هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ي ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و يزروﺎﺸﮐ
ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
نﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﺟرد ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ياﺮﺑ ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ي
ﻪﺘﺷر رد ي
يراﺪﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﺶﯾاﺮﮔ
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ يژﻮﻟﻮﮐا و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ
:ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد كﺎﺧ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ و يروآداز ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﮑﺗﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ رد
ﻞﮑﻫ
دﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﻤﻨﻫار :
ﻮﺠﻬﺑ ناﻮﯿﮐ دﺎﺷﺮﻓ ﺮﺘﮐد يﺎﻗآ
دﺎﺘﺳا روﺎﺸﻣ :
يﺪﯿﻔﺳ ثﺮﻣﻮﯿﮐ ﺮﺘﮐد يﺎﻗآ
ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ :
يﺮﺼﻧ دﻼﯿﻣ
ﻦﻤﻬﺑ 95
مﺎﻧ ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
: يﺮﺼﻧ مﺎﻧ
: دﻼﯿﻣ
ناﻮﻨﻋ نﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ : ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ي تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ و يروآداز ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ يﺎـﻫ ﻞـﮕﻨﺟ رد ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد كﺎﺧ
ﻞﮑﻫﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﮑﺗﻮﺗ
دﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﻤﻨﻫار : ﻮﺠﻬﺑ ناﻮﯿﮐ دﺎﺷﺮﻓ ﺮﺘﮐد يﺎﻗآ
ﺎﻗآ :روﺎﺸﻣ دﺎﺘﺳا ي
ﮐ ﺮﺘﮐد ﯿ ثﺮﻣﻮ ﻔﺳ ﯿ ﺪ ي
ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ:ﯽ
ﻪﺘﺷر راﺪﻠﮕﻨﺟ: ي
ﺶﯾاﺮﮔ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ يژﻮﻟﻮﮐا و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ:
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻖﻘﺤﻣ: ﯽﻠﯿﺑدرا
هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و يزروﺎﺸﮐ :
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ :عﺎﻓد /26 /11 95 داﺪﻌﺗ ﺤﻔﺻ :تﺎ 129
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ : ﻣز رد تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳﻮﮐا رد يروآداز راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ يﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ رد هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ي ﻪﻨﯿ
دراد ﻞﮕﻨﺟ
، رد كﺎﺧ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ و يروآداز ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ي ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا زا
ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا نﻼﯿﮔ نﺎﺘﺳا رد ﻞﮑﻫﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﮑﺗﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ رد ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ شور .
ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ يروآداز ﻞﻣﺎﺷ) ﻪﻨﺷور60
و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻪﻨﺷور 30 ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﻨﺷور30
( ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻪﺳ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد
ي ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﻪﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ زا يرﺎﺘﮑﻫ25
،109 و110 ي ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ زا ﺲﭘ و ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ ﯽﮑﺗﻮﺗ ﮏﯾ يﺮﺳ رد ﻊﻗاو120
ﻪﻨﺷور ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ نآ عﻮﻧ ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ و
ﻮﮔ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ي ﻪﯿﻠﮐ ﺖﺒﺛ و و ﻞﺧاد يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧ
ي ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ رد يروآداز ناﺰﯿﻣ ،ﻪﻨﺷور
كﺎﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﺖﺷاددﺎﯾ ﻪﻨﺷور ﺮﻫ
، ﻪﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ زا ﮏﯿﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ شور ﺎﺑ كﺎﺧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ 40
ﻖﻤﻋ ﺎﺗ و ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ،ﺮﺘﻤﯿﻠﯿﻣ ود ﺬﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ندﻮﻤﻧ ﮏﻟا زا ﺲﭘ و ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﻤﯿﺘﻧﺎﺳ 20
ندﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺳ هدﺎﻣآ و ﺎﻫ كﺎﺧ راﺰﻓا مﺮﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ يرﺎﻣآ يﺎﻫ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ياﺮﺑ يز
وSPSS
نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ي ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ t test
.ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ يا
زﺮﻤﻣ ،يﺪﻨﻣﺮﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﮑﺳﻮﺗ و ﯽﻗﻼﺸﻗ ي ﻪﻨﺷور عﻮﻧ ود ﺮﻫ رد
ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد رﻮﻀﺣ .
ﺎﻣا ﻪﮑﺸﺧ ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﺳ يﺎﻫراد
ﻪﻨﺷور رد هدﺎﺘﻓا و ﺎﭘﺮ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
ﺑ ﺸﯿ رد .دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘ بﻮﮑﺷا
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﯽﺘﺧرد ﯽﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ اﺮﻓا و زﺮﻤﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ياﺮﺑ يا
ﺢﻄﺳ رد ار يراد
لﺎﻤﺘﺣا و 99
رد .ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﺻرد 95 بﻮﮑﺷا
ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد ﻪﻧﻮﮔ مﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ رد يا هﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫ
رد عﻮﻧ ود ﺮﻫ
ﻪﻨﺷور
، ﻫ رد داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ مﺎﻤﺗ رﺎﺘﮑ
ﺎﻫ (سﺎﺧ ي ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ءﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ) ﻪﻨﺷور رد
ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور زا
هدﻮﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﮏﯿﻟو هﺎﯿﺳ و سﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ و
ﺢﻄﺳ رد ار يراد لﺎﻤﺘﺣا
.ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﺻرد 95
يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ،ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ياﺮﺑ يروآداز ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و دﻮﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا
لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﺢﻄﺳ رد ار يراد ﯽﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ،اﺮﻓا و ﯽﻗﻼﯿﯾ يﺎﮑﺳﻮﺗ ،يﺪﻨﻣﺮﺧ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ياﺮﺑ رﺎﺘﮑﻫ رد داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ 95
.ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﻂﻘﻓ ﺰﯿﻧ شار ي ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يروآداز ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻨﺷور عﻮﻧ ود ﻦﯿﺑ ﺪﺻرد رد 3 ﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ Rosaceae وPolygonaceae ،Fabaceae يﺎﻫهداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫﻪﻨﺷور رد، ﯽﻔﻠﻋبﻮﮑﺷا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﻪﻨﺷور رد و ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد رﻮﻀﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ
، داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ زا
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ي هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ Fabaceae
صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﺖﺷاد
. يﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﮔ ،ﻪﻨﺷور عﻮﻧ ودﺮﻫ رد ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻔﻠﻋبﻮﮑﺷا رد ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ يﺎﻫلﺪﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ زا ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺒﺗ ﯽﻤﺘﯾرﺎﮕﻟ لﺪﻣ .
ﯽﻔﻠﻋ ،ﯽﺘﺧرد يﺎﻫ بﻮﮑﺷا رد ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ
رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ؛دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ و ﯽﺘﺧاﻮﻨﮑﯾ ،عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ،يروآداز و ﻪﻨﺷور رد رﻮﮐﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ،يا ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد بﻮﮑﺷا .دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ
تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ
داد نﺎﺸﻧ كﺎﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ و ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﻪﮐ
ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﻦﺷ و سر ﺪﺻرد ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
،
ﺎﻣا ﺮﮕﯾد فﺮﻃ زا .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﮑﯾﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ و ﺖﻠﯿﺳ ﺪﺻرد ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
ﮐ ،نژوﺮﺘﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ بﺬﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻔﺴﻓ و ﯽﻟآ ﻦﺑﺮﮐ ،بﺬﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻢﯿﺳﺎﺘﭘ ،ﯽﻟدﺎﺒﺗ ﻢﯿﺴﻠ
، ﻪﻨﺷور رد زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻨﺷور .ﺖﺳا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ نﺎﯾﺎﭘ رد
ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ي
ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ﻦﯿﺑ يرﺎﻣآ زا
ظﺎﺤﻟ و ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ
كﺎﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ داد نﺎﺸﻧ
ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا
يراد دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو )
/01 0 p<
(.
ﮐ ﺪﯿﻠ هژاو ﺎﻫ : ،راد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ ،كﺎﺧ ،ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻞﮑﻫﺎﯿﺳ ،يروآداز ،ﻪﻨﺷور
.
أ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ
ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﻪﺤﻔﺻ
:لوا ﻞﺼﻓ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ تﺎﯿﻠﮐ
1 – 1 ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ–
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2
1 – 1 – 1
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا و تروﺮﺿ–
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5 1 – 1 – 2
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ–
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7
1 – 1 – 3 ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻓ–
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7
1 – 1 – 4 ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فاﺪﻫا–
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1 – 2 تﺎﯿﻠﮐ– ...
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8 1 – 2 – 1 ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ– ...
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8 1 – 2 – 2
ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ حﻮﻄﺳ–
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8 1 – 2 – 3
ﺶﺷﻮﭘ جﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ–
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9 1 – 2 – 4 نآ عاﻮﻧا و ﻪﻨﺷور مﻮﻬﻔﻣ– ...
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9 1 – 2 – 4 – 1 ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور– ...
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10 1 – 2 – 4 – 2 ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور– ...
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10
ب
1 – 2 – 5 ﻪﻨﺷور يﺮﯿﮔ هزاﺪﻧا– ...
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12 1 – 2 – 6 ﺶﺷﻮﭘ جﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ﻞﮑﺷ و هزاﺪﻧا– ...
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12 1 – 2 – 7 ﯽﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳﻮﮐا ﺮﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ جﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور تاﺮﺛا– ...
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14 1 – 2 – 8 ﺶﺷﻮﭘ جﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور تاﺮﺛا– ﺮﺑ
ﯽﺘﺧرد يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ تﺎﯿﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﺠﺗ ...
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15 1 – 2 – 9 ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﺘﺧرد يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ تﺎﯿﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﺠﺗ ﺪﺷر و ءﺎﻘﺑ ،راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ– ...
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16 1 – 2 – 9 – 1 ... رﻮﻧ– ...
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16 1 – 2 – 9 – 2 ﺎﻫ نژﻮﺗﺎﭘ ي ﻪﻠﻤﺣ و نﺪﺷ لﺎﻣ ﺪﮕﻟ ،ماد ياﺮﭼ–
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17
1 – 2 – 9 – 3 داﻮﻣ و ﺖﺑﻮﻃر– كﺎﺧ ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ
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18 1 – 2 – 9 – 4
گﺮﺒﺷﻻ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ–
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19 1 – 2 – 9 – 5 ... هﺪﺷﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر– ...
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20 1 – 2 – 10 ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ تﺎﯿﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﺠﺗ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا– ...
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20 1 – 2 – 11 بﻮﮑﺷاﺮﯾز ﺶﺷﻮﭘ– ...
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22 1 – 2 – 12 ﻢﺟﺎﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ و ﺶﺷﻮﭘ جﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور– ..
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23 1 – 2 – 13 ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ و رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ– ...
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24
ج
1 – 2 – 14 ... يژﻮﻟﻮﮐا و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ي ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﺷور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﺎﮑﻣا– ...
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25
:مود ﻞﺼﻓ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
2 – 1 ﺤﺗ– ناﺮﯾا رد هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻘﯿﻘ ...
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28 2 – 2 ناﺮﯾا زا جرﺎﺧ رد هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ– ...
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32 ﻞﺼﻓ
مﻮﺳ : ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور و داﻮﻣ
3 – 1 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ي ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ– ...
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41 3 – 1 – 1
يﺮﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﮑﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ و ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو–
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41 3 – 1 – 2
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ و دوﺪﺣ ،تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ–
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43 3 – 1 – 2 – 1 ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ– ...109
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43 3 – 1 – 2 – 2 ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ– ...110
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45 3 – 1 – 2 – 3 ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ– ...120
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47 3 – 1 – 3
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ي ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷاﻮﻫ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ–
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48 3 – 1 – 3 – 1 ﯽﮔﺪﻧرﺎﺑ ﻢﯾژر– ...
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49
د
3 – 1 – 3 – 2 ﺎﻣد– ...
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50 3 – 1 – 3 – 3 ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر– ...
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50 3 – 1 – 4 ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻢﯿﻠﻗا– ...
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51 3 – 2 ﺎﻫ شور– ...
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52 3 – 2 – 1 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ شور– ...
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52 3 – 2 – 2 يﺮﯿﮔ هزاﺪﻧا– يروآداز ناﺰﯿﻣ
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53 3 – 2 – 3 ﺢﻄﺳ زا كﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ– ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﻪﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور
ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ و ...
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55 3 – 2 – 4 كﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ يﺮﯿﮔ هزاﺪﻧا يﺎﻫ شور– ...
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56 3 – 2 – 5 هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ يرﺎﻣآ يﺎﻫ شور و ﺎﻫراﺰﻓا مﺮﻧ– ...
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57 ﻞﺼﻓ
مرﺎﻬﭼ : ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ و
4 ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ– ...
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59 4 – 1 ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ ﯽﻤﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ– ...
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60 4 – 1 – 1 راد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ عاﻮﻧا– ...
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60 4 – 1 – 2 ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﺪﺻرد– ...
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61
ه
4 – 1 – 3 ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ يﺮﻄﻗ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ– ...
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62 4 – 1 – 4 ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ (ﯽﻟﻮﻃ) ﯽﻋﺎﻔﺗرا ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ– ...
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63 4 – 2 بﻮﮑﺷا– ﯽﺘﺧرد ...
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64 4 – 3 نﺎﺘﺧرد يﺮﻄﻗ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ– ...
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67 4 – 4 نﺎﺘﺧرد ﯽﺸﯾور ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ– ...
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68 4 – 5 بﻮﮑﺷا– يا ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد ...
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69 4 – 6 بﻮﮑﺷا– يروآداز ...
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71 4 – 7 بﻮﮑﺷا– ﯽﻔﻠﻋ ...
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73 4 – 8 رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ لﺪﻣ– بﻮﮑﺷا
ﯽﻔﻠﻋ ...
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77 4 – 9
ﯽﺘﺴﯾز عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ–
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79 4 – 9 – 1 بﻮﮑﺷا– ﯽﺘﺧرد ...
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79 4 – 9 – 2 بﻮﮑﺷا– يا ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد ...
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81 4 – 9 – 3 بﻮﮑﺷا– يروآداز ...
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83 4 – 9 – 4 بﻮﮑﺷا– ﯽﻔﻠﻋ ...
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85
و
4 – 10 كﺎﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ و ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ– ...
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87 4 – 10 – 1
كﺎﺧ ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ–
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87 4 – 10 – 2
كﺎﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ–
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88 4 – 11 ... يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ عﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛا– ...
88 4 – 11 – 1 ﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛا– ... ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ عﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﯾﺰﯿ
88 4 – 11 – 2 ... ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ عﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛا–
91
ﺼﻓ يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ و ﺚﺤﺑ :ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻞ
5 – 1 ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ– ...
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94 5 – 1 – 1 راد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ– ...
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94 5 – 1 – 2 بﻮﮑﺷا– ﯽﺘﺧرد ...
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95 5 – 1 – 3 بﻮﮑﺷا– يا ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد ...
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98 5 – 1 – 4 بﻮﮑﺷا– يروآداز ...
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99 5 – 1 – 5 بﻮﮑﺷا– ﯽﻔﻠﻋ ...
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103 5 – 2 كﺎﺧ– ...
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107
ز
5 – 3 ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ– ...
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108 5 – 4 ﯽﻠﮐ يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ– ...
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110 5 – 5 ... ﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ– .
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111 5 – 5 – 1 ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ– ...
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111 5 – 5 – 2 ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ– ...
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112 ﺬﺧﺂﻣ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ...
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113 لوﺪﺟ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ
ﺎﻫ
لوﺪﺟ ناﻮﻨﻋ و هرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻪﺤﻔﺻ
لوﺪﺟ 3 – ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ رد ﯽﺒﯿﺷ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ :1 ...109
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44 لوﺪﺟ 3 – ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ رد ﯽﺒﯿﺷ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ :2 ...110
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46
ح
لوﺪﺟ 3 – ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ رد ﯽﺒﯿﺷ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ :3 ...120
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48 لوﺪﺟ 3 – هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ :4 ...
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49 لوﺪﺟ 3 – :5 هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا رد ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ و ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻧرﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ...
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49 لوﺪﺟ 3 – نﺎﺠﯿﻫﻻ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧرﺎﺑ ﻢﯾژر :6 ...
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49 لوﺪﺟ 3 – نﺎﺠﯿﻫﻻ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا رد لﺎﺳ ﯽﻃ رد ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ يﺎﻣد تاﺮﯿﻐﺗ :7 ...
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50 لوﺪﺟ 3 – ﻻ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا رد ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ ،ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ :8 نﺎﺠﯿﻫ
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50 لوﺪﺟ 4 – :1 . ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد نﺎﺘﺧرد ﻪﻨﯿﺳ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺮﻄﻗ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ...
65 لوﺪﺟ 4 – :2 نﺎﺘﺧرد رﺎﺘﮑﻫ رد داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ر رد
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷو ....
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66 لوﺪﺟ 4 – :3 ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد رﺎﺘﮑﻫ رد داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ..
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70 لوﺪﺟ 4 – :4 ﺘﻤﮐ عﺎﻔﺗرا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ يروآداز (رﺎﺘﮑﻫ رد داﺪﻌﺗ) ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ زا ﺮ
رد ﺮﺘﻣ ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ130
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ..
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72
لوﺪﺟ 4 – :5 ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﻔﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺪﺻرد ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
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75 لوﺪﺟ 4 – :6 بﻮﮑﺷا رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ و ﯽﺘﺧاﻮﻨﮑﯾ ،عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﺘﺧرد
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ...
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80 لوﺪﺟ 4 – :7 رد يا ﻪﭽﺘﺧرد بﻮﮑﺷا رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ و ﯽﺘﺧاﻮﻨﮑﯾ ،عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ...
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82
ط
لوﺪﺟ 4 – :8 ﻪﻨﺷور رد يروآداز بﻮﮑﺷا رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ و ﯽﺘﺧاﻮﻨﮑﯾ ،عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ...
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84 لوﺪﺟ 4 – :9 ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﻔﻠﻋ بﻮﮑﺷا رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ و ﯽﺘﺧاﻮﻨﮑﯾ ،عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ
ﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴ
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86 لوﺪﺟ 4 – تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ :10 ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد كﺎﺧ ...
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87 لوﺪﺟ 4 – 11
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد كﺎﺧ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ–
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لوﺪﺟ 4 – 12 ا رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ و ﯽﺘﺧاﻮﻨﮑﯾ ،عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ– ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗر
... ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ...
90 لوﺪﺟ 4 – -13 ﯽﺘﺧاﻮﻨﮑﯾ ،عﻮﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻨﻏ و
... ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ...
92
ي ﻞﮑﺷ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺎﻫ
ﻞﮑﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ و هرﺎﻤﺷ
ﻪﺤﻔﺻ
ﻞﮑﺷ 1 – ﻪﻨﺷور ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ و ﺎﭘﺮﺳ راد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ ﮏﯾ زا يا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ :1 ...
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6 ﻞﮑﺷ 1 – ﻢﺳ چرﺎﻗ ﺶﯾور و زﺮﻤﻣ يﺎﭘﺮﺳ راد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ :2 نآ يور ﺮﺑ ﯽﺒﺳا
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6 ﻞﮑﺷ 1 – ﻪﻨﺷور :3 ي ﻞﮑﻫﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﮑﺗﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ رد ﺶﺷﻮﭘ جﺎﺗ ...
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11 ﻞﮑﺷ 1 – ﺗ :4 رد تﺎﯿﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﺠﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﺷور ﺮﯿﺛﺄ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﻒﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻫدرﻮﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ
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22 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 –
ﻞﮑﻫﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﮑﺗﻮﺗ ﮏﯾ يﺮﺳ :1
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42 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﯽﮐوﺮﮐ :2 ...109
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43 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﯽﮐوﺮﮐ :3 ...110
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45
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ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﯽﮐوﺮﮐ :4 ...120
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47 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – :5 ﯽﮑﺗﻮﺗ ﮏﯾ يﺮﺳ ﮏﯿﻣﺮﺗوﺮﺒﻣآ رادﻮﻤﻧ ...
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51 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – نﺎﺠﯿﻫﻻ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷاﻮﻫ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا ﻢﯿﻠﻗا رد هژﺮﺒﻣآ يﺎﻤﻧ ﻢﯿﻠﻗا :6 ...
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52 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – ﻪﻨﺷور ﻞﺧاد راد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ :7 ...
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53 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – ﺶﺷﻮﭘ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﺘﺧرد يروآداز :8 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﻒﮐ
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54 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﻒﮐ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﻔﻠﻋ يروآداز :9 ...
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54 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – ﺎﺧ ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ :10 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ﺢﻄﺳ زا ك
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55 ﻞﮑﺷ 3 – كﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ يﺮﯿﮔ هزاﺪﻧا :11 ...
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56 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺳرﺎﭘ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ :1 ...
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59 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد هدﺎﺘﻓا و ﺎﭘﺮﺳ يﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ رﻮﻀﺣ ﺪﺻرد :2 (ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ)
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60 ﺷ ﻞﮑ 4 – ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﺪﺻرد :3 ...
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61 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 –
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد يﺮﻄﻗ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ رد ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ يﺮﻄﻗ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ :4
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62 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﻔﺗرا ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ :5 ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ ﯽﻋﺎ
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63 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﺎﻫراد ﻪﮑﺸﺧ ﯽﻋﺎﻔﺗرا ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ :6 ...
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63
ل
ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد نﺎﺘﺧرد يﺮﻄﻗ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ :7 ...
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67 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد نﺎﺘﺧرد يﺮﻄﻗ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ :8 ...
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68 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﯽﺸﯾور مﺮﻓ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ (ﺪﺻرد) نﺎﺘﺧرد داﺪﻌﺗ :9 ...
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69 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ و ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ يﺎﻫ هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ :10 ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
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77 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ و ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ يﺎﻫ هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ :11 ...
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77 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ :12 ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﻔﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
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78 ﻞﮑﺷ 4 – يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﺷور رد ﯽﻔﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ :13 ﺖﺧﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا
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78
م
لوا ﻞ :
تﺎﯿﮐ ﺶ و
2
2
1 تﺎﯿﻠﮐ و ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ -
1 – 1 ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ -
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ زا هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳﻮﮐا ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﮐﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻮﯾرﻻ) ،1
( 2012 ﯽﻤﻈﻋا ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﮐ
هدﺮﻣ ﺎﯾ هﺪﻧز ﯽﺑﻮﭼ نﺎﻫﺎﯿﮔ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﻦﯾا زا نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رزﺎﻣ)
،2
ﯽﻠﺳوﺮﮐ و ﻦﯿﻣ ﮏﻣ ؛1984 ،3
( 1996
هﮋﯾو ﻪﺑ دﺮﺧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻨﮕﻤﻫﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾز
ﺖﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ نﺎﺘﺧرد يﺎﻫ ﺮﻟﻮﻣ و ﺮﺘﻨﯾو)
،4
؛2008
ﺮﺘﻨﯾو و ﻞﺸﯿﻣ ،5
(2009 زا ﺶﯿﺑ اﺮﯾز ، ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪﺻرد 25
ﻞﮕﻨﺟ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ
رﻮﺑ ه ،لﺪﺘﻌﻣ و لآ
ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮔرا ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ يﺎﻫ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺪﻨﻠﮐﻮﺘﺳا) ،6
.(2004
ﯾدﺰﻧ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ و ﻪﺸﯾﺪﻧا ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻪﺑ ﮏ
، ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﮐاو و ﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ
ﯽﻣ ثدﺎﺣ ﯽﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳﻮﮐا ﮏﯾ رد ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ رﻮـﻃ دﻮﺷ
. ﻪﻨﺷور ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﻪﺻﺮﻋ رد ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺧد ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﭻﯿﻫ نوﺪـﺑ ي
ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا زا دﻮﺷ
ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ.
ﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻦﺘﺴﻧاد ﯾر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ع
حﺮـﻃ ياﺮﺟا و ﻪﯿﻬﺗ رد ار ناﺰ
ﺎـﻫ ي ﺎﯾ و ﺎﻫ شور ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ و يراﺪﻠـﮕﻨﺟ ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﮕﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ هﻮﯿﺷ
ﺎـﺑ راﺬـﮔ ﻪﻧﺎـﺸﻧ ﮏﯾ .ﺪﻨﮐ
هزاﺪـﻧا زا ﯽﻫﺎـﮔآ ي
ﻪﻨﺷور ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻞﮕﻨﺟ ﮏﯾ رد ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ و ﺖﻗد ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻪـﺑ يﺮﺘـﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ دزادﺮﭙﺑ يراﺬﮔ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺮـﻣا
ي رد ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﯿﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﺠﺗ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد نآ
ﺖﺳا نآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو ﻞﮕﻨﺟ تﺎﯿﺣ مواﺪﺗ و راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﻊﻗاو رد ﻪـﮐ دﻮـﺑ ﺪـﻫاﻮﺧ ﻞـﮕﻨﺟ )
و يرذﺎﺑا نﺎﻔﻟد
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ .(1382
1. Larrieu et al.,
2. Maser et al.,
3. McMinn and Crossley
4. Winter and Moller
5. Michel and Winter
6. Stokland et al.,
Family name: Nasri Name: Milad
Title of Thesis :Comparison of regeneration density and soil characteristics in the natural and man-made Gap in Tutaki forests of Siahkal
Supervisor: Farshad Keivan Behjou (PH. D) Advisor: Kiomars Sefidi (PH. D)
Graduate Degree M.Sc.
Major: Natural Resources Sciences Specialty: Silviculture and Forest Ecology University: Mohaghegh Ardabili Faculty: Agriculture and Natural Resources Graduation date: 14/02/2017 Number of pages: 129
Abstract:
The study of forest gaps is important because its effection on regeneration establishment in forest ecosystem. This study was conducted to comparison of regeneration density and soil characteristics in the natural and man-made gaps in Tutaki forests of Siahkal in Guilan province.
The way of regeneration study were conducted with 60 gaps (including 30 natural gaps and 30 man-made gaps) by 3 plots of 25 ha sampling of 3 parcels of 109, 110 and 120 surface that were in one set of Tutaki was constructed and after accounting of gap area and determining of its kind and registering all specifications of inner species and its environments it was noted the measure of regeneration. This in the soil part, 40 samples of soil from 3 parcels surface and to 20cm depth concluded by systematic chance and after sifting by 2mm pore hair sieve, they were dried the soil and would be ready for laboratory operations. Statistical analyses conducted by SPSS software and average comparing operated by t test. The results of species composition indicated that three tree species including Diospyros lotus, Carpinus betulus and Alnus glutinosa, were present in both gaps; But the density of standing and fallen dead trees were higher in natural than man-made gaps. In tree stair, the density of Carpinus betulus and Acer sp had a significant differences p<0.01 and 0.01<p<0.05. In shrub stair, both of gaps and all kind of species, average number in hectars (excepted of Ilex) man-made gaps were higher than natural gaps and Ilex &
Crataegus pentagyna indicated the significant difference at 95% level between 2 gaps. Also regeneration density for all species at natural gaps was more than man-made gaps and average number in hectars for Diospyros lotus, Alnus glutinosa and Acer indicated the significant difference at 95% level between the 2 gaps. As if regeneration of Fagus orientalis were observed only in the natural gaps. The results of herbaceous stair in natural gaps indicated that, the highest number of species were belonged to Polygonaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae in natural gpas, while in man-made gaps Fabaceae was dominated. Also, Study of abundance distribution models in both areas indicated that abundance of herbaceous species was followed of Logarithmic Series. The results of biodiversity indices indicated that in natural gaps the average of diversity, evenness and richness had the highest value; whereas in shrub stair the average of these indices had the highest value. The results of soil's physicochemical characteristics showed that the average of clay and sand were higher in natural gaps, but the average of silt percentage and electrical conductivity were higher in man-made gaps. On the other side, average of Nitrogen, Exchangeable calcium, Available potassium, organic carbon and available phosphorus were higher in natural gaps than man-made gaps. at last comparable statics results between gaps physically and chemically indicated that there is not significant difference among gaps (p<0.01).
Keywords: Natural Forest, Soil, Dead tree, Gap, Regeneration, Siahkal
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Department of Natural Resources
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. in Silviculture and Forest Ecology
Title:
Comparison of regeneration density and soil characteristics in the natural and man-made Gap in Tutaki forests of Siahkal
Supervisor:
Farshad Keivan Behjou (Ph. D)
Advisor:
Kiomars Sefidi (Ph. D)
By:
Milad Nasri February – 2017
