Designing a Model of Physical Activities of Iranian Young Women
Ameneh Asadolahi1 , Seyyed Hamid Sajadi Hazaveh2 , Zinat Nikaeen3 , Ali Zarei4
1. Department of Sport Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
3. Department of Sport Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
4. Department of Sport Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
10 November 2020 Received in revised form:
18 February 2021 Accepted:
2 March 2021 Published online:
28 April 2023
Keywords:
Body Beauty, Poor Culture, Safety & Security, Sports Addiction, Women's Sports,
Introduction: Although the physical activity of young women in Iran is very important, but this phenomenon is less known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design a conceptual model of physical activities of Iranian young women.
Methods: The methodology of the research was a qualitative method, Grounded Theory (systematic approach). The study population consisted of Iranian women aged 20 to 40 years’ old who were participating in physical activities. Based on the methodology of research, sampling method was theoretical sampling method and theoretical saturation was obtained after conducting 27 Semi-structured interviews with Iranian young women participating in physical activities and review specialized texts (articles, books, websites and so on). The data analysis methods were continuous questions and comparisons.
Results: In the open coding stage, seven main categories in the process of participating sports activities of Iranian young women were identified: (1) Personal Motivations, (2) Promotional Measures, (3) Barriers, (4) Sports Facilities, (5) Trainer, (6) Safety & Security, and (7) physical activities Benefits. Findings also show that "personal motivations" and "promotional actions" are the primary motivators for young women to engage in physical activity, but "facilities",
"barriers", "trainer" and "safety and security" play vital roles in decision-making and participation in physical activity, and if conditions are good, young women will continue to participate in physical activities.
Conclusion: Given that Iranian young women face many barriers, only those with very strong personal motivations participate in physical activities.
Cite this article: Asadolahi, A., Sajadi Hazaveh, H.,Nikaeen, Z., & Zarei, A. (2023). Designing a model of physical activities of Iranian young women. Sport Management Journal, 15(1) 145-161.DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.313431.2616
Journal of Sport Management by University of Tehran Press is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 | web site: https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/ | Email: [email protected].
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran Press.
ExtendedAbstract
Introduction
In recent decades, women's participation in physical activities has increased, and in some countries, such as Iran, this participation has been very impressive (Asadolahi et al., 2022). Of course, although the participation of women in physical activities in Iran has increased significantly, it is still not at the desired level (Shariati et al., 2023). According to the studies, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity in Iranian women is reported to be 62%, which is significantly low (Mohebi et al., 2019). The important point is that women's participation in physical activities is different from men's and this difference is significant in many aspects. Anyway, the physical activity of young women in Iran is very important, but this phenomenon is less known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design a conceptual model of physical activities of Iranian young women.
Methods
The methodology of the research was a qualitative method, Grounded Theory (systematic approach).
Grounded theory of systematic approach has three main stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The study population consisted of Iranian women aged from 20 to 40 years old who were participating in physical activities. Based on the methodology of research, sampling method was theoretical sampling method and theoretical saturation was obtained after conducting 27 semi-structured interviews with Iranian young women who were participating in physical activities and review specialized texts (articles, books, websites and so on).
The data analysis methods were continuous questions and comparisons.
Results
In the open coding stage, seven main categories in the process of participating physical activities of Iranian young women were identified: (1) personal motivations, (2) promotional measures, (3) barriers, (4) sports facilities, (5) trainer, (6) safety & security, and (7) physical activities benefits. Findings also show that
"personal motivations" and "promotional actions" are the primary motivators for young women to engage in physical activity, but "facilities", "barriers", "trainer"
and "safety and security" play vital roles in decision- making and participation in physical activity, and if conditions are good, young women will continue to participate in physical activities. The most important perceived barriers were: childbearing and parenting, poor culture, hijab, lack of facilities, mismanagement, lack of security and safety, poor trainer, menstruation,
lack of time, laziness and high expense of exercise.
The most important personal motivations were: body beauty, socializing, making friends, exercise addiction, awareness of the benefits of physical activity, seeking equality, seeking superiority, discharge of excess energy, discharge of mental pressure, leaving home, interest and talent. The most important benefits of physical activity for Iranian young women were:
health, beauty, easier pregnancy, easier childbirth, improvement of marital relations, improvement of menstrual pains, prevention of diseases, reduction of treatment costs, employment and income generation, enrichment of leisure time, and self-efficacy. The findings also showed that in the process of physical activity of young Iranian women, there is an intense contrast between barriers and personal motivations.
Giving that there are very strong barriers for the physical activity of young Iranian women, only those who have strong personal motivations engage in physical activity.
Conclusion
Given that Iranian young women face many barriers, only those with very strong personal motivations participate in physical activities. According to the model that was designed, if Iran's sports managers and officials want to increase the participation of young women in physical activity by relying on the existing sports facilities and places and at the lowest cost, they should:
• Increase women's awareness of the benefits of physical activity, especially in "health", "skin and body beauty" and "easier pregnancy and childbirth"
• By holding sports competitions for women in different stages of life, especially childhood, adolescence and youth, increase their motivation to participate in physical activities, and with the continuation of this process, make Iranian girls addicted to exercise
• The culture of women's physical activity should be strengthened so that families and society encourage women's physical activity
• Security and safety for women's physical activity should be increased, and
• By educating and employing efficient and
knowledgeable "managers" and "trainers"; barriers such as lack of trainers and mismanagement should be eliminated.
Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:
The authors undertake that they have followed the ethical guidelines.
Funding:
No funding has been received for this research.
Authors’ contribution:
Seyyed Hamid sajadi Hazaveh: conceptualization, writing – original draft, Supervision, Methodology; Zinat Nikaein:
Conceptualization, writing – original draft, Supervision, Methodology; Ali Zarei: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, Supervision, Methodology; Ameneh Asadolahi:
Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Methodology, Visualization, Investigation, Data curation.
Conflict of interest:
The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments:
The respected reviewers are thanked for providing structural and scientific comments.
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ لﺪﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
ﻬﻠﻟاﺪﺳا ﻪﻨﻣآ ﯽ
، 1
واﺰﻫ يدﺎﺠﺳ ﺪﯿﻤﺣ ﺪﯿﺳ ه
2
،
ﺖﻨﯾز ﮏﯿﻧ ﯽﺋآ ، 3
ﻋراز ﯽﻠﻋ ﯽ
4
1 هوﺮﮔ . ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺪﺣاو ي
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
2 . لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ،
هوﺮﮔ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺪﺣاو ي
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
3.
هوﺮﮔ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺪﺣاو ي
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected] -
nikaeen - z
4.
هوﺮﮔ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، او ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺪﺣ ي
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected] -
zarei - a
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 20 /8 / 1399
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 30
/ 11 / 1399
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 12 / 12 / 1399
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ا رﺎﺸﺘﻧ : 8/
2/
1402
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
ﺘﻋا ﯿ دﺎ ﺷزرو ﯽ
،
اﯾ ﻨﻤ ﯽ ﻨﻣا و ﯿ
،ﺖ
ز ﯾﺎﺒ ﯽﯾ
،ماﺪﻧا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ
،
نﺎﻧز شزرو . :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا رد ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ناﺮ ﺪﭘ ﯾﺪ ة ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ هﺪﺷ
، ﺴﺑ ﺎﻣا ﯿﺎ ر ا .ﺖﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻤﻫ ز
ﯿ ﻦ ر فﺪﻫ و
اﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ لﺪﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ .دﻮﺑ
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻘﺤﺗ شور
ﯿ
،ﻖ ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ عﻮﻧ زا ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ .دﻮﺑ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ ﻣ ﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮ ﯽ نﺎﻧز 20 - 40
ﻟﺎﺳ ﮥ اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ رد هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ .دﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور ﺗ شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ
،ﻖﯿﻘﺤ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ي و دﻮﺑ
ﺳر ﺎﺗ ﯿ نﺪ ﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪﺑ ي
، ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ﯽ
نﻮﺘﻣ ﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﯽ
، 27 ﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﮥ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﻓﺮﮔ ﺖ شور . ﻠﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ
هداد ﺎﻫ ﺎﻘﻣ و ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﯾ
ﻪﺴ .دﻮﺑ
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : رد ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ ، ﺖﻔﻫ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﺮﯾز رد ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺷ ﺎﺳﺎﻨ ﯽﯾ ﺷ ﺪ :
» هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺎﻫ ي ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ
«،
» وﺮﺗ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﯾ
ﺠ ﯽ
«،
» ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ
« ،
» تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا و ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﺷزرو
ﯽ
«،
» ﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ
«،
» اﯾ ﻨﻤ ﯽ ﻨﻣا و ﯿ ﺖ
« و
» اﻮﻓ ﯾﺪ شزرو .«
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ داد نﺎﺸﻧ
» هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺎﻫ ي ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ
« و
» وﺮﺗ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﯾ
ﺠ ﯽ
« كﺮﺤﻣ واﻟ ﯿﮥ اﺮﺑ ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ي
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، اﺮﺑ ﺎﻣا ي ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي مﺎﺠﻧا و ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ » تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا
« ،
» ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ
« ،
» ﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ
« و
»ا ﯾ ﻨﻤ ﯽ ﻨﻣا و ﯿ ﺖ
« ﺰﯿﻧ ﺸﻘﻧ ﯽ ﻌﺗ ﯿﯿ ﻦ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ا ي و ﺪﻧراد ﺗرﻮﺻرد ﯽ ﻪﮐ اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ اﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﺷ رد ن
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي
ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﭘ ﻪﻣادا ﯿ .دﺮﮐ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ اﺪ
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي : ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻪﮑﻨ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ي ﺪﻨﻬﺟاﻮﻣ
، ﻧآ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺎﻬ ﯽﯾ ﻪﮐ هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺎﻫ ي ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ
ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ﻮﻗ ي ﺪﻧراد
، شزرو ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ ادﺮﭘ ز .ﺪﻧ
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﯽﻬﻠﻟاﺪﺳا ، ﻪﻨﻣآ
؛ هواﺰﻫ يدﺎﺠﺳ ،
ﺪﯿﻤﺣ ﺪﯿﺳ
؛ ﮏﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﺋآ
، ﺖﻨﯾز
؛ و ﯽﻋراز ، ﯽﻠﻋ ) 1402 .(
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ لﺪﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ . ﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣﮥ ،
)1 ( 15 ، 1 16 - 145 . 2021.313431.2616 JSM.
/ 10.22059 DOI:http//doi.org/
اﯾ ﻦ ﺮﺸﻧ ﯾﻪ ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ ار ﯾ نﺎﮕ ﮑﻟﺎﻣ ﻖﺣ و ﺖﺳا ﯿ
ﺖ ﺮﮑﻓ ي ﻻ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﯾ
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ﯾ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴ
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.ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا :ﺮﺷﺎﻧ .نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
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رﺎﻬﺑ ،لوا ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1402
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ رد ﻪﻫد ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﯿﺧا رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ هﺪﺷ ﺧﺮﺑ رد و ﯽ ا ﻞﺜﻣ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﯾ
ناﺮ اﯾ ﻦ ﺴﺑ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﯿ
رﺎ ﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﯿﺮ ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ
ﯽﻬﻠﻟاﺪﺳا) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
، 2022 (.
رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ﻪﺘﺒﻟا ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا رد ﯾ ناﺮ اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﯿﺮ ي ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد
، ﺪﺣ رد زﻮﻨﻫ ﺎﻣا
بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻧﯿ ﺖﺴ ﯽﺘﻌﯾﺮﺷ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2023 (.
تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا
هﺪﺷ ، ﺷ ﯿ عﻮ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ » ﻓﺎﮐﺎﻧ ﯽ
« رد ا نﺎﻧز ﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ 62 ﺪﺻرد شراﺰﮔ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ
يﺮﯿﮕﻤﺸﭼ رﻮﻃ ﺎﭘ
ﯿﯾ ﻦ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺒﺤﻣ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2019 .(
ﺘﮑﻧ ﮥ ﻤﻫا ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﯿ ﺖ اﯾ ﻦ رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي
ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا و ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ نادﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻦ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ زا ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ ي ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽ
ﺖﺳا
؛ ا ﻪﻤﻫ زا لوا ﯾ
ﻪﮑﻨ ﺴﻨﺟ ﯿ ﺖ و ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ دﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ نز
توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ي ﻣاﺪﻧا ﯽ ﻧﻮﻣرﻮﻫ و ﯽ ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ز ﯾ دﺎ اﯾ ﻦ ﺎﺑ ود ﯾ ﺪﮑ ﯾ
،ﺮﮕ رد ةﻮﺤﻧ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻧﯿ ﺰ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ راﺬﮔﺮ ا .ﺖﺳ ياﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ
ثوﺮﻟﺮﭘ و نراو
2 ) 2001 ا رد ( ﯾ ﻦ ﻨﯿﻣز ﻪ ﺑﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺪﺷ ﯾﺪ اﺮﺷ ﺖﺤﺗ ﯾ
ﻄ ﯽ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﮔﺪﻋﺎﻗ رد لﻼﺘﺧا ﯽ
، ﺳ ﯿ ﻢﺘﺴ
نﻮﻣرﻮﻫ ﺎﻫ ي و ﻪﻧﺎﻧز يروآﺪﻧزﺮﻓ دﻮﺷ ﺎﻬﻧآ
ﻪﺘﺒﻟا . ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ و دﺎﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد نﺎﻧز ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﺖﺳا ياﺮﺑ و
ﺖﺷاد ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺷﺎﮐداداﺪﺧ)
2023 ﯽﺘﻌﯾﺮﺷ ؛ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
، 2022 (.
نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﻣا ﯿ ﻠﻋﺪ ﯽ
و و ﻟ ﯽ هد رﻮﭘ ) ﻮﻧ 2016 ﻫاﺮﺑا و ( ﯿﻤ ﯽ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و هدﻮﻣزآ 2019
( ﺑﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
، اﻮﻓ ﯾﺪ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﭘ مورﺪﻨﺳ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ رد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ تﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ﯿ
ﺶ زا
ﮔﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﯽ ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺖﺳا و ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻤﺴﺟ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ ﯽ
ﻧاور و ﯽ ﺷﺎﻧ ﯽ نآ زا ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ . ﮏﻟﺎﺴﻣ د ﯾ ﺮﮕ ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﻪﻗﻼﻋ
ﺪﻨﻣ رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﺑ ﻧﺪ ﯽ
، يروآﺪﻧزﺮﻓ رادرﺎﺑ)
ي
، ازﯾ نﺎﻤ ﺷ و ﯿ ﻫدﺮ ﯽ .ﺖﺳا ( نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺣﻮﻧ ﯽ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2010
ﺑ ( ﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
، ﻫﺎﮔآ ﯽ ا نﺎﻧز ﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
ﻤﻫا درﻮﻣ رد ﯿ
ﺖ اﻮﻓ و ﯾﺪ ﻼﻣ شزرو ﯾ
ﻢ رادرﺎﺑ نارود رد ي
ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ﻢﮐ ﺖﺳا
، رد ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻣ ﯿ ناﺰ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺖﺳا ﻢﮐ ﺰﯿﻧ نارود ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻬﻧآ . ا
ﯾ ﻦ
ﻟﺎﺣ رد ﯽ ﺖﺳا ﮐ ﻪ ﯾﺎﺘﻧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞ ﺮﻟﻮﻣ
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
2015 ﻮﺳور ،(
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و4
2019 فﻼﮑﺳا و ( نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5
) 2020 ( ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻼﻣ ﯾ ﻢ ﻨﺟ ﺪﺷر نارود ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ و ﯿ
ﻦ دازﻮﻧ و ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ زا ﯾ ﮏ از لﺎﻤﺘﺣا فﺮﻃ ﯾ
نﺎﻤ راﺰﺳ ﯾ ﻦ از و ﯾ نﺎﻤ
د فﺮﻃ زا و ﺪﻫد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار سردوز ﯾ
ﺮﮕ ﻪﺑ ﻓا مورﺪﻨﺳ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﮔدﺮﺴ
ﯽ از زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻤ ﺪﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ .
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺟﺎﺣ ﯽ ﻤﻇﺎﮐ ﯽ و
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2001
ﺑ ( ﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
، ﻧادازﻮﻧ ﯽ ﺪﻟﻮﺘﻣ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ناردﺎﻣ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ نزو ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺗ ي ﻧراد ﺪ.
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺮﻧد
ودرﺎﺒﻣﻮﻟ و ﺶﯿﻟﺎﺑ ، )6
2016 ( ﺑﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻠﮐ ﯽ رو ﻪﺑ نادﺮﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ و ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﺑ شز
ﯿ ﺶ ﺖﺳا نﺎﻧز زا .
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ
هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺎﻫ ي شزرو رد نﺎﻧز و نادﺮﻣ ﺑ
ﻪ صﻮﺼﺧ ﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا رد
ﯿ ناﺰ ر و ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﯾ
ﮏﺴ ، نادﺮﻣ و ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺐﻠﻏا
نﺎﻫاﻮﺧ نﺎﻧز ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ
رﯾ ﮏﺴ ﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر و ﯿ
ﺮﺘﺸ ي ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﻤﻫ رد ﯿ ﻦ ﻨﯿﻣز ﻪ ﯾ نﺎ درﺎﮐ و ﯾ لﺎﻨ )7
2012 ( ﺑﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
» ﻧاور رﺎﺸﻓ زا راﺮﻓ ﯽ
ﺼﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ و رﺎﮐ « ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ
ﮕﻧا ﯿ هﺰ ﭼ ناﺮﺘﺧد ﯿﻨ
ﯽ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد ﻞﺼﺤﻣ ﺎﻫ
ي ﺮﻣآ ﯾ ﺎﮑ اﺮﺑ ي ﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﮐر رد ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺖﺳا . ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ رﺪﻨﻟآ و8
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 2006 (
» ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ نزو
« ،
» ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽ
« و
» ندﺮﺑ تﺬﻟ «
ﻻد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ار ﯾ
ﻞ ﺮﺑ نﺎﻧز ﯾ ﻧﺎﺘ ﯿﺎ ﯽﯾ اﺮﺑ ي ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ندﺮﮐ شزرو ﯽﯾ
ﺑ و ﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
» ﻆﻔﺣ
ماﺪﻧا ز ﯾﺎﺒ
« ﯾ ﮏ ﮕﻧا ﯿﺰ ة ﻬﻣ اﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻢ ي رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺳا ﺖ .
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺤﻣ ﯿ ﻄ ﯽ ﻧﯿ ﺰ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ رد ﻤﻫ
ﮥ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا رد ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺖﺳا ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺶﻨﻣوﺮﺴﺧ 2019
؛
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺧﺮﻔﻬﻗ ﺖﺳوﺪﯿﻠﻋ 2022
.(
ﺴﺣ ﯿﻨ ﯽ ) نازﺮﻓ و 2018
( ﺎﻤﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯾ
ﺖ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ » ﺎﻤﺣ ﯾ ﺖ هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ
« ،
» ﺎﻤﺣ ﯾ ﺖ نﺎﺘﺳود « و
» ﺎﻤﺣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﺳ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﻦ
« ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ندﺮﮐ شزرو ﻪﺑ نﺎﻧز ﺪﻬﻌﺗ رد ار ﯽﻣ
ﻧاد ﺪﻨ . ﻄﺧ ﯿﺒ ﯽ ﻠﻗ و ﯽ ) رﻮﭘ 2019
» ( ﻬﺠﺗ ﯿ تاﺰ و ﺎﻀﻓ ي هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ
« ،
» ةﻮﺤﻧ
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ
« ،
» ﺑﺮﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽ
«،
» ﺑﺮﻣ ﺶﻧاد ﯽ
« و
» ﺎﻨﺷآ ﯽﯾ ﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﺘﺷر ﮥ ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ « رﺎﻨﮐ رد
» هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﺎﻫ ي ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ
« ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻼﻣ ك ﺺﺧﺎﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ ﯽ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . ﺮﭙﭼ ي نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2022 ﻧ ( ﯿﺰ » ﺑﺮﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽ
« رد ار رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ا ﺪﻣ ي زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ
1. Mohebi
2. Warren & Perlroth
3. Muller
4. Russo
5. Schlaff
6. Deaner
7. Yan & Cardinal
8. Allender
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﺪﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
150
ﻧز لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نﺎ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﯾ
ﺴﺣ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯿﻨ
ﯽ نازﺮﻓ ، و ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ ﺎﯿﻧ ) 2019
» ( ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ناور ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ
«،
» هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ
« ،
» ﺳﺮﺘﺳد ﯽ ﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﻪﺑ ﯽ
«،
» ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ «
و
» ﻠﺒﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻐ
« د ار رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ر ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻧاد ﺪﻨ . ﯽﺷﺎﮐداداﺪﺧ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
) 2022 ( ﺮﺑ زﺎﺳﻮﮕﻟا ي
ﮐﺄﺗ ﯿﺪ ﺑ و ﯿ نﺎ ارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ن
ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ا ي نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ نز ﯽﻣ
ﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨ ﯾ
ﮏ ،ﻮﮕﻟا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ وﺮﺗ ﯾ ﺞ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺑ رد ﯿ ﻦ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ نﺎﻧز
ﮐﻮﮐ ﯽ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
) 2016 ﺑ ( ﯿ نﺎ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﻧﻮﻣ رد ﻧ وﺮﮕﻧ ﯿﺰ » هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ « و
» ﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ
« ﺮﺑ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺧ ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯿﻠ
ﯽ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔﺮ .
ﺧﺮﺑ ﯽ ﻧ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﯿﺰ
ﻪﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي اﺮﺑ نﺎﻧز ي رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ رﺎﺨﺘﻓا .ﺪﻧا ي
ﻤﻫ و نارﺎﮑ ) 2019
» ( تﻼﻀﻌﻣ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
« ار ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ا نﺎﻧز ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . ﻧﺎﺴﺣا ﯽ و بﺰﻋ ) ناﺮﺘﻓد 2003 (
» تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا
« ،
» ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻂﺑاور ﯽ
«،
» ﺎﺳو ﯾ ﻞ ﻠﻘﻧ ﯿﻪ
«،
» ﻫﺎﮔآﺎﻧ ﯽ
«،
» ﺖﻗو
« ،
» لﻮﭘ
« ،
» ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾ ترﺎﻬﻣ و
« ،
» ﻼﻋ ﻪﻗ « و
» دﺎﻣآ ﮔ ﯽ ﺘﻣﻼﺳ و ﯽ
« ار
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ اﺮﺑ هﺪﻧرادزﺎﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ي
رد ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناﺮﺘﺧد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ دﺮﮐ ﺪﻧ . ﻨﻤﺗﻮﻣ ﯽ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2014 (
» ﯽﺑ ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﯽ نﻻﻮﺌﺴﻣ نﺎﻧز شزرو ﻪﺑ
« ،
» ﺤﻣدﺮﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ دﻮﺟو رﻮ
ي
«،
» نﺎﻣز و ﺖﻗو دﻮﺒﻤﮐ
« ،
» ﻌﺿو ﯿ ﺖ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي
« و
» مﺪﻋ ﺮﺳ ﻪﯾﺎﻣ يراﺬﮔ
مزﻻ رد ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﯽ
نﺎﻧز « ار ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﭘ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺶ ور ي ا ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ مﺎﺠﻧا رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . ﻣﯿ رﻮﻔﻏﺮ ي و
ﮑﻤﻫ نارﺎ ) 2009 ﻧ ( ﯿﺰ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻪﺘﺳد ﺶﺷ
» ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
«،
» ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
«،
» ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ
«،
» ﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﯽ
« و
» ﺗﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ﯽ -ا دﺎﺼﺘﻗ ي
« ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ
ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناﺮﺘﺧد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ي
ﯾ دﺰ ي رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . ﻧﺎﻫاﺮﻓ ﯽ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2017 ﻧ ( ﯿﺰ ﻋ ﻞﻣاﻮ ﺪﻧرادزﺎﺑ ة ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ
ﺷزرو ﯽ زﺮﺒﻟا نﺎﺘﺳا رد ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ نﺎﻧز ﺶﺷ رد ار
زﻮﺣ ة
» ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽ
«،
» دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي
«،
» ﻧﯿ وﺮ ي ﺘﻣ ﺺﺼﺨ
«،
» ﺎﺧ شﺮﮕﻧ هداﻮﻧ
« ،
» ﻬﺠﺗ ﯿ تاﺰ تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا و
« ،
» ﻠﺒﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻐ
« و
» ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ « د ﺳ ﻪﺘ ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﺑ زا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯿ
ﻦ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻧآ
» دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي
« و
» ﻬﺠﺗ ﯿ تاﺰ تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا و «
ار
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ و
» هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ شﺮﮕﻧ «
ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻮﻟوا ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﺧآ ﯽﯾ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . ﺮﺒﺠﻧر ي
، هدازﺎﻗآ و ﻦﻤﭼ ﯽﻠﮔ ) 2018
» ( هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ
« ،
» ﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﮓ
ﺪﺑ
« ،
»ﺑ ﯽ ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﯽ نﻻﻮﺌﺴﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ ﺪﺷرا
ي و موﺮﺤﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺼﺨﺗ مﺪﻋ
ﯿ ﺺ ﻮﺑ د ﺟ ﮥ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ « ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻠﺻا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﯽ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻣﺎﻤﺗ
ﯽ
) رﺎﺸﻗا ﻪﺑ (نﺎﻧز صﻮﺼﺧ رد
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻧﺎﺴﺣا و ﺮﮑﺸﮐ ﯽ
) 2007 ﻧ ( ﯿﺰ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ةﺪﻧرادزﺎﺑ
رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ي ﺰﻫ) ﯾ
،ﻪﻨ ﻣا ،ﺖﻗو تﺎﻧﺎﮑ ﻬﺠﺗ و ﯿ
،تاﺰ ﮑﻔﺗ ﯿ
،ﮏ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ و ترﺎﻬﻣ ناﺪﻘﻓ ﯽﯾ
( ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا زﺎﺑ
ةﺪﻧراد دﺮﻓ ي ،شﺮﮕﻧ) ﺗ و ،تارﻮﺼ
ﻧاور تﻻﺎﺣ ﯽ
ﺑ و (دﺮﻓ ﯿ ﻦ دﺮﻓ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻂﺑاور و هاﺮﻤﻫ دﻮﺒﻧ) ﯽ
ﺷزرو ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ رد ( ﯽ
ﻧاﺮﻬﺗ نﺎﻧز ﯽ
ﺖﺳا . ﺣ ﺴ ﯿﻨ ﯽ ، ﻓ نازﺮ و ﺴﺣ ﯽﻨﯿ ﺎﯿﻧ ) 2020 (
» دﺮﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ي
« ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻠﺻا ﺖﻠﻋ ﯽ هرﺎﻨﮐ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ شزرو زا ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯽﯾ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ
، ﺑ ﻪﻣادا رد ﺎﻣا ﯿﺎ
ن ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ دﺮﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ي
ﺖﺤﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ
ﺪﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯾﺮ
ﯾﺘ ﯽ ﺤﻣ و ﯿ ﻄ ﯽ ا ﺪﻧ .
ﺧﺮﺑ ﯽ ﻧ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﯿﺰ
ﯽﭘ رد ﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﯽﯾ اﺮﺑ ي ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ هدﻮﺑ ﺪﻧا
؛ نآ زا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ رﺎﺨﺘﻓا ﻪﺑ ي و
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2017
ترﺪﻗ و ( ﺎﻤﻧ
يرﺪﯿﺣ ، داﮋﻧ و بﺎﺘﺷ يﺮﻬﺷﻮﺑ ) 2020 ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ( ﺮﺑ
» دﺎﻔﺘﺳا ة ﻬﺑ ﯿ ﻪﻨ زا ﭘ كرﺎ ﺎﻫ
« ،
» ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر يا
ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ
«،
» ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ يزﺎﺳ
« و
» داﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ
« ﮐﺄﺗ ﯿﺪ ﺪﻧراد . ﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﯽ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
2011 ﻧ ( ﯿﺰ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ
» ﻟﺎﻣ ﯽ ا و ﺗﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣ ﯽ
«،
» ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﯽ و ﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﯽ
«،
» رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ي ﺪﻣ و ﯾﺮ ﯾﺘ ﯽ
« و
» ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽ
« ار ﻪﺑ ﺗﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺐ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺮﺗﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﯾ ﻦ اﺮﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ي
ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ شزرو ﺑ ا رد ناﻮﻧﺎ ﯾ
ناﺮ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . داﺮﻣ ي ﺳ ﯿ ﺮﺳﺎ ي ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2020
ﻧ ( ﯿﺰ ﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﯿ ﺖ ﻨﻣا ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺎﺟ دﺎﻌﺑا رد) ﯽ
، ﻗﻼﺧا ﯽ
، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻟﺎﻣ و ﯽ ( ﺑاﺮ ي ﻧﺎﺑ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻧاﺮﻬﺗ ناﻮ
ﯽ رد
ﺎﻌﻓ ﻟﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ رد كرﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺑ و ﯿ نﺎ ﻨﻣا ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺎﺟ ﯽ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻏﺪﻏد ﮥ ﻧاﺮﻬﺗ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯽ
اﺮﺑ ي رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ رد
كرﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﺳا ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺖ
، ﻨﻣا ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ﯿ
ﺖ ﻗﻼﺧا ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽ ﻧﯿ ﺰ اﺮﺑ ي ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﯾ
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺎﻬﻧآ .ﺪﺷ ﯿ
ﻦ ﺑ ا ﻪ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺘ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﺳر ﯿﺪ ﺪﻧ نﺎﻧز ﻪﮐ
اﺮﺑ ي رد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻌﻓ
ﺖﯿﻟﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ رد كرﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﻨﻣا ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺎﺟ ﯽ ﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽ ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ .
ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ د ﻢﻬﻣ ﯾ ﺮﮕ رد نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ درﻮﻣ رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
» و ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﺧﺮﭼ
ﮥ ﮔﺪﻧز ﯽ
« ﺳا و ﺖ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻬﻠﻟاﺪﺳا )
2022 ﺑ ( ﯿ نﺎ ﯽﻣ ﻨﮐ ﻨﺪ
، ﮔﺪﻧز زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ رد نﺎﻧز ﯽ
اﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻂ و ﯾ هﮋ ا ي اﻮﻣ ﻬﺟ ﺪﻨ .
1. Cooky
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﺪﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
151
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ اﺰﻓا و لﻮﺤﺗ ﯾ
ﺶ رد ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺎﺑ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﯾﺪ
ﻣ لﻮﺻا زا ﺪﯾ
ﺮﯾ ﺖ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺮﻬ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ و دﻮﺷ
ﻟﺪﻣ ﯽ ﯾ ﮑ ﯽ ﺪﻣ تﺎﻣاﺰﻟا زا ﯾﺮ
ﯾ ﺖ يدﺮﺒﻫار اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺖﺳا
ﯾ ﻦ روﺮﺿ و مزﻻ ي
ﺪﻣ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﯾﺮ
ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ دﻗ ﯿ ﻖ ﺪﭘ ﯾﺪ ة
ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ رد ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺣاﺮﻃ لﺪﻣ ﯽ
.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﺷ ﯿ تﺎﻘ ﺬﮔ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺘﺷ زا يا
ا نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ رد ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﻟﺪﻣ و ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﯽ
صﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﯾا رد ﺣاﺮﻃ
ﯽ دﻮﺑ هﺪﺸﻧ
، زا ﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ ور ﺳ لاﺆ ﻠﺻا ﯽ اﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ
اﯾ ﻦ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ
» ﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ لﺪﻣ ﯽ
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ز ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧ ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ .«
ﻪﺑ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺮﮕﯾد
، ﻮﮕﭼ ﮕﻧ ﯽ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺴﻣ ﺌﻠ ﮥ ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻮﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .د لﺪﻣ
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ هﺪﺷ ﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﺮﺿ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯾ ناﺮ ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺎﺳ و ﯾﺮ
ﻘﺤﻣ نﺎﻘ ﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ درﻮﻣ رد ﯽ
نﺎﻧز ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ناﻮﺟ
اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ رد ﻌﻓ ﻟﺎﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ اﺮﺷ رد ﯾ ﻂ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ كرد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ي
.ﺪﻫﺪﺑ
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
اﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻘﺤﺗ عﻮﻧ زا ﯿ
تﺎﻘ ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﻘﺤﺗ شور زا و ﺖﺳا ﯿ
ﻖ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﮥ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ ﺑرﻮﮐ) ﯿ ﻦ و رد .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (سواﺮﺘﺳا
ﻘﺤﺗ شور ﯿ
ﻖ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﮥ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻪﺳ ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ ﻠﺻا ﯽ ) 1 ( راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ ) ، 2 ( ﺬﮔﺪﮐ يرا يرﻮﺤﻣ ) و 3 راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ( ي ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺸﻨ ﯽ شور رد .دراد دﻮﺟو
ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﭼ ﻪﻤﻫ ﯿﺰ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ هداد ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ
؛ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﺘﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﺘﮐ) ﺎﻫ
ﺎ ب ﺎﻫ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ ، ، ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي .(... و هﺪﺷﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ ﻘﺤﺗ شور رد ﯿ
ﻖ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ عﻮﻧ زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ي و ﺖﺳا ﻊﻤﺟ يروآ ﻠﺤﺗ و ﯿ ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣ
ﺮﯿﮔ د ﺎﺗ و ﺎﺟ ﯽﯾ
ﭘ ﻪﻣادا ﯿ اﺪ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺒﺷا ﻪﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ عﺎ
ﺮﻈﻧ ي ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﺳﺮﺑ ﯾ
ﻪﮑﻨ ﻘﺤﺗ شور زا ﯿ
ﻖ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻠﺤﺗ شور ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯿ
ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ
ﻧﯿ ﺰ » ﺶﺳﺮﭘ « و
» ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ
« ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻤﻫ .دﻮﺑ ﻨﭽ ﯿ ﻦ نﺎﯾﺎﺷ ﺮﮐذ لﺪﻣ رد ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫ
ﯽﯾ ﻘﺤﺗ شور ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯿ
ﻖ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
،
ﺎﭘﯾ ﺎ ﯽﯾ ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ ﻧﯿ ﺖﺴ
، نﻮﭼ رﺎﺑرد ة ﯾ ﮏ ﺪﭘ ﯾ هﺪ رد صﺎﺧ ﯾ
ﮏ ﺎﻣز ن ﺣاﺮﻃ صﺎﺧ ﯽ
مﺎﺠﻧا لﺪﻣ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ ا و ﯾ ﻦ ﺒﺗ ﻂﻘﻓ لﺪﻣ ﯿﯿ
ﻦ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة ﺪﭘ ﯾﺪ ة
ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ ﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﻣز رد ﯿ
ﻖ ﻧ ًﺎﻣوﺰﻟ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻤ
ناﻮﺗ نﺎﻣز ﻪﺑ ار نآ نﺎﮑﻣ و ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ ي د ﯾ ﺮﮕ ﻤﻌﺗ ﯿ ﻢ داد
، ﺣاﺮﻃ لﺪﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ﯽ
هﺪﺷ اﯾ ﻦ
ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﯿ ﻞ اور .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ار ﯽﯾ
لﺪﻣ ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ هﺪﺷ ﻧﯿ ﺰ ﺎﯾ ﺮﻃ زا ﯾ ﻖ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﺠﻨﺳ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا
،نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﯾﺎ
رواد ي و نﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯾﺎ
ﻖﻘﺤﻣ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا
ﻪﺑ هداد ﺎﻫ ﺄﺗ ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ سواﺮﺘﺳا و ﻦﯿﺑرﻮﮐ) ،1
2014 .(
ﻘﺤﺗ رد ﯿ ﻖ ﺿﺎﺣ ﻧ ﺮ ﯿﺰ ﺲﭘ زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﻤﻋ ﯿ ﻖ ﺎﺑ 27 ﻢﻧﺎﺧ 20 - 40 ) ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﻧاﻮﺟ ﯽ ﮐ ( ﻪ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ رد ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ و ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ دوﺪﺣ 100 ﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﮥ ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ و ﯽ ﻠﺧاد ﯽ ﺎﺧ و ﺟر ﯽ
،ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ي
.ﺪﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ تﻻاﺆﺳ
ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﻘﺤﺗ شور رد ﯿ
ﻖ ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ اﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ، ﯾ
ﻂ
ّﻠﻋ ﯽ
، ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا ي
،
ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ/ﻞﻤﻋ ،ﺮﮔ ﭘ ،ﺎﻫ
ﯿ ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎ ﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ و ﯽ ﺑ ﻂﺑاور ﯿ ﻦ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﻒﺸﮐ هﺪﺷ رد ﺪﭘ ﯾﺪ ة ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ ﺪﻧ
، ﺑ ﻪ رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ رد ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ يرﻮﺤﻣ
،
تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ هﺪﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺘﺳد سﺎﺳا ﺪﻨﺑ
ي ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ و ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﺳﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﯿ
ﻢ ﻮﮕﻟا ﻞﮑﺷ ي
ادارﺎﭘ ﯾﻤ ﯽ شراﺰﮔ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺿﻮﺗ . ﯿ ﺢ
ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ا رد ﯾ ﻦ ا صﻮﺼﺧ ﯾ
ﻪﮑﻨ ندﻮﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻠﮐ
ﯿ تﺎ تﻻاﺆﺳ ور رد ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ ﻠﮔ فﻼﺘﺧا درﻮﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ، ﯿ
رﺰ ا و دﻮﺑ سواﺮﺘﺳا و ﯾ
ﻦ
تﻻاﺆﺳ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ زا ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ
دﺮﻓ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ داﺮﻓا .ﺖﺳا ي
ﻪﮐ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺑ ﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﻪ ﺖﺳا
، ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﮐﺎﺳ ي
ﮏﭼﻮﮐ و گرﺰﺑ
ا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ طﺎﻘﻧ رد ﯾ
ناﺮ هدﻮﺑ ﺪﻧا . ﯽﮔﮋﯾو يﺎﻫ ﺻﻮﺗ ﯿﻔ ﯽ داﺮﻓا ي ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ درﻮﻣ
، ﺪﺟ رد لو 1 .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدروآ
لوﺪﺟ 1 نﺎﻧز ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ . ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ
هﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻞﻫﺄﺗ ﻦﺳ
تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﺪﻧزﺮﻓ داﺪﻌﺗ
دﺮﺠﻣ
ﻞﻫﺄﺘﻣ
21-30
31-40
ﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﻢﻠﭙﯾد
ﺲﻧﺎﺴﯿﻟ
ﺲﻧﺎﺴﯿﻟ قﻮﻓ
يﺮﺘﮐد
ﻪﭽﺑ نوﺪﺑ
1 ﻪﭽﺑ
2 ﻪﭽﺑ
3 ﻪﭽﺑ
8 19 7 20 6 9 10 2 11 12 2 2
1. Corbin & Strauss
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﺪﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
152
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻘﺤﺗ لوا ﯿ ﻖ شور رد ﻧ ﮥﯾﺮﻈ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ ، ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
يزﺎﺳ و ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ يزﺎﺳ .ﺖﺳا ﺲﭘ زا
ﺗﺪﻣ ﯽ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ مود ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻪﮐ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ يرﻮﺤﻣ ﻧ ﺖﺳا ﯿﺰ عوﺮﺷ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ
، ا ﻦﻤﺿ ﯾ ﻪﮑﻨ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻧ لوا ﯿﺰ ﻪﻣادا ﻣ ﯽ ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ . ﮥﻣزﻻ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ
يرﻮﺤﻣ اﯾ ﻦ ﺖﺳا ﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯿ ﺮﮕﻠ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ي ﺳر ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﯿ هﺪ ﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﺳد رد ار ﺎﻬﻧآ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯿ
،ﺪ اﯾ ﻦ ) ود راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ و يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ يرﻮﺤﻣ
(
ًﺎﺗروﺮﺿ ﯾﮑ ﯽ د زا ﺲﭘ ﯾ ﺮﮕ ي ﻧ خر ﯽﻤ ﺪﻨﻫد ا . ﯾﻨ ﺧ ﺎﻬ ﯿﻠ ﯽ ﺒﻃ ﯿﻌ ﯽ ﭘ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯿ ﺶ ﻣ ﯽ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﻧور ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﻪﮐ مﻮﺳ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺸﻨ ﯽ ﺖﺳا
، مﺎﺠﻧا
ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﮔ د رد . ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺸﻨ ﯽ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯾا زا ﺲﭘ ﺎﺗ دﻮﺷ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ و ﺮﺘﻬﺑ يزادﺮﭘ ﻢﻬﻓ
داد مﺎﺠﻧا يﺮﺗ .
ﻧﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﯽ ا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯾ
ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ شور ﯿ
ﻖ ﻪﺑ ﺣاﺮﻃ لﺎﺒﻧد ﯽ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ لﺪﻣ
،
،ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻃ زا ﺲﭘ لﺪﻣ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ . ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ ، يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ يرﻮﺤﻣ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ و ي ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺸﻨ ﯽ ﺎﺗ ﺎﺟ ﯽﯾ ﭘ ﻪﻣادا ﯿ اﺪ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪﮐ ي
دﻮﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺑرﻮﮐ)
ﯿ ﻦ ،سواﺮﺘﺳا و
2014 .(
ا رد ﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ رد نﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ و راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺸﻨ ﯽ ﺖﻔﻫ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ نﺎﻧز 20 - 40
ﻟﺎﺳ ﮥ اﯾ ﻧاﺮ ﯽ ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد لوﺪﺟ . 2 ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯿ ﻢ ﻠﺻا تﻻﻮﻘﻣ و ﯽ
ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ هﺪﺷ نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد .
لوﺪﺟ 2 . راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي زﺎﺑ نﺎﻧز شزرو ﻪﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ و ﯽﻠﺻا تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ، 20
- 40 ﻟﺎﺳ ﮥ ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا
ﯽﻠﺻا تﻻﻮﻘﻣ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺮﯾز
ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ
هﺰﯿﮕﻧا 1 ﺎﻫ ي
يدﺮﻓ ماﺪﻧا ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز
ﺎﺑ ماﺪﻧا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ،ﻞﮑﯿﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز ،ماﺪﻧا ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز سﺎﺒﻟ
ﺎﻫ نزو ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ،ماﺪﻧا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ،
و نﺪﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﺳود ﯾﺑﺎ ﺖﺳود ﯽ
ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ رﺎﮐ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ،ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ،ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ رﺎﮐ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ،نﺪﺷ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ، ﻫوﺮﮔ
ﯽ
شزرو ﻪﺑ دﺎﯿﺘﻋا شزرو ﺶﺘﺳﺮﭘ ،شزرو ﻪﺑ دﺎﯿﺘﻋا
شزرو ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ زا ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ شزرو ﺪﯾاﻮﻓ زا ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ
و يﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ي ﻮﺟ ﯽﯾ نﺎﻧز ﻦﯿﺑ ندﻮﺑ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ،نز و دﺮﻣ ﯽﯾﻮﺟ يﺮﺑاﺮﺑ
ﯿﻠﺨﺗ ﮥ رﺎﺸﻓ و يژﺮﻧا
ﯽﻧاور ،ﻪﻓﺎﺿا يژﺮﻧا ﻪﯿﻠﺨﺗ
ﯿﻠﺨﺗ ﮥ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز زا رﺎﺸﻓ زا راﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻨﻫذ يﺮﯿﮔرد زا راﺮﻓ ،ﻻﺎﺑ نﺎﺠﯿﻫ ،ﯽﻧاور رﺎﺸﻓ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧ زا جوﺮﺧ زا
ﺧﺎ ﻪﻧ ﻦﺘﻓر نوﺮﯿﺑ
داﺪﻌﺘﺳا و ﻪﻗﻼﻋ شزرو ﻪﺑ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ،ﻦﺘﺷاد داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
شزرو ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ 2 ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ نﺎﯾﺎﻨﺷآ و هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ
،رداﺮﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ،ردﺎﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ،رﺪﭘ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ،نﺎﺘﺳود ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ،ﻞﯿﻣﺎﻓ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ،ﺮﺴﻤﻫ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ،ﺮﻫاﻮﺧ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ
تﺮﺒﻋ زﻮﻣآ ي
ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر
ﺎﻫ ي ) ﻦﯾﻮﻧ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺎﻫ ي ،نآ يﺎﻫ ﻦﺸﯿﮑﯿﻠﭘا و ﻞﯾﺎﺑﻮﻣ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا بو
ﺎﺳ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ، راﺰﮔﺮﺒﺧ ي ﺎﻫ ،(...و
ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ي ،ﻮﯾدار ،نﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻠﺗ) ﯽﺘﻨﺳ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ﺎﻫ ، ﻪﻣﺎﻧزور ﺎﻫ ،(... ﺎﻫدرﻮﺒﻠﯿﺑ ، ﻓﯿ
ﻢﻠ ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻨﯿﺳ ﺳ ﺮﯾ لﺎ ﺎﻫ رﺎﺒﺧا ،
... و ﯽﺷزرو
تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ،ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺷزرو تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ
نورد ﺮﻬﺷ ي تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ،ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳا تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ، ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ
ا ي
،يرﻮﺸﮐ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ،
نز نﺎﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ نز رﺎﮑﺷزرو باﺬﺟ ﻞﮑﯿﻫ ،نز ﯽﺷزرو نﺎﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ
نﺎﮑﺷﺰﭘ ﯿﺻﻮﺗ
ﮥ نﺎﮑﺷﺰﭘ
3 و ﻦﮐﺎﻣا تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ﯽﺷزرو و ﻦﮐﺎﻣا
ﺳﺄﺗ ﯿ تﺎﺴ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ) ﯽﺷزرو دﺎﺘﺳا ﯾ مﻮ ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻦﻟﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫﺮﺨﺘﺳا ،ﯽﺷزرو
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻫﺎ ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ،(ﯽﺷزرو ي ) ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﯽﺷزرو
هﻮﮐ ﺎﻫ ،ﭘ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي و ﺎﻫﺎﯾرد ﻞﺣاﻮﺳ ،ﯽﮑﺳا رد
ﯾ ﻪﭼﺎ ﺎﻫ ،
رد ﯾ ﻪﭼﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ) ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ،(ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ كرﺎﭘ
ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻣز
ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ،ﺖﻟﺎﻔﺳآ
ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻫ ي ،(ﯽﮐﺎﺧ ﯽﺷزرو ﭘﯿ
ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ) يراﻮﺳ ﭘﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﺐﺳا ﻧاود ﯽ ،ﭘ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷﺎﻣ ﯿ ﻦ راﻮﺳ ي ،ﭘ ﯿ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ي
(يراﻮﺳرﻮﺗﻮﻣ
تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ و ﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﯽﺷزرو مزاﻮﻟ ،ﯽﮑﺳا مزاﻮﻟ ،ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ و يزﺎﺴﻧﺪﺑ تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺶﻔﮐ ،ﯽﺷزرو پﻮﺗ ،ﯽﺷزرو كﺎﺷﻮﭘ
،يدرﻮﻨﻫﻮﮐ مزاﻮﻟ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي مزاﻮﻟ ،ﯽﺘﮐار ﻪﺘﺷر
ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﯿﺒﻣﻮﺗا مزاﻮﻟ ،ﯽﻣزر مزاﻮﻟ ،يراﻮﺳرﻮﺗﻮﻣ و ﯽﻧار
شزرو ﺎﻫ ي مزاﻮﻟ ،ﯽﻠﺣﺎﺳ و ﯽﺑآ شزرو
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺤﯾﺮﻔﺗ
4 ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ يروآﺪﻧزﺮﻓ و يروﺮﭘﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻫدﺮﯿﺷ ،نﺎﻤﯾاز ،يرادرﺎﺑ
ﻪﭽﺑ راد ي
ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﺑ ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺖﯾﻮﻟوا ،هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ، ﻪﻧﺎﺧ
اد ر ي ،ندﺮﮐ شزرو ﻪﺑ
ﻗﻼﻋ ﮥ نﺎﻧز ﻦﯿﺑ نﺎﯿﻠﻗ ندﻮﺑ ﺞﯾار ،قﺎﭼ نز ﻪﺑ ﺮﻫﻮﺷ
بﺎﺠﺣ ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ،يرﺎﺒﺟا بﺎﺠﺣ
ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ي بﺎﺠﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﺪﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ا ناﻮﺟ نﺎﻧز ﯾ
ﻧاﺮ ﯽ
153
تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ
،ﮏﯿﻓاﺮﺗ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﻪﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮﺒﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ
نﺎﻧز صﻮﺼﺨﻣ
ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ءﻮﺳ ﺸﻧ هﺪﯾد
رد نﺪ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ نﺎﮑﻣا مﺪﻋ ، نداﺪﻧ ﺎﻬﺑ ،هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ رد رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺪﺷ ﺎﻫر ،ﺎﻫ
رد) ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﮐﺎﻣا رد ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ءﻮﺳ ،نﺎﻧز شزرو ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣز
ﺪﻨﺑ ي بﺎﺨﺘﻧا و ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ماﺰﻋا مﺪﻋ ،(نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ و
،ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ مﺪﻋ ،ﺮﺴﻧﺎﭙﺳا دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳا تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﻣ ﻦﯾدﺎﻤﻧ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا
ناﺮﯾﺪ
ﯽﻨﻤﯾا و ﺖﯿﻨﻣا مﺪﻋ ﻓﯿ
ﻢﻠ رادﺮﺑ ي ﻞﮑﺸﻣ زﺎﺳ ،ﺖﻓﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﯾﺎﻋر مﺪﻋ ،ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻋر مﺪﻋ ،ﯽﺷزرو نﺎﮑﻣ رد هزﺎﺳ ﯽﻨﻤﯾا مﺪﻋ ،
،اﻮﻫ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ،ﺪﻠﺑﺎﻧ رﺎﮐ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ،ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ
