ .
ﺷ ﯿ خﻮ ا رد ﻦﮐﺎﺳ بﺮﻋ ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻧﯿ ﺰ ﻓاﺮﺷا ﯿ ﺖ ﺪﺟ ﯾﺪ ي داد ﻞﮑﺷ ار ﻮﻣا ﺖﻓﻼﺧ زا ًاﺮﺜﮐا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ه
ي هرﺎﻨﮐ ﮔ ﯿﺮ ي
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ترﺎﺠﺗ لﻮﻐﺸﻣ و هدﺮﮐ
ﺑ) ﯿ تﺎ ،رﻮﭙﻧﺎﻘﻫد و 1390
: 23
ﻓاﺮﺷا.(
ﯿ ﺖ ﺪﺟ ﯾﺪ ا رد ﻦﮐﺎﺳ بﺮﻋ ﯾ
ناﺮ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ي
ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ي ﻧاﺮﮕﻧ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﯽ
ا فاﺮﺷا ﺖﺸﺣو و ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﻮﺑ ﺮﻬﻨﻟاءاروﺎﻣ د
) Gibb, 1923: 69
.(
ﻘﺣ رد ﯿ ﺖﻘ صﺮﺣ
ﻠﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ بﺮﻋ ناﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﻣز ﺐﺣﺎﺼﺗ و ﮏ
ﯿ ﻦ
، اﺮﺑ ي ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد نﺎﻧآ
ﺪﺟ ﯾﺪ ﺢﺘﻓ
،هﺪﺷ ﯿﻓاﺮﺷا ﺖ ﺪﺟ ﯾﺪ ي ار لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺷاد
ﺪﻬﻣ) ي ﻄﺨﻟا ﯿ
،ﺐ 1378 : 116 - 115
ﺰﺠﺗ ﺎﺑ .(
ﯾﻪ ﺎﻘﺑ ﯾﺎ ي اﯾ ﺮﻬﺸﻧاﺮ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ
، ﻪﺑ ﺞﯾرﺪﺗ ﺪﺒﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻞ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
رد ﺖﻨﻄﻠﺳ ةرود
ﻣا ﻮ ي
،نوﺪﻠﺧ ﻦﺑا) 1366
/2 : 400 - 398
ﻧ بﺬﺟ و ﻪﻟﺎﺤﺘﺳا رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ (
ﯿ ﺎﻫوﺮ ي ﺑ ﻗﺎ ﯿ هﺪﻧﺎﻤ مﺎﻈﻧ زا
ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ رﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﺖ ﻣﻮﻗ ﯿ ﺖ ﻮﻣا ي ﺪﺟ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﯾ
ﺮﺗﺪ ي رﺎﻨﮐ رد و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﮥﻤﺟﺮﺗ
ﮑﺸﺗ ﻪﻤﻫ ،رﺎﺛآ ﯿ
تﻼ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﻈﻧ ﯿﺮ د ﯾ ناﻮ ا .ﺪﺷ ﺬﺧا ﻪﮑﺳ و ﯾ
ﻦ اﺮﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﺪﻧور ﯾ
ﺶ ﺘﻣﻮﮑﺣ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽ
اﯾ ﺮﻬﺸﻧاﺮ ي ﻣ بﻮﮑﻨﻣ ار ﯽ
دﺮﮐ و
ماﺪﻗا ﺎﺑ ﻟاو ﯿ نﺎ بﺮﻋ اﺪﺘﺑا رد ﻪﮐ ﻣ ًﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ
ﯿ نﺎ ﻟﺎﻣ ﯿ تﺎ ﻏ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﯿﺮ
ﻟﺎﻣ ﺎﺑ بﺮﻋ ﯿ
تﺎ ﻏ ﯿ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣﺮ ﻞﻫا
ﺗوﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻣذ ﯽ
ﻤﻧ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﯽ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
ﺪﺻ) ﯾﻘ ﯽ
، 1375 : 68 - 54
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ناﻮﺗ،(
ي اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯿ نﺎ ار ﻪﺑ تﺪﺷ ﺗ ﻌﻀ ﯿ ﻒ ﻣ ﯽ دﺮﮐ
ﺤﻟﺎﺻ) ﯽ
، 1399 ( .
،نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﺷﺎﭘوﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ كراﺪﻣ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻮﮔ ﯾﺎ ي ﻐﺗ ﯿﯿ ﺮ ﺎﻫراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ي
ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ بﻮﻨﺟ رد صﻮﺼﺨﺑ
ا بﺮﻏ و ﯾ ناﺮ اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ؛ﺖﺳا ﯾ
ﻦ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻪﮑﺳ و ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ
،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ
يﺎﻫ يدﺎﯾز هرﺎﺑرد ﺶﻘﻧ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ
رد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ هﺮﻬﭼ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا بﻮﻨﺟ
قﺮﺷ
،ﺎﯿﺳآ رد رﺎﯿﺘﺧا راﺮﻗ هداد
،ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا لﺎﺣ يروﺮﺿ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ
ﻮﺷ ﺪﻫا نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ
رد ﻢﻬﻓ ﻦﯾا ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ
،ﺎﻫ زا ﻘﺘﺳا يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ يراﺮ
،يا ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ -
،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯿﺷ هﻮ يﺎﻫ دﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﯽﺘﻌﻨﺻ تاﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ و ترﺎﺠﺗ ،يزروﺎﺸﮐ
) Wenke, 1981:304
كراﺪﻣ .(
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ يراﺬﮔ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ
رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺸﮐ يزروﺎ ﺷ و ﯿ هﻮ يﺎﻫ بآ ﻧﺎﺳر ﯽ رد
هرد يﺎﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ ﺪﺣ
نﺎﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﺻﺎﻓ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺘﺳزﻮﺧ ن ﺎﺗ ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ لﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﮕﻨﺗ ﺰﻣﺮﻫ و
ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ يروﺎﺧ ﺮﺗ
ﺖﺳا . رد لﻮﻃ ةرود
،ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يزروﺎﺸﮐ
رد نﺎﺘﺳزﻮﺧ و
نادوﺮﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺎﺑ
دﺎﺠﯾا ﺎﻫﺪﻨﺑ و لﺎﻧﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ گرﺰﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ زا
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ زوﺮﻣا ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺑ يﺎﺟ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ
،ه هﺮﻬﺑ و ﺪﺷ هداد شﺮﺘﺴﮔ گرﺰﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﻘﻣ رد يرو
زا ﻣز ﻦﯿ يﺎﻫ ﻪﮕﻠﺟ يا ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ
ﻮﮐﺬﻣ ر ﻪﺑ جوا دﻮﺧ ﯿﺳر ﺪ
) Adams,1965; Wenke, 1981
ﻦﯿﻣزﺮﺳ و ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ سﺮﮔاز ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ رد .(
-
يﺎﻫ لﺎﻤﺷ ﺞﯿﻠﺧ سرﺎﻓ ﺎﻣا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو يﺮﮕﯾد
ﻢﮐﺎﺣ هدﻮﺑ
،ﺖﺳا رد ﺎﺠﻨﯾا ﻪﻧ ﻦﯿﻣز يﺎﻫ ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﮑﯾ و ﺰﯿﺨﻠﺻﺎﺣ
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ نادوﺮﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺘﺷاد دﻮﺟو نورﺎﮐ و تاﺮﻓ ،ﻪﻠﺟد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﯽﺑآﺮﭘ يﺎﻫدور ﻪﻧ و ،نﺎﺘﺳزﻮﺧ و
ﻪﯿﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺮﮔ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ يراﺬﮔ يﺎﻫ گرﺰﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يزروﺎﺸﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.ﺑ ﻪ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺳر ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ
رد ﻦﯾا
،ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
يزروﺎﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ يراﺬﮔ يﺎﻫ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﺎﻣا رد سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﻊﯿﺳو هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا . ياﺮﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا و رﻮﻀﺣ فﺪﻫ
ﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ ترﺎﻈﻧ ي
ﻦﯿﺑ زا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ هدﻮﺑ يروﺮﺿ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ رد ﯽﺘﻟود ﯽﺷﺎﭘوﺮﻓ باﺮﻋا نﺪﻣآ و ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺖﻟود ﻦﺘﻓر
بﺎﻨﺘﺟا ﻢﻈﻨﻣ مﺎﻈﻧ نآ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧ
هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا .
ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﺶﯿﭘ ضﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ زا ﻞﯿﺒﻗ مﺪﻋ ﺖﻟﺎﺧد باﺮﻋا رد
مﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﻫ ي يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺖﻟود
ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
يراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﻧ
ﺰﯿﭼﺎ ﺪﺷر ﻪﺑ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺣ و هﺪﺷ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ
رد ناﺮﯾا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ةرود
ﺎﻏآ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ز ﮐﺄﺗ
ﯿ ﺪ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا
) Sumner and Whitcomb, 1999: 314;
Whitcomb, 1979: 5
ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ (؛
ﺮﺗرﺎﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ
» هﺎﮔراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ داﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﻬﺷﻮﺑ ﻪﯿﺣﺎﻧ رد يﺎﻫ
ةرود ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ
رد ﺖﺷد راﺮﻗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
،ﺖﺳا ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ دﻮﺟو ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا يزروﺎﺸﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﮐ رد ﻊﻗاو ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ ﺪﻨﺑ هﺎﮔر ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ رﺎﻤﺷ ﯽﻣ دور «
) Carter et al, 2006: 98
لﺎﺳ رد.(
633 ﻣ ﯿ دﻼ ي ﺪﻧﺪﺷ دراو قاﺮﻋ ﻪﺑ باﺮﻋا
لﺎﺳ رد ﺎﻣا 634
ﻣ ﯿ دﻼ ي ا زا ﺮﺴﺟ دﺮﺒﻧ رد ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدرﻮﺧ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ
رد) ﯾﺎ ﯽﯾ
، 1383 : 56 - 55
ﺎﺳ رد و (
ل 636
ﻣﯿ دﻼ ي ﺳدﺎﻗ دﺮﺒﻧ رد ﯿ
،ﻪ اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯿ نﺎ ﺗ و ﺪﻧدرﻮﺧ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﯿ
نﻮﻔﺴ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ دﺎﺘﻓا باﺮﻋا
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . يﺎﻫ
مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ رد ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﯾﺎ ﻻو نﺎﻤﻫ ﯾ
ﺖ هﺎﮕﺘﻧﻮﮑﺳ داﺪﻌﺗ نﺪﯿﺳر جوا ﻪﺑ :ﺖﺳا نﺎﺴﻤﻫ درﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ رد سرﺎﻓ ﺎﻫ
رد ةرود ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ و لﻮﻓا ﯽﻧﺎﻬﮔﺎﻧ و ﯾ ﮏ هرﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ رد ةرود زﺎﻏآ ا ﯽﻣﻼﺳ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ رد ﺲﮑﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا . يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ز ﯾ دﺎ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ .
ﺎﺑ اﯾ ﻦ ا ﺎﺑ ،ﻒﺻو ﯾ
ﻦ ﻪﮐ لﻻﺪﺘﺳا
» رد نﺎﺑز ي ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺑز
» ﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ناﺪﺑ نﺎﻫﺎﺷ رﺎﺑرد ﯽ
ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﺪﻧا
«
ﻔﺷ) ﯿﻌ ﯽ ﻨﮐﺪﮐ ﯽ
، 1341 : 20
و(
يداﺪﺟا ﻦﯿﻣزﺮﺳ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ
سرﺎﻓ رد رد يرد ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﺲﭘ هدﻮﺑ
ناﺪﻧﺎﺧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﺠﻧآ ﺎﻫ
هدﻮﺑ
« ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ اﯾ ﻦ ﻫاﻮﺧ ﯿ ﻢ ﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕ
ﯾ ﺖ سرﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
رد نﺎﺑز هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ ي
مﺮﺟﻻ .ﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ شرﻮﯾ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺳر و باﺮﻋا
ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد تﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ
ناﺪﻧﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ ﺣاﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ گرﺰﺑ ﯽ
ﻗﺮﺷ ﯽ ﻠﺻا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽ
اﺮﺑ ي ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽ
ﻣﻼﺳا نارود رد نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ زا ﯽ
دﻮﺑ ه
.ﺖﺳا 1 - 1 .ﭘ ﯿ ﺸ ﯿﻨ ﮥ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ
رد رﺎﺗ درﻮﻣ ﯾ ﺦ ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ اﯾ ناﺮ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ي ا ناﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧاد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺟرﺎﺧ و ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ
ﺮﻘﺗ ﯾ
ًﺎﺒ ﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﯽ ا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯾ ﻦ رد نﺎﺑز هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد هرﺎﺷا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ي
زا .ﺖﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ رد
ﯾا ﻦ ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ) نواﺮﺑ دراودا ﻪﺑ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ اﯾ
ﺑذ ،(ناﺮ
ﯿ ﺢ ﷲا ) ﺎﻔﺻ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ رد اﯾ ناﺮ ﺳرﺎﭘ نﺎﺑز وﺮﻤﻠﻗ رد و
،(ﯽ
ﺣر ﯿ ﻢ ﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﯿ نﺎ دﺎﺒﻗ ي )
ﺳرﺎﭘ ﯽ رد
،(ي
ﯾ نﺎ ر ﯾ ﺎﮑﭙ وﺮﭘ ،(ناﺮﯾا تﺎﯿﺑدا ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯾﺰ
ﺮﻠﻧﺎﺧ ﻞﺗﺎﻧ ي
)
نﺎﺑز -
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز و
ﻠﻀﻔﺗ ﺪﻤﺣا ،(ﯽ
ﯽ )
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ اﯾ ناﺮ ﭘ ﯿ ﺶ مﻼﺳا زا
،(
ﻮﻧرذآ شﺎﺗرذآ ) ش
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ يﺎﻫ ﯿﻣ نﺎ ﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽ و
ﺑﺮﻋ
ﻔﺷ هدازﺎﺿر قدﺎﺻ ،(ﯽ
) ﻖ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ اﯾ
ﺴﺑ و (ناﺮ
ﯿ رﺎ ي د ﯾ ﺮﮕ رﺎﺗ نﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﯾ
ﺨ ﯽ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ و
نﺎﺑز ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺪﻧا
. ﺎﻣا نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ كراﺪﻣ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻗد ﯿﻘ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﯽﯾ
ﻌﻤﺟ ﯿﺘ ﯽ ﺣاﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ صﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﯽ
اوا زا نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯾ
ﻞ ةرود ﻣﻼﺳا ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﯾ شرﻮ ﺗ زﺎ ﯾ نﺎ ز ﺎﺑ نآ طﺎﺒﺗرا و ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑ
ﯽ رد ي
ﺬﭙﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﯾ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮ ﺖﺳا .
1 - 2 . تﻻاﺆﺳ ﺿﺮﻓ و
ﯿ تﺎ
نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ
ﯽ رد ي دا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد ﯾ
نﺎﺒ ﮔرﺰﺑ ناﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧاد و ﯽ
ﻃ رد ﯽ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ راودا
ﻣﻼﺳا ﯽ ا زا ﯾ ﻦ ﻼﺘﻋا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﺧ ي
ﺑدا و نﺎﺑز ﯿ
تﺎ ﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽ ﺎﻣا .ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻟاﺆﺳ
ﯽ ا رد ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﺎﺠﻨ ﺖﺳا حﺮﻄﻣ
اﯾ ﻪﮑﻨ ﻃ ﯽ ﻪﭼ آﺮﻓ ﯾ ﺪﻨ ي ا ﻪﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯾ
ﻦ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺖﺳد ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ و ﯾ شرﻮ زﺎﺗ ﯾ نﺎ ﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﭼ ﯿﺮ ي ا ﺮﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﻧور
ا ؟ﺖﺳا ﯾ ﻦ ﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ زا ةرود ﺳﺎﺒﻋ ﯿ نﺎ ﭘ ﺎﺗ ﯿ ﺶ ار ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﺎﺗ مﻮﺳ نﺮﻗ زا صﻮﺼﺨﺑ لﻮﻐﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺣ زا ﻣﺮﺑ رد
ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ .
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻮﮔ ﯾﺎ ي اﯾ ﻦ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯾ
شرﻮ ﺴﺑ باﺮﻋا ﯿ
رﺎ ي ﺼﺨﺷ زا ﯿ ﺖ يﺎﻫ وا زاﺮﻃ ناﺪﻧﺎﺧ و ل يﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ بﺮﺿ ﺎﺑ گرﺰﺑ ﯾﺪ
ﻟوا ﯿ ﻪ ا بﻮﻨﺟ زا نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﯾ
ﻻو زا تﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺒﺠﻣ ناﺮ ﯾ
ﺖ سرﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
ﻫﺎﺸﻨﻫﺎﺷ ﯽ
ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ ﺧﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺣاﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽ د ﯾ ﺮﮕ ا زا جرﺎﺧ رد ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻪﺑ صﻮﺼﺧ ﺣاﻮﻧ
ﯽ ﭼ ﯿ ﻦ ﺧﺮﺑ و ﺪﻨﻫ و ﯽ
د ﯾ ﺮﮕ بﺬﺟ
ﺣاﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﯽ
داﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻣا ؛ﺪﻨﺘﻓر قاﺮﻋ ي
د ﯾ ﺮﮕ ﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺣا ﯽ ﺮﮔ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯾ
؛ﺪﻨﺘﺨ اﯾ ﻦ
ﺧا هوﺮﮔ ﯿﺮ ﻮﻘﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﺖ ﻧﺎﻘﻫد
،نﺎ ﻮﻫ ناراﺪﺳﺎﭘ ﯾ
ﺖ ﻠﻣ ﯽ اﯾ ناﺮ رﺎﺗ لﻮﻃ رد ﯾ
ﺦ ﺴﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﯿ
رﺎ ي ﻦﺨﺳ زا نازادﺮﭘ
نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﺳودﺮﻓ ﻣ زا گرﺰﺑ
ﯿ نﺎ اﯾ نﺎﺸ ﺖﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ .
1 - 3 . ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور
داﻮﻣ ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻣ ﯿ ثاﺮ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ سﻮﻤﻠﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻣﻼﺳا نارود ﯽ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ كراﺪﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻨﺷ
ﯽﺳﺎ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ زا ﻪﻓﻮﺸﮑﻣ -
يﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﯿ ﻦ رﺎﺗ نﻮﺘﻣ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ
ﺨ ﯽ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ي .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ سﺮﺘﺳد رد زوﺮﻣا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ
اﯾ ﻦ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ
رﺎﺗ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ كراﺪﻣ ﯾ
ﺨ ﯽ
، نﺎﺑز ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺨ ﯽ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ا رد ﯾ ﻦ ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ
ﻦ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﯾا
ﻢ اﺮﭼ ﻪﮐ
ﺎﺟ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯽﯾ
اﺮﺑ ي ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽ
رد ي بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ .
2.
ﺚﺤﺑ 2 - 1.
ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ باﺮﻋا لﺎﺳ رد 633 ﻣ ﯿ دﻼ ي ﺪﻧﺪﺷ دراو قاﺮﻋ ﻪﺑ باﺮﻋا
؛ نﺎﯿﻧاﺮﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺎﺑ لﺎﺳ رد
634 ﻣ ﯿ دﻼ ي ﺮﺴﺟ دﺮﺒﻧ رد زوﺮﯿﭘ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ )
رد ﯾﺎ ﯽﯾ
، 1383 : 56 -
ﺎﻬﻧ رد ﺎﻣا (55
ﯾ ﺖ لﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ 636
ﻣ ﯿ دﻼ ي ﺳدﺎﻗ دﺮﺒﻧ رد ﯿ
ﻪ ،هدرﻮﺧ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ باﺮﻋا زا
ﺗﯿ نﻮﻔﺴ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ د باﺮﻋا و دﺎﺘﻓا باﺮﻋا
د فﺮﺼﺗ دﺪﺻر ﯾ
ﺮﮕ ا ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ ا رد ؛ﺪﻧدﺎﺘﻓا ﯾ
ﻦ ا هﺎﺷ نﺎﻣز ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻪﺑ رﺎﭼﺎﻧ
ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ ﻗﺮﺷ لﺎﻤﺷ ﯽ
ﭘ رد ار رﻮﺸﮐ ﯿ
ﺶ لﺎﺳ رد .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ 20
ﯾ دﺮﮔدﺰ ي
، ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺘﺳزﻮﺧ و سرﺎﭘ رد ﻪﮐ بﺮﻋ هﺎﭙﺳ
ﻣ ﯽ
،دﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺳ ي ﻣزﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ قﺮﺸﻣ ﯿ
ﻦ ﻣزﺮﺳ ﻪﮐ هﻮﻠﻬﭘ ﯿ
ﻦ ترﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ دﻮﺑ ﯿﻠﻋ ﻪ ﯾ دﺮﮔدﺰ .ﺪﻣآرد ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ﯾ
دﺮﮔدﺰ زا
ﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﮓﻨﭼ ﯾ
ﺖﺨ ﺎﻫر ﺖﺴﻧاﻮﺘﻧ ﺎﻣا ﯽﯾ
ﯾ
،ﺪﺑﺎ ز ﯾ اﺮ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯾ دﺮﮔدﺰ ﻠﮐ و ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ دﺮﺒﻧ ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺑود ﮓﻨﺷﻮﮐ زﺮﻣ رد ﯿ
ﻪ
ﺎﻬﻧ رد و دﺮﮐ راﺮﻓ وا .ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺎﺳ مﺪﻬﻨﻣ ار وا هﺎﭙﺳ ﯾ
ﺖ ﺳر ﻞﺘﻗ ﻪﺑ ﯿ
ﺪ
،تراﻮﮐرﺎﻣ) 1373
: 137
ﻪﺑ باﺮﻋا دورو زا ﺲﭘ .(
اﯾ ناﺮ ﻫوﺮﮔ ﯽ ﺬﭘ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد زا ﯾ
شﺮ ﺢﻠﺻ
، ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ يﺎﻫ دﻮﺧ ﻟﺎﻣ و ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ ار ﯿ
تﺎ دﻮﺧ ﻪﯾﺰﺟ و جاﺮﺧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ار
ﻣ نﺎﺤﺗﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﯽ
ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ا .
ﯾ ﻦ د ﻪﺑ ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ﺮﺸﻗ ﯾ
ﻦ ﺎﺑآ داﺪﺟا و ي دﻮﺧ نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻗﺎﺑ
ﯽ هﺪﻧﺎﻣ
، ﺰﺟ ي ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣذ ﻞﻫا زا
هﺪﻣآ رﺎﻤﺷ و
ﺰﺟ ﯾﻪ ﻫوﺮﮔ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﯽ
د ﯾ ﺮﮕ ﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد زا ﺎ
اﺮﮔ ﯾ ﺶ ﻪﺑ مﻼﺳا
، دﯾ ﻦ ﻧﯿ نﺎﮐﺎ رﺎﻨﮐ ًﺎﻤﺳر ار دﻮﺧ
دﺎﻬﻧ و ه ﺎﺑ اﯾ ﻦ ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﺰﺟ ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ زا ﯾﻪ
تﺎﺠﻧ ﯾ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎ
ﻧﺎﺒﻌﺷ) ﯽ
، 1380 : 370 (.
ﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯿ
زﺎ ﺪﺷ ﯾﺪ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺤﺗﺎﻓ ﻟﺎﻣ رﻮﻣا ﻂﺒﺿ و ﺖﺒﺛ مﺎﻈﻧ
ﯽ
، صﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد يﺮﯿﮔراﺮﻗ ﺎﺑ
رد
ﺜﮐ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ هوﺮﮔ ،قاﺮﻋ ﯿﺮ
ي ﺑد زا ﯿ ناﺮ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺳ ي نﺎﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻪﺘﻓر بﺮﻋ
اﺮﻓ) ي
، 1363 : 143
اﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ نﺎﺑز ،(
ي رﻮﻣا مﺎﺠﻧا
رادا ي ﺑﺮﻋ و ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﺮﺑ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﯽ
اد شﺮﺘﺴﮔ باﺮﻋا زا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ار ﺪﻧد
. ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ شور ﻦﯾا ﺎﻣا
،دﻮﺒﻧ نﺎﯿﻧاﺮﯾا زا
اﯾ ﻦ ور ﺘﻗو ﯽ ﺑﺮﻋ نﺎﺑز ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻪﻧﺎﻣز ﺖﻨﺳ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﻋﺎﺷ ﯽ
ﯾ بﻮﻘﻌ ﻟﯿ ﺚ رﺎﻔﺻ ي ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ وا ،ﺪﻧدﻮﺘﺳ ار
ﺑﺮﻋ نﺎﺑز ﯽ » دﻮﺒﻧ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ
، ﻧ رد ﯿ ﺖﻓﺎ ﺻو ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ . ﯿ
ﻒ دﻮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺑد و
ﯿﺮ ﺎﺳر ﯾ ﻞ ﻧ بدا و دﻮﺑ وا ﯿ
ﻮﮑ ناﺪﺑ و ﺖﺴﻧاد
ﺳرﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ رﺎﮔزور ﯽ
ﺲﭘ .دﻮﺒﻧ ﯾ
بﻮﻘﻌ ﭼ :ﺖﻔﮔ ﯿ يﺰ ﻪﮐ ﻧ رﺪﻧا ﻦﻣ ﯿ
ﻢﺑﺎ ﺎﺑ اﺮﭼ ﯾﺪ
؟ﺖﻔﮔ «
رﺎﺗ) ﯾ ﺦ ﺳ ﯿ
،نﺎﺘﺴ 1381 :
260
دﻮﺟو ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ .(
نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻮﻧ
ﯾ هﺪﻨﺴ سﻮﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ هﺮﺳ ﻦﺘﻣ
ﺳرﺎﻓ ﯽ رد
،ي ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ي
ز و ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ ﯾ
ﺎﺒ ﯽﯾ ار نآ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻋ تﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽ
ﺳرﺎﻓ رﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ رد ﯽ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺖﺴﻧاد
ز) ﯾ
،ناﺪ 1386 : 492 ( .
رد ﺘﺴﺨﻧ هﺪﺳ ود ﯿ
ﻦ ﻣﻼﺳا ﯽ ﻫ ﯿ ﭻ ﺧرﻮﻣ ﯽ ا ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﺮﻬﺸﻧاﺮ ي رﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﺦ يرﺎﮕﻧ ﺖﺧادﺮﭙﻧ
،ﺪﮐﺎﺷ) 1381 : 209 -
208
دﻮﺳ .(
ي ا زا باﺮﻋا ﻪﮐ ﯾ
ﻦ رﺎﺗ » ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﮕﻧ ي ﯾ رﺎﭙﺳدﺎ
« ﻤﺤﺗ ﺪﻧدﺮﺑ ﯿ
ﻞ ﺷﻮﻣاﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻣزﺮﺳ نﺎﻨﮐﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﯿ
ﻦ
دﻮﺑ ﻪﺣﻮﺘﻔﻣ .
ﻒﺻو ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﺰﮔ
ﯾ ﺶﻨ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ رﺎﺗ زا ﯾ ﺦ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻣ بﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ حﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﯿ
ﻞ دﻮﺑ نﺎﺤﺗﺎﻓ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
آ ﯿﯾ ﻦ ﮏﻠﻣ -
يراد رﻮﺸﮐ هرادا و
ا)ﯾ
،رﻮﭙﻧﺎﻤ 1390 : 16
رد (
لوا هﺪﺳ ود ﻪﮐ يﺮﺠﻫ
دﻮﺑ راﺬﮔ هرود
، ﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽ ﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﺖﺳا ﯽ ﻪﮐ
لدﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ زا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻣﺎﻈﻧ
ﯽ ﻠﺒﻗ ﯽ هﺪﺷاﺪﺟ ﻟدﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ زﻮﻨﻫ و
ﯽ ﺪﻌﺑ ي ﺳﺮﻧ ﯿ هﺪ ﺖﺳا
ﮑﻣرا دازآ) ﯽ ﻤﻟﺎﻋ و ﯽ
ﻧﯿ ﺴ ﯽ
، 1391 : 11
. (
بﺮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﺷ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا ؛دﻮﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﻮﺠﮕﻨﺟ زا ﺮﻔﻧ راﺰﻫ رﺎﻬﭼ ﯾ
نﺎ د ﯾ ﻤﻠ ﯽ صﺎﻗو ﺪﻌﺳ زا ﻢﺘﺳر گﺮﻣ زا ﺲﭘ
و ﻦﺋاﺪﻣ ﮓﻨﺟ رد ﺮﺗﺪﻌﺑ نﺎﻧآ .ﺪﻨﺘﺳاﻮﺧ نﺎﻣا ﻻﻮﻠﺟ
ﻦﮑﺴﻣ ﻪﻓﻮﮐ رد ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ و ﺪﻧﺪﻣآرد نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ هﺎﭙﺳ رﺎﻤﺷ رد
ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺪﻧﺪ
ﻼﺑ) رذ ي
، 1364 : 41
ﺮﮕﯾد فﺮﻃ زا و .(
ﻫﺎﭙﺳ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﺑ وﺮﻣ نﺎﺑزﺮﻣ شرﻮﺷ ﯿ
نﺎ ﺣﺎﻧ رد كﺮﺗ ﯿ
ﻪ ﻠﺟ ﯿ ناﺪﻨ
ﻨﺟ) ﺬﺑﺎ ا هﺎﺸﻨﻫﺎﺷ راﺮﻓ نﺎﻣز رد ( ﯾ
ناﺮ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺸﮐ و ﺖﺴﮑﺷ تﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ ،نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﯾ
دﺮﮔدﺰ ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار مﻮﺳ
رذﻼﺑ) ي
، 1364 : 75 - 74
ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ ،(
ﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﯽ ﺑ ﻞﻫا زا ﯿ تﺎﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺖﻟود لاوز ﻪﮐ ﯽ
ﻄﻗ ار ﻌ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ
،ﺪﻧدﺮﻤﺷ اﺮﺑ
ي
ﺣ ﻪﮑﻧآ ﯿﺜ ﯿ ﺖ ﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ مﺎﻘﻣ و ﯾ
ﺶ ﻣﺄﺗ و ﻆﻔﺣ ار ﯿ
ﻦ ﻮﺧ ﺖﻟود و هﺎﺷدﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯾ
ﺶ ﺧ ﯿ ﺖﻧﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
) ﻦﯾرز بﻮﮐ
،
1380 : 198
ﻦﯾد نﺎﻣز ﻦﯾا زا .(
د ﺖﺸﺗرز ﯾ
ﺮﮕ ﻮﻨﻌﻣ تﺪﺣو رادﻮﻤﻧ ي
اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯿ نﺎ ز دﻮﺒﻧ ﯾ اﺮ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر تﺮﺜﮐ ي
ﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﯽ
،
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي رﺎﺼﺤﻧا ي ﺘﻟود ﯽ اﺪﺟ و ﯽﯾ ﺗﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﯽ
، ﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﺑ تﺎ ﯽ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ي ا مدﺮﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ د ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﻦ و و ،ﺖﻟود ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد
ﺑ زا ﯿ ﻦ تﺪﺣو ﻦﺘﻓر ﯽﻠﻣ
دﻮﺑ
دﺎﺑآدﻮﻤﺤﻣ) ي
، 1384 : 4
ﺪﺑ .(
ﯾ ﻦ ﺗﺮﺗ ﯿ ﻪﺟرد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد هراﻮﻤﻫ ﺐ ا
ي مﺎﺠﺴﻧا مﺪﻋ زا
ﻣﯿ نﺎ ﻢﮐ و نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺷاد دﻮﺟو ﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ
ز و ﯾ دﺎ
ﮑﻣرا دازآ) ﯽ ﻤﻟﺎﻋ و ﯽ ﻧﯿ ﺴ ﯽ
، 1391 : 14
ﺎﺿرﺎﻧ تﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ(
ﯾﺘ ﯽ دﺎﺣآ
ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻤﺣ مﺪﻋ و ﻪ ﯾ
ﺖ ﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ار نﺎﻤﮐﺎﺣ زا ﯽ
.دﻮﺷ
ﻖﺒﻃ رﺎﺗ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﯾ
ﺨ ﯽ
، ﻟوا ﯿ ﻦ ﻻ ﺎﺑ بﺮﻋ نارادﺮﺳ ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ﯾﻪ
ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ داﻮﺳ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد
ﺑ) ﯿ ﻦ ﺮﻬﻨﻟا ﯾ ﻦ ﻃ ﻪﮐ داد خر ( ﯽ
ﺑا ﻦﺑ ﺪﻌﺳ نآ ﯽ
ﻟوا ،صﺎﻗو ﯿ
ﻦ ﭘ رد ار بﺬﺟ حﺮﻃ ﯿ
ﺶ ﺎﭘ ي ﮐﺪﻧا .دﺎﻬﻧ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد ﯽ
ﻤﺟ ،ﺪﻌﺑ ﯿ ﻞ ﺮﻬﺒﺼﺑ ﻦﺑ ي
ﻟﻼﻓ نﺎﻘﻫد ﯿ
ﺞ ﺮﻬﻧ و ﯾ
،ﻦ ﺳﺮﻧ ﻦﺑ مﺎﻄﺴﺑ ﯽ
ﺧ و ﻞﺑﺎﺑ نﺎﻘﻫد ﻧﺮﻄ
ﯿ
،ﻪ ﻓرو ﯿ ﻞ و ،لﺎﻋ نﺎﻘﻫد
ﻓﯿ زوﺮ ﺛﻮﮐ و ﮏﻠﻣ ﺮﻬﻧ نﺎﻘﻫد ﯽ
ﻫوﺮﮔ و ﯽ د ﯾ ﺮﮕ دروآ مﻼﺳا نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد زا ه
ﻠﺧ و ﯿ ﻪﻔ ﺬﭘ مود ﯾ ﺖﻓﺮ ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻫ ي اﯾ نﺎﺸ ار
ﮕﻧ ﺪﻧﺮﯿ ﺰﺟ و ﯾﻪ ﻧ ار ﯿﺰ دﺮﮐ فﺬﺣ
رذﻼﺑ) ي
، 1364 : 27
ﺘﺣ.(
ﯽ ﺧﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺮﻬﻣ و ﻞﺑﺎﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ نﺎﻧآ زا ﺐﺴﮐ رد ذو
ر نﺎﺤﺗﺎﻓ ،تﺎﻋﻼﻃا نداد و ﺮﺒﺧ ا ﯾ
رﺎ ي ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﺪﻧﺎﺳر
ﺮﺒﻃ) ي
، 1375 /8 : 3555 و 3562 (.
ﺎﺑ ﺮﭙﺳ ي ﺎﻔﻠﺧ نارود نﺪﺷ ي
ﺪﺷار ﯾ ﻦ ﻪﮐ ﻟد ﻪﺑ ﯿ ﻞ زﺎﺗ ﯽﮔ ﺪﭘ ﯾ هﺪ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا طﻼﺘﺧا ﯽ
ﻤﻧ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ار هﺎﺗﻮﮐ هرود نآ
رﺎﺗ راودا مﺎﻤﺗ ﻢﺳر ﯾ
ﺦ ﻟاﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر رد مﻼﺳا ﯽ
،ﺖﺴﻧاد ةرود ﻨﺑ ﯽ ﯿﻣا ﻪ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯿﺮ ﻟاﻮﻣ ﯽ مواﺪﺗ ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ
ﻔﻘﺛ لﻼﻫ ﻦﺑا) ﯽ
،
1395 : 824
ﻮﻣا.(
ﯾ نﺎ ﺒﺼﻋ نورد زا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﯿ
ﺖ ﺒﻗ ﯿ ﻪﻠ ا ي بﺮﻋ ﺘﻣﻮﮑﺣ ،ﺎﻫ ﯽ
ﺘﻨﻄﻠﺳ ﯽ نﺪﻤﺗ زا سﺎﺒﺘﻗا ﺎﺑ ار يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﯾﻪ ﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ
ﺤﻟﺎﺻ) ﯽ
، 1399 : 60 - 59
ﺮﭙﺳ ﺎﺑ .(
ي ﺎﻔﻠﺧ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ نارود نﺪﺷ ي
ﺪﺷار ﯾ ﻦ
،نوﺪﻠﺧ ﻦﺑا) 1345
،
/2 : 397 - 387
ﺑﯿ(
ﻦ ا ﺖﻓﻼﺧ ﻮﻣ ي ا نﺎﻨﮐﺎﺳ و ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ ﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ نﺎﯾزﺎﺗ ﯽﺘﺳﺮﭘداﮋﻧ و ﯽﻟﺎﻣ عﺎﺿوا نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽ
دﺎﺘﻓا فﻼﺘﺧا
ﺤﻟﺎﺻ) ﯽ
، 1399 : 58
رد (:
ةرود ﻮﻣا ي ﺗارﻮﺘﺳد ﯽ ﻨﺒﻣ رﺮﮑﻣ ﯽ
ﺰﺟ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﺑ ﯾﻪ
ﻟاﻮﻣ زا ﯽ هﺪﺷ نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ
دراد دﻮﺟو ،ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
ﺿﺎﻗ) ﯽ
، 1397 : 45 - 44
و(
ﺘﺣ ﯽ بﺮﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻧﯿ ﺰ ﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﻌﺒﺗ ﯿ ﺾ ﻣآ ﯿﺰ ﻮﻣا ي ﺗﺎﺿاﺮﺘﻋا ﯽ ﻪﺘﺷاد
ﺚﻌﺷا ﻦﺑا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
،ﻪﺑرﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑا) 1953
: 329
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ترﺪﻗ ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ و ﺖﻓﻼﺧ دﺎﻀﺗ.(
ﯽ ا رد ﯾ ناﺮ ﻂﺳاوا رد ةرود
ﻮﻣا ي ﻧوﺰﻓ ﻪﺑ ور ﯽ
ﺎﺟ ﺎﺗ ،ﺖﺷاﺬﮔ ﯽﯾ
ا ﻪﮐ ﯾ ناﺮ ﻫﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﻨﺑ ناﺪﻧﺎﻌﻣ ﯽ
ﻣا ﯿ ﻪ دﺮﮔ ﯾﺪ
ﭘ) ﺮﻄ ﮑﺴﻔﺷو ﯽ
، 1363 : 44 ،
49 ، 66 - 67
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(
ﯿ ﻦ اﯾ ناﺮ رد ةرود ﻮﻣا ي ﻧ هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ﯿ ﺎﻫوﺮ ي دﻮﺑ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ و ﻖﻓاﻮﻣ بﺮﻋ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ
ﺑ) ﯿ تﺎ و
،رﻮﭙﻧﺎﻘﻫد 1390 : 23
هوﺮﮔ .(
يﺎﻫ ﻠﺧ نﺎﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ هﺪﻤﻋ ﯿ
ﻪﻔ جراﻮﺧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
)ﯾ ﺑﻮﻘﻌ ﯽ
، 1371 /2 : 227 - 226
ﻮﻠﻋ ،(
ﯾ نﺎ
جﺮﻔﻟاﻮﺑا)
ﻧﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﯽ
، 1380 : 447
ﺎﺒﻗ و (
ﯾ ﻞ رد ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ةرود
ﻮﻣا ي ا ﻪﺑ ﯾ ناﺮ ا ،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ تﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﯾ
ﻦ ﻏ ﻪﺑ ﯿﺮ ﻟاو تﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ زا ﯿ
نﺎ و
اﺮﻣا ﯽﯾ اﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ي
هرادا ﺑﯿ ﺖ لﺎﻤﻟا ﺎﺒﻗ و ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ و ﯾ
ﻞ ﻫار ﯽ اﯾ ﻦ ﻣزﺮﺳ ﯿ ﻦ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
ﻠﻌﻟا ﺪﻤﺣا) ﯽ
، 1384 : 25 .(
ﺮﻬﻨﻟاءاروﺎﻣ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺨﻣ و نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
ﺴﮐﻮﭼ) ﯽ
، 1387 : 59
ﻘﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا (
ﯽ ﻟد ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﯿ
ﻞ ﺘﺸﺗرز رﻮﻀﺣ ﯿ
نﺎ و
ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﺤﻣ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽ
ﺎﺴﻤﻫ و ﯾﮕ ﯽ ار دﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ نﺎﮐﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻻد ﻪﺑ و ﻆﻔﺣ
ﯾ ﻞ ﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯿﺎ
ﯽﯾ و
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻧ ﻪﻋﻮﻄﻣ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ بﺮﻋ نﺎﺤﺗﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ ﯿﺰ
ﺸﺨﺑ ﯽ ﻧ زا ﯿ ﺎﻫوﺮ ي ﺎﻫزﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ي
ﺪﻨﺳ
) ﻦﯾرز بﻮﮐ
، 1368 :
105
ﺮﻬﻨﻟاءاروﺎﻣ و( )
Kennedy, 2000: 124
ﮑﺸﺗ ار (
ﯿ ﻞ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧداد ﻧ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯿ
وﺮ ي ﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﯽ ﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﯾﺰ
ﺰﮐﺮﻣ زا
ﻣ بﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ﯽ
ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ .
ﻮﻣ ﺮﺜﮐا لﺎﺳ رد ار نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﺢﺘﻓ ،نﺎﺧر 22
ﺮﺠﻫ ي ا رد و ﯾ مﺎ اﺪﺘﺑا و بﺎﻄﺧ ﻦﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ ي
نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ حﻮﺘﻓ
ﺴﺒﻃ ار ﯿ ﻦ ﻻو و ﯾ ﺖ ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد نﺎﺘﺴﻬﻗ ﺪﻧا
. ﯽﻫار ﺒﺧ زا ﻪﮐ ﯿ
،ﺺ ﻠﻌﻓ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ قﺮﺷ رد ﯽ
ﺴﺒﻃ ﻪﺑ ﯿ
،ﻦ بﻮﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ
ﻧ ،تاﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا و نﺎﺘﺴﻬﻗ ﯿ
،رﻮﺑﺎﺸ د دﻼﺑ و وﺮﻣ ﯾ
ﺮﮕ ﻬﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﻬﻨﻟاءاروﺎﻣ ﯽ
ﻣ ﯽ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﺧﺮﺑ . ﯽ ﻧﯿ ﺰ ار نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﺢﺘﻓ
لﺎﺳ رد 29
ﺮﺠﻫ ي ا رد ﯾ مﺎ هدﺮﮐ ناﻮﻨﻋ نﺎﻔﻋ ﻦﺑ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ
،ﺪﻧا ﯾز اﺮ مدﺮﻣ ،بﺎﻄﺧ ﻦﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ تﺎﻓو زا ﺪﻌﺑ
ﻟاو نﺎﻣز نآ رد ﻪﮐ هﺮﻤﺳ ﻦﺑ ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﺮﺑ ار ﻪﺻﺮﻋ و هدﻮﻤﻧ شرﻮﺷ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ مود لﺎﺳ رد نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯽ
ﺎﻧ رد ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟاﺪﺒﻋ .ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ ﮓﻨﺗ ،دﻮﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﻣ
يا ﺑ و نﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﻪ ي
ا زا ار ﯾ ﻦ ﻦﺑ ﷲاﺪﺒﻋ ،نﺎﻤﺜﻋ .ﺖﺧﺎﺳ هﺎﮔآ ﺮﻣا
ﺮﮐ ﻦﺑ ﺮﻣﺎﻋ ﯾﺰ
فﺮﻃ زا ﷲاﺪﺒﻋ .ددﺮﮔ ﻪﻧاور نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ هﺮﺼﺑ هﺎﭙﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ رﻮﻣﺄﻣ ار ﯾ
دﺰ ﺴﺒﻃ و ﯿ ﻦ دراو
ﻧﺎﻣز كﺪﻧا زا ﺲﭘ و ﺪﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯽ
دﺮﮐ ﺢﺘﻓ ار ﺎﺠﻧآ دﻼﺑ
رذﻼﺑ) ي
، 1364 : 49 - 38 .(
2 - 2.
ﻗ ﯿ مﺎ يﺎﻫ اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
ﺖﯿﻠﻫﺎﺟ ﮐ بﺮﻋ
ﻪﺳﺎﻤﺣ دﺮﻣ ﻪ ﻦﯾﺮﻓآ
ار نآ دﺮﺧ هدﺮﮐ
،دﻮﺑ رد ﻞﮑﺷ ﺖﻓﻼﺧ يﻮﻣا زﺎﺑ تﻮﻗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ و ﻪﺳﺎﻤﺣ
گرﺰﺑ مﻼﺳا ار ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ ﻪﻌﺟﺎﻓ ﺪﯿﻧﺎﺸﮐ
) ﻦﯾرز
،بﻮﮐ 1379 : 7
هوﺮﮔ .(
يﺎﻫ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ،سرﺎﻓ رد نﺎﻧﺎﻘﻫد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
و نﺎﺘﺳﺮﺒﻃ ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻃ ﻠﮐ ﯽ
، ا قﺮﺷ رد ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ يﺎﻫ ﻤﺠﺴﻨﻣ ﯽ ﺪﭘ ار ﯾﺪ ﺪﻧدروآ
،ﺮﻟﻮﭙﺷا) 1369 : 276 - 275 .(
ﺎﻔﻠﺧ ي ﺪﺷار ﯾ ﻦ ﻧ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ تﺎﺣﻮﺘﻓ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﯿ
ﺎﻫوﺮ ي ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﯽ شرﻮﺷ ﻊﻓد ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ رد يﺎﻫ
ﻠﺤﻣ ﯽ و
ﺒﺜﺗ ﯿ ﺖ ﺪﺟ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﯾﺪ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
ﺤﻟﺎﺻ) ﯽ
، 1399 : 157
يﺎﻔﻠﺧ ﺮﺼﻋ رد .(
ﺪﺷار ﻦﯾ نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ ﯽﺘﺨﺳ و
ﯽﻤﻧ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯿﻤﻫ و ﺪﺷ
ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﻣا ﺐﻠﺟ نﺎﻧآ ﯽﻣ ﻣا ،ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ رود رد ﺎ
ة نﺎﯾﻮﻣا ﺖﺨﺳ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺮﺑ رﺎﮐ
ﻪﮑﻧﺎﻨﭼ ،ﺪﺷ
ناﺪﺑﺮﯿﻫ ﯽﻣ ار هﺪﮑﺸﺗآ و ﺪﻨﺘﺸﮐ ناﺮﯾو ار ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
) ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ نﺎﺘﺴﯿﺳ ، 1381 : 92 - 93 ، ﻆﺣﺎﺟ ؛ 1926
/4 : 480 - 481 .(
ﻦﯾا ﺮﺧاوا رد
هرود ﯿﻧ ﺰ ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻒﯿﻔﺨﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
) ﺮﻔﺻ ي ﻧﺎﺷوﺮﻓ ﯽ
، 1397 : 119 - 50
ﻪﺑ يرﻮﻣا نداد ﺎﯾ و(
نﺎﯿﻧاﺮﯾا ﯽﻣ ﯽﻟاﻮﻣ بﺬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ
ﻤﻫ نﻮﭽ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻟﺎﺧ ﷲاﺪﺒﻋ يﺮﺴﻗ ﻪﮐ يدﺮﻣ ﯽﺘﺷدرز ر نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺮﺑ ا
يروﺮﺳ هداد دﻮﺑ .
نرﺎﻘﻣ جاور مﻼﺳا نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﻞﯾﺎﺒﻗ بﺮﻋ ﻪﻌﯿﺑر قاﺮﻋ رد ﺮﻀﻣ و ﻦﯾد ،
ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﺖﯿﺤﯿﺴﻣ و
ﯽﮐدﺰﻣ و دﻮﺟو
ﺖﺷاد
ﻦﯿﻣا) ، 1945 : 84
ﻞﯾﺎﺒﻗ .(
بﺮﻋ ﻣ ﯽﺤﯿﺴ ﻪﮐ ناﺮﯾُا ﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ نﺎﻤﯿﭘ ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
نﺎﯾزﺎﺗ ﻪﮐ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ
ﻢﻫ ناداﮋﻧ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺧ ن�
