• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

An Comparison of the First Five Development Plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from the Perspective of Contingency Planning indices

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "An Comparison of the First Five Development Plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from the Perspective of Contingency Planning indices "

Copied!
9
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

Iranian Journal of Public Policy

2022 , Vol. 8 , No. 1 , 195-203

Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran.

This Work Is licensed under a CreativeCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

An Comparison of the First Five Development Plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from the Perspective of Contingency Planning indices

Hassan Danaeifar1 ,Ali-Reza Soltani2*

1- Phd student of political science , Islamic Azad University Science & Research Branch, Tehran, Iran 2- Assistant professor of political science, Islamic Azad University Science & Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding Author’s Email: Ali.Soltani@iauctb.ac.ir

Received: 29 September 2021 Accepted: 2 March 2022

A B S T R A C T

Developmental policy-making & planning should be able to confront unfamiliar & contingent phenomena in practice

& have the ability to make a kind of strategic balance between the planning environment & identified objects to form the basis for realizing its objectives. Fitness, coherence, & tolerance (flexibility) are the three bases of contingency planning.

Now the question is, from the perspective of contingency planning indices, which one of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s development plans was able to realize its identified objectives. In our research, we propose the hypothesis that although fourth & fifth development plans, from a theoretical point of view, were more in compliance with contingency planning indices , the third development plan was in practice the best plan regarding contingency planning indices. In this research, we will use a descriptive & comparative methodology & by using primary sources we apply a library research method.

Keywords: Contingent Policymaking, Policy Index, Resilience, Cohesion, Adaptability.

R E V I E W A R T I C L E

Https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2022.85996

(2)

, : % WI&, H $ 5 X . B& " Y 7Y.5 " Z

[F !

> \ ] J= $

. # $

# ' Z A1 2

*

1 -

% B BC 1 D / 1 $ 6U ! "# $ D )$ 7"# $ A A

.

2 - () / 1 $ 6U ! "# $ D .$

A A .

[) 0 * := >?) #?0

Ali.Soltani@iauctb.ac.ir

:4 . $ V.

7 1400

:X . 3 V.

11 / ` 1400

4 1e

* H? "

Q - ! 4 5 2 M - = 8 ."# B 5a 5 A L

N * O A 54 J7 )S Q F(K ) ' . ' J *) 3 $ " ' - "\ 5@ _M ( F L * _"$ " i

(5? "=

.. 5a ` B L * 5 % > ' A * (( A ) &

* 2 5#E O n

> > . * ' i"

H? " + {M - *0 ' ( U ' *"= ' k= JQ = O ) @> A

% @ )*+ [ E 5 * ^ ' 3 $ M - ""A ( F5 ` B * *0 [ "> JZ*"#4 > . ."AB

" {M - . 4 [ * * JQ = S 7C ."A * 7 A S * F A L * ' 5 5a ` B H?

*"Z A S O * - A ?Q = * % " 5a ` B {M - 8 *,# 4 • $ ' 5a ` B .. U ' A A * *

- . .

! Af

f % " ; ); (@ , | W % " ; );:

% &4 ; P < %&T .

Https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2022.85996

(3)

بﻼﻘا زا ﺲ نا ا ﻪ ﻮ ﻢ لوا ی ﻪ ﻪ ﺎﻘ! و ﯽ#ر ﺺ&ﺎﺷ ()*+ زا ﯽ,ﻼﺳا

ﯽ.ﺎﻀ01ا یراﺬ3ﺘ5ﺎﯿ5 ی

78 ﯽ9 اد ﻦ<=

رﺎﮑﻤ@ و

(

, , ' % ? & & )J %' J @ , $ # 1) W & u < % " ; );

B) %' A k ; >' \ ' b$ ! % , )Q $ + B@ & x $ p ) 4 (? & ; @)

?5, %&' $ %' .'4 ; ‚ $ ) 4 . '% ' ' & ) & % !% 4 & $

% W )d 1 % ' 2 W % " ; ); $ T ! & %' ))s ) $'

Kiyani, 1998: 21 .(

$ : C & .

g * $% +. %' \; &% %' T ' $ )O ?5, h b <) W 'R) # $' @ & 4

& P $ 4 ! \;

vu % > ,

% & 4 . '%&T ' % ( u O F Qd ) ' 5 &

% " ; );

; | W

% &4 ; (h; ) f &( ; )# b )P <

%&T A k ; B) %' (x /\ )

.' . ) % - % ) % o u | W >

% o ) . ?G& & © -

[ @ '% F \ / & .

& ! ).

. $' )# ? 4 ?QW & T%' T &% ! $ : C % J $ ~ ! :)# & ~

%' ; 1 $ \; ) &

1327 \; '4 . 4 T 4 . , h 2 % , ` %'

> ; v # .1; ' O – & •R &

1355 &

h 2 & ) # 1 5J @ & %' b+,

. ' – T ' [ @ B ,

\; & W ! % +. ) … # fR ?u & 4

> ; 4 . , 1 % +. % & u % M ; A $ ) & ' 1368

# .

\; v

. , – > J %' \; ) +, 0 J > J %' & – ) . . 1; > z;

$ 4 A)

; $ (@ , 1 % (fR 4& )# 4 `# b # >& )% +. \;

% / < | W % " ; ); O

@ , ))\ x $ Q<

l 4 ; p % '

A

| W % " ; ); )O ?5, ) 4 $% +. ' 2 W %' P i )c F ))s ' 2 W % " ; ); ! %' 1; ' b$ ! % )

Mosallanejad, 2011: 48 \; > + $ 4 T 1; $ . 4 %&' 4 `# .(

' @ ' & < /) ) W $ ' ' & F )| f C% C %' % +. $ . T ' $y %' %&

Q$ % + & , ))\ :)# 4 ˆ)$ ' F% Q .'% " & J q % \; 4 G @ m q ) '% ' & \; )< %' \ Motavasseli, 2005: 11

>' \ ' u . ' )O % W '% $' 5 &% .(

@ ' B) x $ ) % " ; ); Š X %' J $ : . %' P4M x /\ & < % # ' Q$ % 4 &

. b$ ! \; $ %' % ( % @ B) &

H? " W#~

'' O % , – | W E & & P 4 ‘W I Q< 1, ' &' 1< %& 0 u | W % " ; ); Š Q '&%& 4 ?QW .

%' % T , 1; ); \ / ) – | W O <$ ‚& + 5 & 5 F% 2 $ # $ 5#M _"$

58 M _"$

S Q FK Ĥ

(4)

) 4 . -. ' % . $ b)

. 1; T ' & &' u | W ?5+

Schedler, 2007: 11) (.

>& 1, ' :

– | W

) Contingency (

'% )+)# ‚& , & F u | W p @ \ * ' # p P4M F & B , ' b$ !

, 4 ) .

'%&T ' < & 1, ' %' \; # IRX & < $ ! ; ); ? . B ,

' 2 W ...

' . '&%& \; T ! %' q ) 4 ' & & , .

% – | W ' 5 &% %' "

' + b$ ! \; F u | W & ' . % i )<# % \; & q , % -O & )+)#

5 )c T p

' $ @ .

– | W ) Contingency (

P %'

\ B) J & b. J B , & $ 1)\W & 1@ , \ P&'

' b$ ! % * ' # p ) 4 T 4 •) G b ! & †%' . % "O )d & P .

– | W g \ %'

% \; &

' % i )+)# I z .

P&' 1, ' ' ' % W – Q 0 )

[ @

b. J B , & F u | W (

-) \; T ! & &% +* 1 ; 1 %' +) $ ) 4 ' b$ ! F%& 0 4

) | ' @ \; 1; \ & % Q , \; .

. - ) P ) & C b$ 4 ' # i &

' & u % ' 2 W % " ; ); ; , ]&% %' % O ? i – | W 4 P&' 1, '

»

| W 1

« ' . m / u | W % " ; ); %' ' 5 &% \ % .

- % $ i

u | W

$' u % - % '% %' u $ % - % )

Malizia, 1982, 8 (

. ]R u | W % " ; );

'%& ) ' & ' 2 W & % - ; ); |! ) A) O% / % ).

Mosallanejad, 2011: 287 .(

'

/ % % " ; ); & - % $ . 1; )Ok & 4 /) 1*; |! & $y * ' |! ) x , & bi

$' % W i '% \; - % %' .

1)\0& n Q/ % @ & @ ' B , x /\ & % O4 ;

\; ' 2 W )

! ) & ! \; i 4 (

y $ $ &

)

& ) & &%' (

% " ; ); ; ; b)$ 4 %

1< ' u | W .

|! b. J B , & – | W E & & '% ' & ?J % P -)C u | W %'

- % % >' \ & h; ) %' & ?)5+ % > G 4 ), '%&T s %

. ; ; & G >M ;

B , h; F W ; A C . 1; u | W b ' % # & , ' 1)\0& . `5\ . u | W

. ))\ % , , ' % P4M +* d .

' \W & B , & $ i ) # | W 4 & .

)

$ . ? & i )

Alvani, 1989: 19 .(

]R % " ; ); %' b (@ , ; 4 $ .

% &4 ; ) h;

( P <

) ; )# b (

f &

' )O i %' % %&T .

' F%& 0 a - % P 1)$

%' %' b)$ : M # & P < % O4 ; ) . > , 1 ; % $ . $' b5J ) \! - % 4 J q &

. 1. J \ ) \!

. . / , %' k & ' , ) %& 0 ) C F )| . 1; •%- )€&

, & &% , 1 d & ) J $ ' ' ' Q . - % )

McLeod, 2018: 34 .(

) $ E& # J q O . 1; G

$ 1)\W ))s T . ;% i ) C & ' . $ @ % !% | W % q , , ' f * 5 )

B , (

$' ))s % ' @ • $ A) . & $ k ; .

. ).{ r 0 &' 1) R &

:1 .

> 4 ! O G ! 1 ;

R 1*; &

2 . ' . h). % - % g * $ AQ; (*+ ?u < & $ 1)\W j; # %' )

Bryson

& Delbecq, 1979: 178 (.

, %' , & x $ a ; & ) ; ;' > $ (@ , 4 .

4 ) . F $ - % xR@

v . 1; > Q u | W - % <$ +) a & 4

; . a & 4 %' 2*+ & S )

Malizia, 1982, 165 (

. )s M \ /) B , & ? ‚ Q % %'

' , < & )s 1 b)$ & ? <

. G 2 ; 1 b)$ B) 4 % Q – | W % o

&' T ) | & ‚& + ‚ Q % &

) Madani, 1992: 115 S Q (.

+* &%' $ $ & ; )# b ‘W ' Q

+* ) &

' b. J y $ 1 2@ & i Q * $ & $ 1)\W & h;

B)

& - % )# i )c & J , ) :)# )c ’' J & $ # 1Q< ? & x /\

- % B) ) '% ' % ,

Jani & Azouji, 2014: 16 (

.

(5)

بﻼﻘا زا ﺲ نا ا ﻪ ﻮ ﻢ لوا ی ﻪ ﻪ ﺎﻘ! و ﯽ#ر ﺺ&ﺎﺷ ()*+ زا ﯽ,ﻼﺳا

ﯽ.ﺎﻀ01ا یراﺬ3ﺘ5ﺎﯿ5 ی

78 ﯽ9 اد ﻦ<=

رﺎﮑﻤ@ و

( $ a` N) s q"G& &MK" & = , -(

/ &

= ) 1372 - 1368 (

* ."a )S Q g :(

- $ 1; ); & T f <J \; $4 ) ; ; 4 ' 2 W ,%

1! O % W % .% ;' %' ) : -! d ' 2 W )

The President Planning & Economic Affairs Administration,

108 2009 : %' ]R u ; 4 .(

1 1 f

- & x $ 4 5 \ P' ; ; $4 ) ?W J )

' \ & ' 4T $ 1 )W 1 ; 1. J & F @ $M . % "O — ))s 1; ); ? %' ; );

‰ - ' +) 5) % G %' T FM 2 %' u . ' @& 4%& +. ' ' % W 1 &

@ ' ( @ ) ,% G%

' \ & 1\ G :*

15

% 4%& +. :* ,% . &

1 / 6

% , ' ' [ 2 @ )

Program & budget

organization, documents of the first development plan, 1989 ' (

- &%& , — 1; ); ? %' > # ]4% ‡ J

4% 4 ; <5 -

).

&. ' \ $ E& # R. 4 % ? %' & P ) $ E& # P -

% ).

4 a g * $ E& # R. 4 % ; %' ' 4 b J p %- ? %' ,%

- %' , \;

;&% \; ? $ ;&% 4 ; & ?2! b ;

4 '% @ 3

/ 2

% ' 1Q< % F % Q ?. 4

% 2

/ 28

% 8 / 71

% 4 %... &

$ 1)u&' .' , +* ) & +* &%' P < P &

.1; ' ' % W )\0 1)\0& %' i 4 % ) %'

' (K ) g : - A 4 ' 2 W F <; & $' ‚ Q % . , ' ' \; >&

);% \ %' W ' 2 W & ; ); )O a0 T ‚& , ] "# & > # ) n& G &

R; % 1Q< %(f c & 5 ) ) $ &

% ' % @ $ 1)! € 4 & ' ' ))s

F u | W & 1)\W & % ." ' 5 &% % &4 ; ?) > # ) n& G & A ‚& , ] "# bc ) .

@ i '% x $ 1< ( ' Q$ % B) ) (f c) ) % W % +. B &% b. J )# ; ;' '

f.

- ) $ 1)! \ x"J F @ & M . % "O 1 )W 1; ); ))s 4% — 4 ; <5 $ 1; );

O $ 5 h ....& >& - $ ' 2 W ? \ 1; ); 1 ' 2 W ,% P

\ 5)# ) ; &

' 2 W R. (@ , 4 @ 5 % / . ) … > ; 1+$ 4 , $% 4

\ b. J > G % O4 ; & 0% h & ' . )# : -! F + # $ > ; %' P%

u T 4 .'' O fR 4 `#

>& . $ 1)\W &

) B &% & \ b. J > G & ' 2 W ; );

? .' 4% g)\0 ( u | W ) % &4 ; (@ , i 4 % , % 4M % &4 ;

&

* H= ( A ) :(

, #& ! ?)QW 4 . 4 ‰% @ & O ’' J ) F% W , Q/W A &% ,

… r& , & P G B; 1 . > s, , J 4 ; # 4 5! $% o )O ?5, ? 1 )W O :$ . & : -! S% ! v) @ >&

4 `# \ %' F \W •/; – % & ) B) %' 1

, Š ) … & fR B , %' $' A & ; ); i ) |! '% & % - % B) IR '

' , . \; $ > . 4 ‰% @ FM 4 T , "# )d 4 . J ' 2 W ,% ' 5

& / %' ' 2 W )c ? & % +. $ T%' 1W : -! $ % ), $ & ! $ ; );

1; ' - % )

Theoretical foundations & documents of the fourth plan, first volume, 2004: 660 (

"

’' J ! O i %' &

&

FM J h ' Q$ % 1 c & ' O b)i > . 4 ‰% @

|W ,

'' O ' . p @ % $ 1 & . , ) :)# )c .

4 & $' % W + . & 1)\0& %' % ' @ &

f '' O % '% @ )\0 %&T .

(6)

) = % ! 1378

- 1374 (

* ."a ) S Q b. J 5! & i Q $ % P&' b. J i Q :(

?)QW 4 >&

& ; ); ' 2 W \; P&' %' 1 r 0 ). I ! G & ' 2 W 4 ; ' 4T & ? \ 1; );

.' 4% $ !

» %' F Qd ' \; >& $'%& ;' 1)QX \; P&' G k ;

' 2 W $ &%

) ' \ ' 2 W FM ) ; % :$ . & % +.

Kordbacheh, 2007: 13 .(

' %' P&'

) ' , J q >& ' 2 W 4 ;' 4T $ 1; );

Program & budget organization, 2004: 100 ) %' .(

u $ ; )# >& $ 1)u&' &R P&' ) n& G & A ‚& , & )G ? ,

1; ); & > #

P% & ' ' 1;' 4 % 4M P < IR %- % 1 $ & % ,% ' 2 W ? \ ;

4% g)\0 % )< P < (@ , i 4 P&' " .'%&T ' % ' 2 W %' .'' O

) '

(K \; >& $ % &4 ; i 4 \; P&' : , \ G &% $ 1; );

|! ! O i %' & ...& ' 2 W 4 ; ' 4T & ? \ 1; ); % @ P & 1! %' % @ % "O ; f" % +.

& )c @ ' & % @ .1; ' % &4 ; & \W

4% g)\0 % &4 ; i 4 P&' S ; ) $

.'' O

&

* H= ( A ) & ' 2 W 4 ;' 4T Q > G %' P&' ; %' , PR ; ); & x $ :(

5 4 ;' 4T ' ' 2 W $% +! 1 . 1; 4 ; G 2@

)O ?5, & % 1; % F * .' "#

> ; %')P&' ) %' 1 &' 1376

& , P&' %' , % " ; ); %' ))s -) (

%'.'%&T ' b); % +. \; $ p! & ' 2 W & < \; %' % $ 1 & S ; ) $ B)

> ; %' % @ 1376

0 :$ . . );T W , f \ G $% +.%' T ' ' 2 W ' .%

% )< )d % +. ' 2 W ' .% $ ' O % +. )c F %' G ) w $ & T 1 )W , 1! & 1 % % ' .% B , & 1, ' ) 1@ ; b. J -)

The Third Economic Development Plan, Program & Budget

Organization, 2004: 19-22

" ( •/; 5 & + ) :)# . , $' &% & $ # ? %'

f & x /\ F% W & ' Q aW & h; $ ) :)#

F + % %&T f 4 ) %' & ' ' :$ .

)\0 %&T

. ' O '% @

) = % 1383

- 1379 (

* ."a )S Q

; ); & $ ! % +* 1 & :(

$ +* ! ŠJ Q k &

1; ); ). u ; 4 & 1 P $ +*

' 2 W ? \ > . P $ % :$ .

' 4 ; G 2@ FR) < ' ; — & 4% — 4 ; <5 ) $ 1)! \ x"J F @ & M . % "O 1 )W W% |!

' Q bc ) Q . <$ $ 1)u&' G G 4 ' 2 W )c G J 4 :) ).

P <

< ' '%&T 1; ' 5 $ (@ , X. %' % ? W $'%&Ĥ ;' '

. P ; "

' ' W /; 1)\0& 4 P < (@ , i 4 % .

(K ) '

: [ 2@%' .1< ' QW &' ' 5 > 2 % P ; 1

G )O

)1; )# %' P ; 2

%& 0 . .1; , & & J q O \; P ; :1; T ) C (

:$ .) ? \ 1; ); ). & ‡ J 0 . $' % W '% % fR & R; \ $4 ) &

s $ % ]R (...& 4% — 4 ; <5 ) $ 1)! \ % x"J F @ & M . % "O 1 )W 1; ); ))

(7)

بﻼﻘا زا ﺲ نا ا ﻪ ﻮ ﻢ لوا ی ﻪ ﻪ ﺎﻘ! و ﯽ#ر ﺺ&ﺎﺷ ()*+ زا ﯽ,ﻼﺳا

ﯽ.ﺎﻀ01ا یراﺬ3ﺘ5ﺎﯿ5 ی

78 ﯽ9 اد ﻦ<=

رﺎﮑﻤ@ و

T ' . – J & ‚& + 5, %

) The Third Economic Development Plan, Program & Budget

Organization, 1999 <) ' 0 ' . ]R .(

. $' % W i % F )| QW $

F%& 0 p) %' % +. \; $4 b+C & $ p! b); & . ]R # & f , # \ + C & $4 ) $

1; ' R; fR P ; $' )

The Third Economic Development Plan, 1999: 7 (

P ; "

4 5 %

B) %' ' 4 $ ]R bc ) C $ .' , @ ' B) F u | W %' % O4 ; & p! $ .'%&T 1;' % ; & ) '%&Ĥ ;' 1< % @

&

* H= ( A ) C & $4 ) %& 0 p) . ] :(

& $ p! b); & \ +

1; ' R; fR P ; $' %' % +. \; $4 b+C )

The Third Economic Development Plan, 1999: 7 .(

? \ 1 1 )W , :$ . & / & ' 2 W ' .% & i ) b $' &% & ’' J bc ) . 4 ‰% @ 1< J + C p) i u & . &% T "# f F )d & >

f 4 %' .'' O QW ? W ' 5 $ (@ , 4 & '' O % '% @ T %' (f @) QW ? W %&T

% dT & 1 & ))s ;%' 4 i x G r f 1< P ; ] & 1QX Q

%&T

. , , ' 4& '% & $ 5 %' ' @ % # 1 %' @

) = % ;<

1388 - 1384 (

* ."a )S Q :(

4 %' M . ) %' W% |! ' % # & < a ; ' 2 W ,%

) $%

1 & < 1) ' 2 W # 1 W% ' 2 W > \! ? \ % +. ' 2 W ' .(P c' ) ) ' ) & \ & G 2@ :* &' $ 1. , % "O & ...&

6 ' 4 &

18 27 d % |J 1 &' b J :$ . (

) •/; %' & : ' 4 )O & %& : -! ) $ ' & $ 4 ; $' %' 1 |

. ' y x $ 1) W 4 i x G .1< ' P% C ; ; – - 4 % E 5 & ' '% @ ( @) QW ? W Q< P < 4 -)C $ 1)u&'

. ,

(K ) '

. ' . ‚ Q ; P% C ;% : ,% p )< %' G )O 1

; % %' ? \ 1; ); & 4 ; G 2@ % +. ' 2 W ' .(P c' ) ) % # & < a ; ' 2 W &%

& ) % .4 ; p q 4 1 r 0 & ' ' 2 W % +. ' 2 W P c' & 4 ; b. J > G & b)$ )O 1 % &4 ; 4 i x G .1; , "# h);T % +W F <

F - T . ' , m / ; ; :, # \ ' 2 W J & $ ! ; ); W J $ ) 4 :)# & $ ) 4

4 ;% O4 ; F%& 0 %' l1; ' O b$ ! ( % + ) ) C ) & / B) %' % |J 1 1 %' ) )< . & i % +. W J & W i ' O % , * )

Q ' 2 & )w)# [ @ &% A 4 . % +. % "O W P i . ' , m / > o;

r %' l' . ' T %' % ) 4 ) C O' < 1; % '% @ & R; fR 5! Q & $ ]4%

$ p ) 4 & ' Q % '% @ P4M n Q/ & % O4 ; 4 % @ & @ ' F u | W & $ 1)\W & ; @ & x > QW ? W )c & g)\0 u | W % " ; ); > & %' % &4 ; b (@ , i 4 " .1; , ' & T

.'' O 4%

&

* H= ( A ) :(

/ F + & $ : ' 2 W $ b ' <$ & # %' : C

… T $ )# & 5 B; (n > s, ) S% ! v) @ P&' … ? , 33

F ; Q f ?)u ; J 4&%

% @ & % "O )d $' &% & ’' J 4 % ....& 1 1 )W P% C & %&' %' . ' , . 4 ‰

(8)

f C% C & m&% 5) & ' ) :)# ? W & J %&' %' T $ )# \/W . .1; ' r W& > J %' 2 .' , – $ @ ' @ B) 4 ‰% @ |! %' u O . , b)i O G B) ) >

f & x /\ F% W T ' $ # & $ : C '% @ %' , Š aW & B) & - % %&T

& ' ' 1;' 4 % ' @ .'' O ' W i 4 g)\0 $ –-

\; P% C >& FR5+ 4 5

T "# x /\ P .1; ' $

) = 7 1394

- 1390 (

* ."a )S Q 1 Š Q ' ! 0 & P% C . f C C ‡ J 0 b # :(

4 ; <5 % x"J [ 2* ' 2 W ? \ 1; ); 4 4 :) ). & 4 ; G 2@ &

% & 4% — ?) ' @ % , & ) & %&' $ 1)u&' g * $ E& # ' @ 4

] "# & 4%& +. FM 2 %' u . ' @ ). 1 & ' 2 W < & f , # ,% 1 & .1; ' . .& 4%& +. FM 2 4 M . F '% & & ' 4T F%

. , , ' )\0 ; )# b & P < , Š ...

(K ) '

%& – % F @ & ) ? $ 1 )W ' . \W &) ' 2 W < & f , # ,% :

, %& , 4% & & # $ 1; ); b)i % . & h<. |! ' Q E x 2 4 ; ) ) ? +* f

1 % \, . , & +) Qq x 5, h F .%' ?W M (.... 4 ; G 2@ & F %' G .'% % 4M % O4 ; & R; fR y $ 1 2@ & % & f" % i d & 4 ; ? \

# %& ! & % "O ; -) & Q< $ 1 - – 5 F @ & $M . $% 4 +) ; ;' & ! +)

%&' %' % +. ) b. J B &% . '% ' % @ ' <O % 5 $ & ; ); $ ) 4 :)# 4 ) W%

.1; ' 1)\W & 4 %&' & % O4 ; IR . &

. , % '% @ )\0 4 i 4 b # "

&

* H= ( A ) :(

x $ ' % \; b # # ,% .1< ' P% C ). & . % "O

ŠJ Q ). ' 2 W 4 ; & ? \ 1; ); ' ' 2 W < & f , ? \ 4 ) 1

F )d & ? ) B &% %' b. J |! 4 %& u |! %' .1; ' ) x q ' <O & x , ' O r& , % +. 0 ? 4 ; & f c ) ; $ b . W& ?) ' ) $ .1; ' O & % @

C' G !R ' ' 1;' 4 IR . % : . & & F% W & , ' O ; & bqR %

5 b # , Š &

G ! +) , ) :)# $ (@ , T ' 5 $ (@ , . ' , ? Q u $ 4 %

.

"

f (@ , i 4 )\0 4 5 %&T

. ' O 4% $

"

$

P i A W ! & P % C' ; , ]&% & i 4 . $ ! & ' 2 W \; $ r %' - % B) ?) ' ) $ & ' % +. ) B &% & @ ' F u | W pQ/ & b < i

) % 4 ) & p)Q/ R; fR & ; ; W x $ % ' @ <

. $ (@ , i 4

; % P ; ' 5 & O 1< ' )\0 % b # & >& &

. 4 P&' & >& $

$ 1; ); a & % o i ' 5 i 4 & b < & % &4 ; )c . $ )s +* 1 G ? \

' . 4% f @ ' 5 i 4 & b < )c Q & h; $' 5 &% & % o 4 Q). % P ; g)\0 .

$

Q ' 2 W & ; ); $ ! $ 1)\W & 4 $ 4 & R 2@ & + & i

1;' ! O G ! + p $ x $ & g)\0 $'%&T

. [ @ B , ' , ' +)# # %'

(9)

بﻼﻘا زا ﺲ نا ا ﻪ ﻮ ﻢ لوا ی ﻪ ﻪ ﺎﻘ! و ﯽ#ر ﺺ&ﺎﺷ ()*+ زا ﯽ,ﻼﺳا

ﯽ.ﺎﻀ01ا یراﺬ3ﺘ5ﺎﯿ5 ی

78 ﯽ9 اد ﻦ<=

رﺎﮑﻤ@ و

&

b. & , Q 4 ) $ $ b 4 % @ % "O )d [ 2* % +. h)+ & 4 ! #

$ ! \; b $ & & ) %' & R; fR + 4 Š\Q 5! & ' Q % W % " ; ); % .% ;' %' & P $ '% ' % . \ u | W % " ; ); ' 2 W &

' )O .

References:

1- Alvani Seyed Mehdi, Journal of Future Study of Management, Contingency & Positive Model, Islamic Azad University, Research Sciences Unit, year 1, issue 2, summer 1989 [in Persian].

2- Alviri, the unapproved first plan & the first & second plans, looking at the plan from two sides, in: fifty years of planning, Parse Press, second edition, 2019 [in Persian].

3- Azimi, Hossein, Circuits of Underdevelopment in Iran's Economy, Ney Press, 2011 [in Persian].

4- Azimi, Hossein, Fifty years of planning, Parse Press, second edition, 2019 [in Persian].

5- Bryson J M, Delbecq A L. (1979). A Contingent Approach to Strategy & Tactics in Project Planning .Journal of the American 6- Dill, William. (1958). Environment as an Influence on Managerial Autonomy. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 2, No. 4. Pp. 404- 443.

7- Documents of the third economic development plan, 1990-2004, Program & Budget Organization, 1998 [in Persian].

8- Donaldson, Lex. (2001). The contingency theory of organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif : Sage Publications

9- Ebtahaj Abolhasan, Memoirs of Abolhasan Ebtahaj, first volume, first edition, 1992, Scientific Publications, Tehran [in Persian].

10- Emani Rad, theory, method of expert independence, in: Fifty Years of Planning, Parse Press, second edition, 2019 [in Persian].

11- First Plan Law, publication of Program & Budget Organization, 1997 [in Persian].

12- Galbraith, Jay.(1973). Designing.Complex.Organizations. United States: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co.

13- General policies & guidelines of the third plan, appendix 1, program & budget organization, 1999 [in Persian].

14- Jani Siavash & Azouji Aladdin, explanation of the concept & basics of resilience & resistance economy, the President Strategic Planning

& Supervision Administration, July 2014 [in Persian].

15- Kaufman J L. (1979). Comment. Journal of the American Planning Association. Vol. 45. 403- 406.

16- Kiyani, Gholamreza, New Management Approaches, Tehran, Hezaran Publishing House, first edition, 1998 [in Persian].

17- Kordbacheh, Mohammad, an overview of the planning system from the first to fourth development plans & a proposal to adjust the planning system of the fifth development plan. Country Management & Planning Organization, May 2007 [in Persian].

18- Kulkarni, Vaibhavi. (2017). Contingency Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, pp.1–6.

19- Majlis Research Center, Fifth Plan, Pathology of Development Programs in Iran, 2009 [in Persian].

20- Malizia E. (1982) .Contingency Planning for Local Economic Development. Environment & Planning B: Planning & Design, 9 (2).

21- McLeod.H. S., Planning in Iran, translated by Ali Azam Mohammad Beigi, Tehran, Ney Press, 5th edition, 2018 [in Persian].

22- Miller, EJ & A K, Rice. (1967). Systems of Organization. London: Tavistack Press.

23- Mosallanejad, Abbas, economic policy, first edition, Tehran, Ghazal Publishing, 2011 [in Persian].

24- Motavasseli, Mahmoud, Economic Development, SAMT press, Tehran, second edition, 2005 [in Persian].

25- Negandhi, Anant R. & Bernard C. Reimann. (1972). A Contingency Theory of Organization Re-Examined in the Context of a Developing Country. Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 15, No. 2. Pp. 137- 146.

26- Planning system of the 5th plan, planning deputy, fall, 2008 [in Persian].

27- Program & budget organization, documents of the first development plan, 1989 [in Persian].

28- Schedler, andreas. (2007). Mapping Contingency. Political Contingency: Studying the Unexpected, the Accidental, & the Unforeseen.

New York.

29- Schoonhoven, Claudia Bird. (1981). Problems with Contingency Theory: Testing Assumptions Hidden within the Language of Contingency "Theory". Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 3.

30- Secretariat of the Expediency Discernment Council, 2006 [in Persian].

31- Shapiro, Ian. & Bedi, Sonu. (2007). Political Contingency: Studying the Unexpected, the Accidental, & the Unforeseen. NYU Press.

32- Tha, Mai, (2014), Contingency Perspective: Wiley Encyclopedia of, eds C.L. Cooper, M. Vodosek, D.N. Hartog & J.M. McNett Mai 33- The President Planning & Economic Affairs Administration, Ministry of Commerce, Development Planning, Tehran, first edition, 2009 [in Persian].

34- The Third Economic Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Appendix 2 of the Plan, Program & Budget Organization, 1999 [in Persian].

35- Theoretical foundations & documents of the fourth plan, first volume, 2004 [in Persian].

36- Vahid, Majid, public policy, Tehran, Mizan Press, second edition, 2009 [in Persian].

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY.To view a copy of this license, visit

Copyright © 2016 by Cordova Journal.. This work is licensed under