Designing and Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Educational-Motor Intervention on the Achievement Motivation of Adolescent SoccerPlayers
Mohammad Rahimi1 , Gholamali Afrooz2 , Mohammad kazem Vaez Mousavi3 , Masoud Gholamali Lavasani4
1. Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
2. Corresponding Author, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
3. Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
4. Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
31 December 2022 Received in revised form : 14 April 2023 Accepted :
22 April 2023 Published online : 20 May 2023
Keywords:
Achievement motivation, Educational-motor intervention,
Soccer school adolescents.
Introduction: In recent decades, adolescents and young people in the country have turned to soccer and the need to pay attention to their basic training seems essential.
Therefore, this study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational-motor intervention on the achievement motivation of adolescent soccer players.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the research method was a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all 12 to 16 years old adolescents attending the soccer school of Saipa Cultural and Athletic Corporation in Tehran in 2022. Among them, 60 people were selected based on the inclusion criteria and then assigned to experimental and control groups (30 people in the experimental group and 30 people in the control group). The research instrument was the Achievement Motivation Questionnaire (Hermans, 1970). The experimental group received the educational-motor intervention training in sixteen 60-minute sessions, and the control group was on the waiting list. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of covariance via SPSS Statistics 23 software.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test and follow-up phases (P<0.05), and the educational-motor intervention improved the achievement motivation of adolescents attending soccer school (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the educational-motor intervention can be effective in improving the achievement motivation of the adolescents attending the soccer school of Saipa Cultural and Athletic Corporation.
It is recommended that curriculum designers in the Ministry of Sports and Youth use this method to improve the achievement motivation of adolescents in soccer schools.
Cite this article: Rahimi, M., Afrooz, G., Vaez Mousavi, M.k. & Lavasani, G. (2023). Designing and Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Educational-Motor Intervention on the Achievement Motivation of Adolescent Soccer Players. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 15 (1),45-61.
DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.353180.1696
Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning by University of Tehran Press is licensed under CC BY-NC 4| web site: https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir/ | Email: [email protected].
The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
ExtendedAbstract
Introduction
Nowadays, soccer has a high status compared to other sports (Razavi, Mostahfezian, & Zahedi, 2021). Experts believe that soccer training should start scientifically at adolescence age (Reza Soltani, & Vahdani, 2013).
Teaching young soccer players creates a positive attitude to participate in talent-scouting activities (Ghobadi Ansaroodi, Naderi Nasab, & Biniaz, 2020).
Many talented people in Iran can become good players with correct training. Sports ethics, self-knowledge, and achievement motivation should be increased in them (Nabavi, & Zokaie, 2019). The achievement motivation is the tendency for access to excellence (Mahmoodinezhad, Masoudiyekta, Samsamipour, Zamaniyan, Mahmoodinezhad, & Kasani, 2020). One of the ways to develop achievement motivation is to use an intervention program (Sadeghi, Zamani Sani, &
Hasanzadeh, 2019). Therefore, the present study was conducted with two aims: 1.Developing an educational- motor intervention; 2. Evaluating the effectiveness of this intervention on the achievement motivation of adolescent soccer players. Since the behavioral problems of adolescent soccer players were influenced by factors such as phobia and stress, this intervention was designed based on the cognitive-behavioral approach.
Methods
The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre- test, and post-test design with a follow-up period of 45 days. The statistical population included all adolescents attending Saipa soccer school in Tehran in 2022. To determine the sample size, the formula was used for calculating the sample size for the comparison of the two means:
( )
For this purpose, 60 individuals were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups of 30 people each. In the following, the adolescents completed the achievement motivation questionnaire, and their scores were recorded for the pretest. Then, the experimental group received the educational-motor intervention (the independent variable) in sixteen 60-minute sessions. The control group was assigned to the waiting list. After completing these training sessions according to the pretest method, the questionnaire scores were measured again for both the control and the experimental groups. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of covariance via SPSS Statistic 23 software.
Results
The mean age of adolescents was 14.20 ± 1.19 years. In the following, the assumptions underlying the multivariate analysis of covariance were checked. First, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the normality of research variables. The Kolmogorov- Smirnov test showed that the values obtained were higher than 0.05, and the distribution of scores was normal. The results of the Levene test also indicate that the assumption of homogeneity of variances of error for research variables was verified. Finally, the results of Mauchly's W test showed that the test assumption was established concerning the significance level. Therefore, the use of the repeated measure analysis of covariance was unimpeded. The results in Table 1 showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Also, the educational-motor intervention had a significant positive effect on the achievement motivation of adolescents attending Saipa soccer school and the effect of this program in the follow-up phase had been stable (P<0.05).
Table 1.The results of the repeated measure analysis of covariance for the effect of the interventiononachievement motivation Source Sum of squares Degree of freedom Mean of squares F value P-value Effect
size
Group 1548.80 1 1548.80 4.07 0.048 0.06
Measurement time 144.40 1 144.40 70.85 0.001 0.55
Time Group 462.40 1 462.40 226.89 0.001 0.79
Error 118.20 58 2.03
Conclusion
This study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational-motor intervention on achievement motivation in adolescents attending Saipa soccer school. The repeated measure analysis of covariance showed that intervention had a significant effect on the achievement motivation of adolescents.
The result is consistent with Zarei, & Mohammadi (2017), Weinberg, & Williams (2001), and Thelwell, Greenlees, & Weston (2010) studies. It is concluded that adolescent players became aware of problem- solving techniques with a cognitive-behavioral approach, and they were asked to apply the techniques that were introduced in this method to the problems
that arise in classes. With problem-solving training, they realized that problems can be solved and are under their control. Therefore, their achievement motivation increased.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines: To comply with the ethical considerations of the subjects, their questionnaires were coded, ethics fundamentals such as personal information remained confidential, and secrecy was fully conducted.
Funding: The present research did not use financial resources.
Authors’ contribution:All authors have contributed equally.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank all those who have participated in this research.
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﯾ ﮏ ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﺑﺮﺗ
ﯿﺘ ﯽ - ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ زرا و ﯾ ﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﯽ نآ ﺮﺑ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﭘﯿ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ
ﯿ ﺖﺴ
ﺣر ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﯿ
ﻤ ﯽ ، 1
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2
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ﺳ ﯿ ﺪ ﻢﻇﺎﮐﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺳﻮﻣ ﻆﻋاو
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ﻟ ﻧﺎﺳاﻮ ﯽ
4
1 . هوﺮﮔ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ة
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور و مﻮﻠﻋ
،ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺲﯾدﺮﭘ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺑﯿ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﯽ
،ﺶﯿﮐ
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، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور و مﻮﻠﻋ
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،ناﺮﻬﺗ
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،ناﺮﻬﺗ
،ناﺮﻬﺗ ناﺮﯾا :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 10 / 10 / 1401
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 25
/ 01 / 1402
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02 / 1402
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ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ
،
ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ
،
نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ سراﺪﻣ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ . ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
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ﺪﻧا و موﺰﻟ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ شزﻮﻣآ ﺎﭘ ﯾﻪ ا ي
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ﮏﯾ ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﺗ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮ - ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ا ةﺰﯿﮕﻧ
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺖﺴﯿ مﺎﺠﻧا .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ شور
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ار ﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ نﺎﻧا
12 ﺎﺗ 16 ﻟﺎﺳ ﮥ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﭙﯾﺎﺳ هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ سراﺪﻣ ﻮﻀﻋ ناﺮﻬﺗ
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ﺎﻫ ي و دورو ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ
بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ رد
ود هوﺮﮔ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ و هوﺮﮔ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺟ ﯾ ﺰﮕ ﯾ ﻦ ﻫوﮋﭘ راﺰﺑا .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶ
ﭘ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ
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ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ رد 16 ﺴﻠﺟ ﮥ 60 د ﻗﯿ ﻪﻘ ا ي راﺮﻗ و ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ
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ةﺰﯿﮕﻧ ﻧ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮ
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شزر و
رد نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ يﺎﺘﺳار دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ سراﺪﻣ
لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ زا ﻦﯾا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا شور ﻨﻨﮐ
.ﺪ
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﺣر ﯿﻤ ﯽ ، ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ؛ زوﺮﻓا ، ﻠﻌﻣﻼﻏ ﯽ ؛ ﻮﺳﻮﻣ ﻆﻋاو ي
، ﺳ ﯿﺪ ﻢﻇﺎﮐﺪﻤﺤﻣ
؛ و ﻠﻌﻣﻼﻏ ﯽ ﻧﺎﺳاﻮﻟ ﯽ ، دﻮﻌﺴﻣ ) 1402 .(
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ﺮﺛا ﺸﺨﺑ ﯽ ﮕﻧا ﺮﺑ نآ ﯿﺰ ة ﭘﯿ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﯿ
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2023.353180.1696 jsmdl.
/ 10.22059 DOI:http//doi.org/
ﺰﻨﻣﺎﮐ ﻮﯿﺘﯾﺮﮐ ﺲﻨﺴﯾﻻ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ار دﻮﺧ يﺮﮑﻓ ﺖﯿﮑﻟﺎﻣ ﻖﺣ و ﺖﺳا نﺎﮕﯾار ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﻦﯾا
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ﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ هدﺮﮐ راﺬﮔاو ن
.ﺖﺳا :ﺖﯾﺎﺳ بو [email protected] سردآ|
: ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ https://jsmdl.ut.ac.ir
ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا .ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
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ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﯾ
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،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2021
.(
شزرو لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ زا 240 ﻣ
،ﻦﮑﯾزﺎﺑ نﻮﯿﻠﯿ نﻮﯿﻠﯿﻣ ﮏﯾ
و
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ارﯾ ﺞ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ شزرو ﺎﻫ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) ﺳ ﯿ ﻒ ﻫﺎﻨﭘ ﯽ ﻧﺎﺒﻌﺷ ﯽ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2022 (.
ﺖﺳد ياﺮﺑ نارﺎﮐرﺪﻧا
لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ طﺎﻘﻧ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ نﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺑﻮﺧ ﯽ رﺎﮑﺷآ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ زا نارود ﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﯽ رد ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﻪﺸﯾر
ﺪﺷر و ﺪﻧاوﺪﺑ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ
رد ﺮﻫ رﻮﺸﮐ
، ﻫار ﯽ ﺰﺟ رﺬﮔ زا ﺴﻣ ﯿﺮ ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ نآ .دراﺪﻧ ﻦﯾازا ور ﮑﺸﺗ ﯿ ﻞ سراﺪﻣ ﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﯽ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ رد هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ار
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ رﺎﮑﻫار ياﺮﺑ ﭘ شروﺮ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا رد ﻦﯾا ﺖﺴﻧاد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر )
،ﯽﻧاﺪﺣو و ﯽﻧﺎﻄﻠﺳ 2013
(.
ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﻨﯿﻣز يراﺪﺘﺳود نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
) 2015 (
ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ سراﺪﻣ ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ
رد هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ار ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ رﺎﮑﻫار اﺮﺑ ي شروﺮﭘ داﺪﻌﺘﺳا رد ﻦﯾا ﻪﺘﺷر ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاد شزﻮﻣآ . ﻪﺑ ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي
ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ و ناﻮﺟ و هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﻧآ ﻮﻣ ﺐﺟ شﺮﮕﻧ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ رد ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺑﺎﯾداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) دﺎﺒﻗ ي دوﺮﺼﻨﻋ ي ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
2021 .(
ﺎﻧوﺮﭘ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
) 2018 ( ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا
اﺮﺑ ي بﺬﺟ نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ
و ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ مواﺪﻣ و ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺑ فﺪﻫ
ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷر ﮥﻨﯿﺸﯿﺑ
،ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ شور
ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﻮﺻ دﺮﯾﺬﭘ تر .
ﻦﯾا تﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﯽﻤﺴﺟ غﻮﻠﺑ و
ﯽﻧاور
ﻪﮐ ﻦﮑﯾزﺎﺑ رد لﺎﺣ رﺬﮔ زا نآ ﺖﺳا هاﺮﻤﻫ و ﺎﺑ رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ اﺪﺟ ي زا ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﻪﮐ ﻦﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ﻪﺋارا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ
، .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ رد ﮥﺠﯿﺘﻧ
،ﯽﺗﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ
ﺎﺟ ي هﺮﻬﺑ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺺﻗﺎﻧ زا داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
،نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ
ﯽﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺪﺷر ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ آﯾ هﺪﻨ ا ي ﻦﺷور و مواﺪﻣ ار
ﺪﻧروآ نﺎﻐﻣرا ﻪﺑ .
ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ و كدﻮﮐ ناراﺰﻫ نﺎﯿﻣ رد ،ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻣ ﺰﯾﺰﻋ ﻦﻬﯿﻣ رد ﻣ
ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾد ار يدﺎﯾز يﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ رد ﯽﻟﻮﺻا و ﺢﯿﺤﺻ شزﻮﻣآ ﺎﺑ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﯽﺼﺧﺎﺷ و بﻮﺧ نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ هﺪﻨﯾآ و
ﮥﻔﯿﻇو نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ و نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ندﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا شزرو
ﻫﺎﮔآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي و دﻮﺧ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي
) ﺪﻨﻨﮐ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻦﺘﻓر زﺮﻫ زا شزﻮﻣآ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ شور ﺮﺑوﺮﮐ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
، 2009 زا ﺶﯿﺑ زوﺮﻣا ناﺮﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﻧاد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا .(
و ﺪﺷر ﻪﺑ ﻪﺸﯿﻤﻫ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﮥ .ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ شزرو ﺮﻣا رد ﯽﻗﻼﺧا و ﯽﻨﻫذ ياﻮﻗ ﻦﯿﻣزﺮﺳ ﻦﯾا شزرو نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ و نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺷﻮﮑﺑ ﻪﻤﻫ زا و ﯽﺷزرو يﻮﮑﯿﻧ قﻼﺧا ،يدﺮﻤﻧاﻮﺟ حور ﻪﮐ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮﺗ ؛ﺪﻨﻫد ﻪﻋﺎﺷا ﺖﮑﻠﻤﻣ ﻦﯾا نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ار ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷدﻮﺧ ،
ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﻫا و شزرا نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ و ﯽﻗﻼﺧا ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ و ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ هراﻮﻤﻫ ﺎﻣ نﺎﮔرﺰﺑ و نﺎﮕﺘﺷﺬﮔ .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﺖﯿﻤ
ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﮥﻔﯿﻇو ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ار نﺎﮕﺘﺷﺬﮔ ثاﺮﯿﻣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻠﻤﻋ و ﯽﻤﻠﻋ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ و تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﺎﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ
) ﻢﯾراﺬﮔاو رﺎﺨﺘﻓاﺮﭘ ﻦﯿﻣزﺮﺳ ﻦﯾا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﯾآ ،ﯽﯾﺎﮐذ و يﻮﺒﻧ
2019 .(
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﮏﯾ ،ﯽﻠﮐ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ
ﯽﻣدﺎﮐآ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺎﺑ اﺰﻣ ﯾﺎ ي ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ي زا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻣ نﺎﯿﺑﺮ ﺢﻄﺳ
،ﻻﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺗﯿ ﻤ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﻫﺎﻣ و تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ هاﺮﻤﻫ
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ﺐﻠﻏا
ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا هﺰﯿﮕﻧا داﺪﻌﺘﺳا زوﺮﺑ و ﮥﺘﻔﻬﻧ
نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ و زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ راﺬﮔﺮ رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ و ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ
ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ ) ﺖﺳا ﺮﻓ ﯾ رﺰ - سﺎﻣﻮﺗ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
، 2008 رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(
نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ رو ﻪﺑ شز هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﮏﻤﮐ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو رﺎﺘﻓر و
ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﺷ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ و ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺮﺘﻬﺑ اﺮﺑ ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رﯾ ﺰ ي و هدﺎﻣآ زﺎﺳ ي ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ .دﻮﺷ رد
ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﻢﯿﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﮏﯾ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ةﺪﻨﻫد ﻮﻗ ي و ز ﯾ ﺎﻨﺑﺮ ي ﺮﻫ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ حﺮﻄﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﮕﯾد زا و ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿ راﺬﮔﺮ ﻮﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ و بﺎﺴﺘﮐا رد ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ و ﺖﯿﻘﻓ
ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ بﺎﺴﺣ ﻣ ﯽ آﯾ ﺪ ) دﺎﺒﻗ ي دوﺮﺼﻨﻋ ي نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
، 2021 .(
رد ﻦﯾا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز اﻮﮑﯾﺎﺑ و ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﺲﺗاﻮﮐ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ
،دﻮﺧ
شزرا ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ ﺮﮕ ي رد شزرو ار رد هدﺎﻣآ زﺎﺳ ي
،
،ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ شزﻮﻣآ
ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ي ﯽﻗﻼﺧا و ﯽﻧاور ﯽﺘﺴﯾﺰﻬﺑ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو
رد تﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ و تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ
ﺨﺸﻣ ﺺ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا )ﺑ ﯿ اوﻮﮑ و ﺲﺗﻮﮐ ،4
2020 زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ شزرو رد بﻮﻠﻄﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺷاد ﺮﻈﻧ رد ار ﻪﺘﮑﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا .(
ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ ي ترﺪﻗ) ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ،(ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ و ﯽﮑﯿﻨﮑﺗ) ﯽﻨﻓ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ و
( ،باﺮﻄﺿا رﺎﻬﻣ) ﯽﻧاور و ﻪﺑدﺎﻤﺘﻋا
ﺲﻔﻧ و هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ( و ﺖﺳا وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي
1. Pruna
2. Kruber
3. Fraser-Thomas
4. Bykova & Coates
50
رﺎﻬﺑ ،لوا ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر 1402
ﯽﻧاور ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي زا ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ راﺬﮔﺮ رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ و نﺎﻧآ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﺖﺳا
ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﺎﺠﻧا مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو .
ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ار ﯽﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺨﯿﮕﻧا ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ
تﺪﺷ ناﺪﻘﻓ .دﻮﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺑ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا
رﺎﮑﺷزرو بﻮﻠﻄﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) يﻮﺳﻮﻣ ﻆﻋاو ،يﻮﺳﻮﻣ و
2015 .(
ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻦﯿﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ رﺎﺑ يرﻮﻣ
حﺮﻄﻣ1
.ﺪﺷ ﮏﻣ ﺪﻨﻠﻠﮐ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
) 1953 ؛ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻘﻧ زا
،ﻒﯿﺳ 401 1 ( نﺎﻌﺿاو ﯽﻠﺻا ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ
شﺰﯿﮕﻧا
،ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ روﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ
ﯽﻀﻌﺑ داﺮﻓا ﺮﺗزاوﺮﭘﺪﻨﻠﺑ زا
دﯾ ناﺮﮕ ﺪﻧا و ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﺷﻮﮐ . ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ
ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﺳا زا رﺎﮐ ﯽﻠﮑﺸﻣ ار ﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا
،نداد ﻂﻠﺴﺗ لﺎﻤﻋا ،ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ و لﻼﻘﺘﺳا ﻞﻤﻋ رد ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ
، ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ زا
،ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ
نﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺑ تﺎﺟرد زﺎﺘﻤﻣ رد ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ
، ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ندﺮﮐ و ﯽﺸﯿﭘ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ زا
،ناﺮﮕﯾد و ندﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ تﺰﻋ
ﺲﻔﻧ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا يﺎﻘﺗرا
) مﺪﻗ رﻮﭘ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2020 .(
ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﮏﯾ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﯽﺑﺎﺴﺘﮐا و ﺶﯾاﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ يﺮﺗﺮﺑ ) ﺖﺳا يدﻮﻤﺤﻣ داﮋﻧ ﯽﻟﻮﻓزد و
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ، 2020 .(
ﺴﻫ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻪﺑ ﯿ
ﻦ درﺎﭽﯾر و )3
2002 ﮕﻧا ،(
ﯿﺰ ة ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﺎﭘ ﯾﮥ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺖ رد ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﻔﺗ ﯾ ﺤ ﯽ ﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﯽ ﺖﺳا . هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﻦﯾا
ﻪﺘﺳد ا ي زا يﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ يدﺮﻓ
و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﻦﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﻞﺣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ا ي ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ نآ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا
، ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ . رد
ﻊﻗاو ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ رد
ﮥﻨﯿﻣز نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ لﻻﺪﺘﺳا ياﺮﺑ
بﺎﺨﺘﻧا شور ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﺣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ، ﻦﯾا ﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ و رد ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي
،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺪﻧا ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ و ﯽﺸﯾﺮﻗ) 2014
و دار جﺮﯾا ؛ ﮏﻠﻣ
هداز ، 2017 .(
ﯽﮑﯾ زا ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﺷر و شروﺮﭘ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ زا
ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ .ﺖﺳا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻦﯾا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا
يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ
،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﻪﺳ فﺪﻫ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺗ و ﺑﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺖ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻔﻃﺎﻋ)
،ﯽ ﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺘ
،ﯽ ﻧاور ﯽ - ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ( ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ دﻮﺷ دا) ﻮﻤﯾ ﺮﻣﺎﺳ
3،
2012 .(
زا
،ﯽﻓﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻪﮐ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ يرﺎﺘﻓر نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ نﻮﭼ
،ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻓ سﺮﺘﺳا و ...
هدﻮﺑ و نﺎﻣرد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ -
رﺎﺘﻓر ي ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻦﯾ ور دﺮﮑﯾ اﺮﺑ ي ا دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻦﯾ هزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳﺎﻫ . تﻼﺧاﺪﻣ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﻧاور
- ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﻮﺒﻬﺑ د ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﯽﻧاور مﺎﺠﻧا ﻣ ﯽ ﺮﯿﮔ د و
ﺮﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ و ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ)
،تاﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﻫروﺎﺑ و شﺮﮕﻧ ﺎﻫ ( و ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ
،دراد ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ تﺎﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ رد ﻦﮑﯾزﺎﺑ
ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ و دﺮﺒﻫار ﺎﻫ ي يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ يدﺮﻓ
ار رد ﻞﺣ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺞﯾار
دﺎﺠﯾا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ﻗدﺎﺻ ﯽ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2020
.(
ﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺮ ﻪﭽﻧآ ﺮﮐذ
،ﺪﺷ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ رد ﭘ ﯽ ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ا ي ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ نآ ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يرﺎﺘﻓر ﺑ ﺪﺷﺎ و ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ
فاﺪﻫا مﺎﻈﻧ ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺗ و ﺑﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺖ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ار ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺪﻫد . ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﮥ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ا ي ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ هﺪﺷ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻠﺒﻗ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﺮﺗ ﺖﺳا و
ﻸﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي دﯾ ﺮﮕ ار ﺮﭘ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﻨﯿﻣز يﺪﻤﺤﻣ و ﯽﻋراز )
2017 ( دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ
ﯿ ﺖ ﻣآ ﯿﺰ ﯽﻨﻫذ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ﻪﺑ شزرو رد
ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ و دراد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﺎﻫ ي يﺮﯿﮕﺸﯿﭘ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﺷ ﺳآ
ﯿ ﺐ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﺪﻨﮐ .
رد ﮥﻨﯿﻣز يراﺬﮔﺮﺛا نﺎﻣرد
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ - ﺮﺑ يرﺎﺘﻓر دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﯽﺷزرو رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي
،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣﺎﯿﻧ ا ﺖﺳ .
گﺮﺒﻨﯾو رد ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يروﺮﻣ دﻮﺧ شراﺰﮔ دﺮﮐ ﻪﮐ 85 ﺪﺻرد زا دراﻮﻣ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ هﺪﺷ ﯽﮐﺎﺣ زا ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻧاور ﺮﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
هدﻮﺑ ﺪﻧا ) وﯾ گﺮﺒﻨ و و ﯾﻠﯿ ﺰﻣﺎ ،4
2001 .(
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ لﻮﻠﺗ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
) 2010 ( نﺎﺸﻧ اد ﺪﻧد ﻪﮐ ﺪﺻرد ﻞﮑﺗ و سﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﺢﯿﺤﺻ و سﺎﻤﺗ لوا ﺎﺑ
پﻮﺗ رد لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﮥﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ناور ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ مارآ زﺎﺳ ي
، يزﺎﺳﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ و
يرﺎﺘﻔﮔدﻮﺧ رد
ﯽﺧﺮﺑ دراﻮﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ دﻮﺑ
.
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻢﯿﻟ و ناﻮﯿﻟﻮﺳا )
2016 ( نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺖﻗد ﻪﮐ داد
ﯽﺘﻟﺎﻨﭘ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ تﻼﺧاﺪﻣ ﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﻧا
ﯽﮐﺪ
،ﺖﺷاد ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺳر ﯿﺪ
نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ناﻮﺟ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ي يور ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺎﺗ ﺖﻗد .ﺖﮐﺮﺣ
ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﻪﭽﻧآ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ
،ﺪﺷ تروﺮﺿ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ رد ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي موﺰﻟ و ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ هﺮﻬﺑ
ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي زا ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ي ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ا ي
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﻦﻫﺮﺒﻣ ﯽﺷزرو
ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑ . ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﯿﭘ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ رد
،ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ
ﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ و ﺎﺑ
ﺖﯾﺎﻨﻋ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﺑﯿ نﺎ هﺪﺷ مﺰﻠﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ، ﻪﺑ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر . رد ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ ﯽﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
ﻧﯿ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎ ي ﺎﻫ ي طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ هروﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﯽﺷزرو
رد ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﻨﺳ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هﺪﺷ
،ﺖﺳا ﺮﻤﺗ ﺰﮐ ﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ . ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ اﯾ ﻪﮑﻨ ﻦﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ
1. Murray
2. McClelland
3. Hsein & Richard
3. Adeyemo Samer
4. Weinberg & Williams
5. Thelwell
ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮏ ﯾ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺖﺴﯿﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺮﺑ نآ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ–
51
،هﺪﻣآ ﺮﮔا ﯽﺼﺨﺷ رد ﻦﺳ ﻢﮐ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯽﻧاور ﺖﺳد
،ﺪﺑﺎﯾ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ي ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳد دروآ و لﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ زا ﻦﯾا ﺖﯾﺰﻣ دﻮﺳ
ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ .دﺮﺑ ﻦﯾازا ور فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ
ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا و ﮏﯾ
ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻮﻀﻋ
سراﺪﻣ
لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﺷزرو ﺎﭙﯾﺎﺳ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا
شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
حﺮﻃ ﮏﯾ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻧﯿ
ﻪﻤ ﺎﻣزآ ﯾ ﺸ ﯽ زا عﻮﻧ ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ - ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ -ﭘ ﯿ ﮕ ﯿﺮ ي ﺎﺑ هوﺮﮔ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ .دﻮﺑ لوﺪﺟ 1 حﺮﻃ ﭘ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ
ار ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد .
لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﻘﺤﺗ حﺮﻃ ﯿ ﻖ
هوﺮﮔ ﺶﻨﯾﺰﮔ
ﺶﯿﭘ نﻮﻣزآ ﻣ
ﻪﻠﺧاﺪ ﺲﭘ
نﻮﻣزآ يﺮﯿﮕﯿﭘ
ﺎﻣزآ ﯾ ﺶ R
T1 T2
T3
لﺮﺘﻨﮐ R
- T1 T2
T3
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺎﺟ ﻌﻣ ﮥ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﻣ يرﺎﻣآ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ
نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ 12
ﺎﺗ 16 ﻟﺎﺳ ﮥ ﺎﭙﯾﺎﺳ هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ سراﺪﻣ ﻮﻀﻋ د
لﺎﺳ ر 1401 .دﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ
لﻮﻣﺮﻓ زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ زاﺪﻧا
ة ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ
ﮥ ﻣ ود ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿ ) ﻪﻄﺑار 1 ( هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺷ ﺪ ) ،يﺮﯿﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﺳ 2014
.(
ﻪﻄﺑار 1 ( ﻦﯾﺪﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ 60 ﺮﻔﻧ ﺑﺎ شور ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ كﻼﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي و دورو ﻪﺑ ود رد ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ رﻮﻃ هوﺮﮔ
30 هﺮﻔﻧ ) هوﺮﮔ آ ﺶﯾﺎﻣز و
هوﺮﮔ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ( رد ﻦﺘﺷاد راﺮﻗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ دورو ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ هدرﺎﻤﮔ ﻨﻣاد
ﮥ ﯽﻨﺳ 12 ﺎﺗ 16 ﺪﻋ ،لﺎﺳ م رﻮﻀﺣ ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ رد ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮥ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ،نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺋارا
ﮥ ﺎﺿر ﯾ ﺖ ﻣﺎﻧ ﮥ ﯽﺒﺘﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ رد ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ دﻮﺑ مﺪﻋ ﺰﯿﻧ جوﺮﺧ يﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا .
ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻣادا
ﮥ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ة يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر لﺮﺘﻨﮐ
ﯽﻧﺪﺸﻧ ) ﯽﺷﺎﺤﻓ و
،مﺎﻨﺷد زا هرﻮﮐ ﻦﺘﻓررد و ﺼﻋ ﯽﻧﺎﺒ نﺪﺷ و ﻓر يﺎﻫرﺎﺘ
ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧﺮﭘ (
رد ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ود زا ﺶﯿﺑ ﺖﺒﯿﻏ و لﻮﻃ
ياﺮﺟا ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﮥ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ .دﻮﺑ
راﺰﺑا ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﮕﻧا ﯿ شﺰ ﭘ ﯿ
1 ﺖﻓﺮﺸ
اﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﺲﻨﻣﺮﻫ )2
1970 .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ( ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﮥ ﺲﻨﻣﺮﻫ ياراد 29 لاﺆﺳ ﺖﺳا و ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا 9 ﯽﮔﮋﯾو هﺪﺷ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺖﺳا
.
تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ
ترﻮﺻ تﻼﻤﺟ ﺗﺎﻧ مﺎﻤ نﺎﯿﺑ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ و ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ اﯾ ﻪﮑﻨ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻢﮐ زا ﻪﺑ دﺎﯾز ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺮﻤﻧ ة 1 ﺎﺗ 4 ﻖﻠﻌﺗ
ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ . هﺮﻤﻧ راﺬﮔ ي ﯽﻀﻌﺑ زا تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ و ﯽﻀﻌﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﺋارا هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا . ﻨﻣاد ﮥ هﺮﻤﻧ زا 29 ﺎﺗ 116 ﺖﺳا . ﺮﻤﻧ ة
ﻞﮐ زا عﻮﻤﺠﻣ تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد ﻣ ﯽ آﯾ ﺪ . تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ) زا ﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ (ﻦ ﯿﺑ ﺮﮕﻧﺎ شﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻻﺎﺑ و تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ) ﺎﭘ ﯿﯾ ﻦ ﺮﺗ زا (ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ
ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ شﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﺳا . هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺲﻨﻣﺮﻫ زا
ﯽﯾاور اﻮﺘﺤﻣ و ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﺎﺑ لاﺆﺳ ﺮﻫ
ﭘﯿ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ اﺮﮔ
، ﺐﯾاﺮﺿ
تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ رد ار
ﻪﻨﻣاد ا ي زا 30 /0 ﺎﺗ 57 /0 ﻪﺑ روآ ﺖﺳد د . ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ
ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ شﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ زا
شور
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﯽﯾﺎﻣزآزﺎﺑ شور و
ﺲﭘ زا ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﻪﺳ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ 84
/0 ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ .ﺪﺷ رد ،ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺣﻮﻧ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
1391 ( ﯽﯾاور راﺰﺑا ار ﺎﺑ
1. Achievement Motivation Questionnaire
2. Hermans
52
رﺎﻬﺑ ،لوا ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر 1402
شور رﺎﺒﺘﻋا هزﺎﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺮﮐ ﺪﻧد . ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ نﺎﻧآ و
تﺎﺒﺛ ﯽﻧورد ر راﺰﺑا ﺐﯾﺮﺿ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ا يﺎﻔﻟآ
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ 97 /0 ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ
) ﺒﺳﺎﻤﻬﻃ ﯽ رﻮﭘ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2021 ﺮﻈﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﯽﯾاﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﯽﯾاور ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد .(
ﺖﻔﻫ زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ناﺮﻈﻧ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺄﺗ
ﯿﯾ ﺪ
رد ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ياﺮﺑ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﻣاد
ا ي زا 79 /0 ﺎﺗ 90 /0 ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد .
ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ا ي ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ
ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﮥ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ و ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ اﺪﺘﺑا ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﻨﮑﺗ
ﯿ ﮏ ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﺣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يرﺎﺘﻓر–
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ و ﺎﺑ ترﺎﻈﻧ ﺳا نادﺎﺘ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ
رﺎﻧﺎﺘﻧﻮﻓ ي
1 ) 2017 ( ﻞﺣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ يﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﺷ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨ - يرﺎﺘﻓر و ﻪﻧاﺮﮑﺘﺒﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ دﺮﻓ
ﻪﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ نآ يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
و ﻪﻧارﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ هﺮﻣزور
ار ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﯾ عاﺪﺑا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﮥ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ا ي ﻞﮑﺸﺘﻣ زا ود
ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ و سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ
ﺎﻫ ي ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ سراﺪﻣ
لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﻞﺣ يﺎﻘﺗرا فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ و ﻠﺌﺴﻣ
ﮥ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ،ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ
و ﯽﻔﻨﻣ تﺎﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ مارآ
زﺎﺳ ي دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ، ﻂﺑاور و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ يرﺎﺘﻓر
ﺷ ﺪ . ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﯽﻧﺎﻣرد ﮏﯾ يﻮﮕﻟا ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ زا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ
ﮐ) ﻞﯿ ﻧوزرﻮﻓ و ﯽ
2، 2019 بﺎﺘﮐ ،(
هدﺎﻣآ زﺎﺳ ي ﮏﯾ ﻢﯿﺗ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ رد ﺶﺷ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻪﮔﻮﻤﺷا) ،3
2016 ،(
ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺎﺑ پﻮﺗ ) ﺮﺒﻨﻗ ي ﺎﻫ و هﺎﺷ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ي
، 2019 ،(
ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﮏﯾ ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﮥ 10 ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ا ي ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﯽﺴﺣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺑ لدﺎﻌﺗ و ﯽﮑﺑﺎﭼ رد
نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ناﻮﺟﻮﻧ ) ارﻮﮑﯿﺳ و ﮏﻨﯾﻻ ،4
2023 (،
ﻮﻘﺗ ﯾ ﺖ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺴﺣ ﯽ - ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ ﺪﺒﻫﺮﻓ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
، 2017 ،(
تﺎﯿﻠﮐ ﺑﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺖ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ رد
سراﺪﻣ ﻮﺒﻧ) ي ﺎﮐذ و
،ﯽﯾ 2019 ،(
ﺗ ﺖﯿﺑﺮ ﯽﻧاﻮﻠﻬﭘ ﻔﺷ) ﯽﻌﯿ
،ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳوﺮﺳ 1395
،(
ﻢﻬﻓ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻞﺣ ﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﮥ يدﺮﻓ : ﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي
ﻞﺣ ﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﮥ قﻼﺧ ﻓﺮﺗ) ﺮﯿﮕﻨﯿ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
2007 ( و ﺒﻌﺟ ﮥ راﺰﺑا رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻧﺎﻣرد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
) CBT
ياﺮﺑ (
ﺎﻓ) نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﺮﻔﯾ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
،
2019 .دﻮﺑ ( ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ﻪﺑ هدﺎﺳ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﮐ
هد ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ و ﻤﻫ
ﮥ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ زا دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يرﺎﺘﻓر و شزﻮﻣآ ﻞﺣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺒﺗ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺮﮐ د و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ زا ﺲﭘ . ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ
زﺎﺳ ي ﻨﮑﺗ ﯿ ﮏ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ - و يرﺎﺘﻓر ﻞﺣ
ﯽﯾاور ،ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﯽﯾاﻮﺘﺤﻣ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا بﺎﯾزرا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
رﺎﻬﭼ) ﺮﻔﻧ زا نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ياراد
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور
،ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﯾ ﮏ ﺮﻔﻧ زا نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ اراد
ي يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ
و ود ﺮﻔﻧ زا نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ
ياراد يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﺮﻈﻧ لﺎﻤﻋا زا ﺲﭘ و ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ (ﯽﺷزرو
يﺎﻫ ،نﺎﻧآ ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﺄﺗ
ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﺷ ﻪﻣادا رد . زا يﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ حﺮﺷ ،
ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮥ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - لوﺪﺟ رد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ 2
ﻪﺋارا هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا .
لوﺪﺟ 2 . تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ
ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ - ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﻧاد ﻣآ نازﻮ سراﺪﻣ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﺷزرو ﺎﭙﯾﺎﺳ
ﻪﺴﻠﺟ فﺪﻫ
ﺶﺨﺑ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ
ﺶﺨﺑ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ
1 ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ﺎﺑ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ياﺮﺑ هرود
لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نازﻮﻣآ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ
عﻮﻧ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﻪﮐ رد ﻦﯾا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ سﻼﮐ ﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻣ ﯽ ﺮﯿﮔ د .
شور ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ و نﺎﯿﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﮏﯾ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺘﺳد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ ﻪﺑ
هار ﻞﺣ ﺎﻫ ي
،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ رﺬﮔ زا ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﺣ ﮥﻠﺌﺴﻣ قﻼﺧ
رد ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ
،يدﺮﻓ ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ رد ﺮﻈﻧ د ﻦﺘﺷا
،فﺪﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ﺎﺑ شور ﺎﻫ ي هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ زا ﮏﯾ ﺰﯿﭼ ﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺪ و ﻪﻣﺎﻧزور
،بﺎﻨﻃ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا هار ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ياﺮﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﮏﯾ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻣ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺶﻣﺮﻧ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺤﺒﺻ ياﺮﺑ
ﻢﻬﻓ
رﺎﺠﻨﻬﺑﺎﻧ ي ﺎﻫ ي .ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ
2 لﺮﺘﻨﮐ
تﺎﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ
و ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺦﻧﺮﺳ ﺎﻫ ي تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا رد
،ناﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نازﻮﻣآ ﺎﺑ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ نﺎﮔژاو و ﻣ طﻮﺑﺮ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ت
ﺪﻨﯾﺎﺷﻮﺧ و
،ﺪﻨﯾﺎﺷﻮﺧﺎﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ و ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ
تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﮏﻤﮐ
،ﺪﻨﮐ ﺚﺤﺑ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ةرﺎﺑرد شور ﺎﻫ ي ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ زاﺮﺑا
.تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا مﺎﺠﻧا
زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ي يدﺮﻓ زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﯽﺗﺎﮐﺮﺣ دراد هدﺎﺳ
، ياﺮﺑ نداد ﯽﯾﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا
ياﺮﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ يزﺎﺑ
ﻪﮐ دﺮﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﯾﺎﺷﻮﺧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
1. Fontanari
2. Cale & Forzoni
3. Schmugge
4. Sikora & Linek
5. Treffinger
6. Phifer
ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﮥﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﮏ ﯾ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺖﺴﯿﻟﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ ةﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺮﺑ نآ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ–
53
3 مﺎﺠﻧا
ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ﺎﺑ ﻞﺣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ
ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﻞﺣ
،ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ نﺎﺑدﺮﻧ ﻞﺣ ﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻪ ﺑﯿ ﻦ دﺮﻓ ي
، ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ
ﻪﺳ ﮥﻠﭘ لوا زا ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ نﺎﮑﻠﭘ نﺎﺑدﺮﻧ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻞﺣ :
»
،سﺎﺴﺣا ﺨﺸﺗ ﺺﯿ
ﻞﮑﺸﻣ و فﺪﻫ
« . ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي ﻪﺳ مﺎﮔ لوا ةرﺎﺑرد ﺼﺨﺷ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي
نﺎﺘﺳاد ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫاﺮﺟﺎﻣ ﺎﯾ ﻪﮐ
رد سﻼﮐ خر ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد . ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ
رد مﺎﺠﻧا و تﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ زﺎﺑ
ي ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻞﯾﺎﺳو زا ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﯾﺎﭘور ﻞﺜﻣ ندز
ﺎﯾ تﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ ندز ﻞﺧاد ﮏﯿﺘﺳﻻ . رد ﻦﯾا
ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﯽﻌﺳ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﻢﮐ ﻢﮐ زا ﺖﻟﺎﺣ
زﺎﺑ ي ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﺖﻤﺳ راﺪﻓﺪﻫ
قﻮﺳ
دﻮﺷ هداد .
4 ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ
ﺎﺑ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻒﺸﮐ هداد ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﺣ ﮥﻠﺌﺴﻣ قﻼﺧ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ
ﯽﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ رد سﻼﮐ ﺶﯿﭘ ﻣ ﯽ آﯾ ﺪ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺟ ي ﻪﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﮑﺷ
،رﺎﮔزﻮﻣآ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا
نﺎﺑدﺮﻧ ﻞﺣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ةرﺎﺑرد ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ،تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ
لواﺪﺟ ﻒﺸﮐ هداد ﺎﻫ :
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هداد ﺎﻫ و ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي ﻦﯾا لواﺪﺟ رد تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﺳﻼﮐ
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻦﯾا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ نوﺪﺑ و ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ /
،ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ
ندﺮﺑ ﺲﺣ يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﯽﺳﻼﮐ ﯽﻌﺳ ، رد كرد ﺮﻈﻧ يﺎﻫ ناﺮﮕﯾد و ﻮﺗ ﺟ
